"Ndili nalo m'manja mwanga, mndandanda ...." Senator Joseph McCarthy, Wheeling, West Virginia, February 9, 1946.
Mndandanda wa Senator McCarthy udakhala wosasinthika wakusintha manambala, mayina, ndi milandu yoyipa yomwe idasokoneza boma ndikubweretsa chipwirikiti pazandale. Zinali "zadzidzidzi" - dziko la pambuyo pa nkhondo linali limodzi la mabomba a atomiki, Soviet Union, atsogoleri oipa, ndi azondi. Senemayo anali ndi chifundo ndi chithandizo chochokera m'manyuzipepala ambiri komanso mwayi wopeza mafayilo awo nthawi zambiri osasamala komanso atsankho pa chilichonse chochititsa manyazi chomwe angagwiritse ntchito. Koma analibe Intaneti. Koma McCarthy anali munthu wankhalwe wofunafuna mitu yankhani ndipo mโkupita kwa nthaลตi anazimiririka muutsi woledzeretsa. Sanatulutsepo munthu aliyense woopsa yemwe sanali kumuyangโanira.
Richard Nixon ndi gulu lake la Watergate adawonetsa kusakhazikika kwa abwana awo ndikuyang'ana dothi pa adani, kuphatikiza kulanda mafayilo a Daniel Ellsberg.
Takhalapo pano m'mbiri ya America.
M'mbuyomu, kupanga kulowerera kwakukulu komanso kosaletseka m'moyo wachinsinsi wa nzika zake zonse, zabweretsa nkhanza zodzigonjetsera komanso zopanda nzeru. Koma Bush Administration, pamtunda wa hubris wake, yakhala ngati ilibe kukumbukira.
M'masiku ochepa, akuluakulu a Bush Administration ndi makhothi owonetsetsa kuti ali ndi zikhulupiriro zawo alengeza, mwachitsanzo, kuti ili ndi njira zophatikizira pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofunikira kuti alembe mndandanda wa zigawenga zomwe zingachitike.
Ili ndi malo otsekeredwa mwachinsinsi. Unduna wa Zachilungamo wati siwulula mayina omwe ali pamndandanda wa anthu 700 omwe akusungidwa mwachinsinsi chifukwa chophwanya malamulo olowa ndi otuluka chifukwa kuwulula mayina kungathandize "mdani".
Ndipo khothi la apilo lidati "USA Patriot Act" yatsopano "yachotsa" kusiyana pakati pa mayina omwe adasonkhanitsidwa pakufufuza mwachinsinsi komanso malamulo owongolera ufulu wa anthu omwe akuimbidwa milandu.
Kufufuzako kudzayangโana pa mabilu athu a telefoni kuti tione amene anaimbira foni amene anaimbira foniyo ndi zimene analankhula, zolemba zathu zakubanki, ndi zikalata zoyendera รขโฌโzonse popanda zikalata zofufuzira. Ndi nthabwala yoyipa m'maloto owopsaรขโฌโ padzakhala Pentagon Information Awareness Program. Ofesiyo ndi mutu wake zikuwoneka ngati nthano ya Orwell. Kupatula si nthabwala.
Kuti awonjezere chipongwe, Mtsogoleri wa Pentagon's Information Awareness Office ndi John M. Poindexter, wosewera wamkulu pa nkhani ya Iran-Contra yomwe anaimbidwa mlandu ndi kuweruzidwa chifukwa cha chiwembu, kunama ku Congress, kubera boma, ndi kuwononga umboni. . Zilangozo pambuyo pake zidathetsedwa chifukwa Congress idamupatsa chitetezo kuti apereke umboni wake.
Zitetezero zakale ku nkhanza ndi zolakwa zowononga zatha, pokhapokha ngati pali kukana kosayembekezereka kwa Khothi Lalikulu la United States. Zotsutsa za pulogalamuyi zikafika kukhoti lalikulu, ndi boma lokha lomwe lidzaloledwe kukangana. Otsutsa monga American Civil Liberties Union, sanaloledwe kukhala nawo pa sutiyi, koma amangolola udindo wongopereka zidule za amicus zonena zokangana zawo. Poganizira mbiri yakale ya a Rehnquist ambiri, palibe amene amasangalala ndi zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, mndandanda wa anthu omwe ali m'ndende omwe angaimbidwe mlandu ngati zigawenga ndi wachinsinsi osaulula kuti iwo ndi ndani komanso mtundu wamilandu yomwe idawatsekera m'ndende.
Pali bungwe lapadera loyang'anira lomwe lapatsidwa udindo woweruza ngati mwatsatanetsatane kufufuza ndi kumangidwa kwamtundu woterewu pamilandu yachitetezo cha dziko boma lili ndi "chifukwa chotheka" cha mlandu. Zinkaganiziridwa mpaka pano kuti khothi lapadera, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court (lomwe limadziwika mu malonda ndi dzina lake FISA) ndilo bungwe lovomerezeka kwambiri lodziwa kufunikira koteteza United States kwa ogwira ntchito zachinsinsi omwe akufuna kuchita zoipa motsutsana ndi izi. dziko koma okhoza kupereka chigamulo pa zoyenera kuchita ndi ndondomeko za boma. .
Khoti Lapaderali linali litaika malamulo ochepa okhudza ufulu wa boma wojambula mawayilesi achinsinsi komanso kuyang'anira zinthu zina. Woweruza wamkulu wa FISA adati ziletsozo zidakhala zofunikira chifukwa akuluakulu a Justice, monga momwe New York Times idanenera, "kawirikawiri adasokeretsa khothi ponena kuti akufunafuna chilolezo cha wiretap kuti asonkhanitse anzeru koma adanyenga chifukwa amayesa kupeza. perekani mlandu wofufuza milandu. โ Mwachidule, khotilo linanena kuti akuluakulu a Dipatimenti Yachilungamo amanama kukhoti.
Koma khotilo likhoza kunyamulidwa ndi Khothi Lalikulu la mamembala atatu (onse osankhidwa ndi Chief Justice William Rehnquist). Pachigamulo choyamba chomwe adayitanidwa kuti apange kuyambira pomwe adakhazikitsidwa, khoti lalikulu lidagamula Khoti Laling'ono, ndikumasula Dipatimenti Yachilungamo kuti izichita kafukufuku wapaintaneti komanso kusaka kwina. Ndipo, ngati bwalo lamilandu la FISA linali lolondola, nawonso omasuka kunama ngati kuli koyenera.
Chifukwa chake, "Khoti Lowunikiranso" lapadera limatha kutsutsa zigamulo zomwe zidapangidwa kuti ziletse kugwiriridwa mwachinsinsi.
Khothi Lalikulu Lowunika limabweretsa malingaliro a makhothi achipembedzo apamwamba aku Iran omwe amatenga mphamvu zoletsa zisankho zokomera demokalase zoperekedwa ndi Prime Minister wa dzikolo ndi Nyumba yamalamulo.
Takhala ndi zokumana nazo zowononga ndikuwononga mindandanda yachinsinsi yomwe ingapange. Zimabwereranso ku utsogoleri wa John Adams ndi Machitidwe a Alien and Sedition a 1798. Andale a ku America omwe ankakondana ndi France ankaonedwa kuti ndi oopsa. Adams's 1798 Act adapanga kukhala mlandu kwa nyuzipepala kudzudzula boma. Zinali ndale pofuna kuwononga Thomas Jefferson. Ilo linanyalanyaza kotheratu Chisinthiko Choyambirira ndipo mkonzi wa nyuzipepala anatsekeredwadi mโndende.
Posachedwapa, panthaลตi ya Cold War McCarthy chipwirikiti, Dipatimenti Yachilungamo inali ndi mndandanda wa โoukira boma.โ Momwe munthu adalowa pa "Mndandanda wa Attorney General" zinali zosamvetsetseka, koma anthu adachotsedwa ntchito, adayitanitsidwa kwa akuluakulu ndikutsegula magawo a Komiti ya Senate ndikulamulidwa kuti alembe anzawo ndi anzawo. Ogwirizana ndi mapiko a kumanja analemba ndandanda yawoyawo ya zimene amalingalira kukhala osangalala mopambanitsa, olemba, atolankhani, ndi ena, amene ambiri a iwonso anachotsedwa ntchito kapena zoipitsitsapo.
(Kuti ndiwonjezere zolemba zanga, nthawi ina kale ndinafunsa, pansi pa Freedom of Information Act, zolemba zanga za FBI ndi CIA. Pamodzi ndi zigawo zakuda zazitali, panali zolakwika zambiri ndi malipoti kuchokera ku zomwe zikuoneka kuti zinali chakudya chamadzulo. makambirano aphwando mโmene mawu anga anali otsutsana kwenikweni ndi zimene ndinanenadi. Poganizira mmene zinthu zilili panopa, ngati zimenezi zabwerezedwa, tonse tili mโmavuto, kuphatikizapo ngati mutamanda John Poindexter kumwamba paphwando la chakudya chamadzulo kapena kukambirana pa foni.)
Tsopano ndi USA Patriot Act ndi a Justice Rehnquist omwe adasankhidwa kukhala Khothi Lowunika, tili panjira yomwe akuluakulu aboma ndi ofufuza milandu a anthu omwe akuwakayikira kuti akuchitira nkhanza dziko la United States angachotse zomwe tidaganiza kuti zingalepheretse nkhanza. Idzathandizidwa ndi intaneti, zomwe sizinalipo panthawi ya hysteria ndi nkhanza za John Adams ndi Joe McCarthy. Zimathandizidwanso ndi machitidwe oyipa a atsogoleri a Democratic Party.
John Adams sananyalanyaze Kusintha Koyamba pansi pa rubriki ya "zadzidzidzi." Purezidenti Bush polamula kuti alowe m'makompyuta aumwini, kukambirana pafoni, kugwiritsa ntchito ma waya mosavuta, komanso zolemba zachinsinsi adanyalanyaza Kusintha Kwachinayi kwa Constitution:
"Ufulu wa anthu kukhala otetezeka mwa anthu, nyumba, mapepala, ndi zotsatira zake, motsutsana ndi kufufuza kosayenerera ndi kulanda, sizidzaphwanyidwa, ndipo palibe zikalata zomwe zidzaperekedwe koma pazifukwa zomwe zingatheke, mothandizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena kutsimikizira, makamaka kufotokoza. malo oti afufuzidwe, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoti alandidwe.โ
Ndi anthu ochepa okha amene angatsutse kuti zochitika za September 11 ndi kuwononga kwachiwawa kwina kwa moyo ndi katundu si zenizeni, kapena kuti pali mabungwe achinsinsi omwe akufuna kuvulaza United States.
Ngozi imeneyo ndi yeniyeni. Koma kuthamangira kusesa malamulo ena oteteza malamulo sikungobweretsa mabala okhalitsa ku Constitution. Ikunyalanyazanso mbiri yakale yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo akhala ofunikira pakubweretsa kafukufuku wosamala komanso wozindikira, m'malo molowerera mopanda tsankho komanso mopanda tsankho zomwe zakhala zikulimbikitsa nkhanza komanso kusachita bwino. Pali mbiri yakale, kuno ndi kunja, za chisalungamo ndi kudzigonjetsera kochuluka kochitidwa ndi apolisi osalamulirika.
Kusesa njira zotsimikizirika zomveka kumabweretsa chipwirikiti ndi chipwirikiti. Pali anthu ndi magulu omwe nkhanza zawo ku United States sizingokhala achangu komanso otsimikiza, koma mothandizidwa ndi luntha lapamwamba komanso makhalidwe otsika. Amadziwa kusewera dongosolo - ma alarm abodza osakanikirana ndi mapulani enieni odzaza mabungwe oteteza am'deralo komanso adziko lonse, amuna a udzu ngati mbuzi zoperekera nsembe kuti asokoneze dongosolo lofufuzira, adabzala mabodza onena za Amereka okhulupirika.
Dongosolo lachitetezo lomwe likusesa komanso losatsekeka komanso losawerengeka silimatipangitsa kukhala otetezeka koma lingakhale ngozi ku chitetezo chenicheni cha dziko. Ndi momwe matenda ena a ma virus amapangitsira chitetezo cha mthupi la munthu kudziukira lokha.
Ben H. Bagdikian ndi mlembi, wolemba The Media Monopoly ndi ntchito zina, kuphatikizapo phunziro la 1947 Truman kukhulupirika-chitetezo pulogalamu ya antchito a boma.