Zisokonezo zaku Argentina mu Disembala - pomwe kumenyedwa kwa mabungwe otsutsana ndi bajeti yankhanza kumabweretsa masiku a ziwonetsero, kugwa kwa Nyumba Yachifumu ya Purezidenti, kuthawa kwa helikoputala komwe amakhala komweko komanso kutsatizana kwa apurezidenti asanu mkati mwa sabata - zinali zotsatira za mphamvu yosatsutsika, anthu omwe anali ndi zokwanira, kukumana ndi chinthu (chowoneka) chosasunthika, nyumba yaikulu ya "chuma cha padziko lonse".
Kupanduka kotchuka kudakwiyitsidwa ndi kugwa kwachuma, m'chaka chake chachinayi cholunjika cha kutsika kwachuma popanda mathero, komanso mavuto ochulukirapo.
Koma chuma cha Argentina sichinagwe pansi pa kulemera kwake; chinali chotchingidwa ndi mawondo. Ndipo kulakwa kumakhala makilomita masauzande ambiri kuchokera ku Nyumba ya Purezidenti ku Buenos Aires, akatswiri azachuma ndi opanga mfundo ku Washington komanso ogulitsa ma bond ku New York.
Osati kale kwambiri, dziko la Argentina linali limodzi mwa "chuma chozizwitsa" ku Asia ndi Latin America pakatikati pa "misika yomwe ikubwera", ikuwoneka kuti yachira ku hyperinflation mu 1989 yomwe inali ndi zithunzi za ogwira ntchito akubweza malipiro awo. mu ma wheelbarrow.
Mu 1991, pulezidenti wa panthaลตiyo, Carlos Menem, anagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa madola mabiliyoni ambiri ndi International Monetary Fund.
IMF yochokera ku Washington ikanathandizira dongosolo lopha kutsika kwachuma poyambitsa bolodi la ndalama ndi "kugwedeza" peso pa imodzi-m'modzi ku dollar yaku US.
Posinthana, boma la Argentina lidayambitsa pulogalamu yazachuma yomwe idaphatikizapo imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zaku Latin America, kutsegulidwa kwa likulu la dzikolo, kuti alole kutuluka kwaulere ndi kutuluka, komanso kuyesetsa mwamphamvu kulinganiza bajeti ya boma.
Mwalamulo, osachepera, pulogalamuyo inali yopambana. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, dziko la Argentina linali kopita kwa ndalama zambiri zakunja, monga makampani akunja, makamaka ochokera ku Spain, adagula katundu ndi mabanki atsopano komanso ndalama zapenshoni zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Argentina ndi ma bond.
Koma chiwerengero cha A + cha dzikolo m'misika yayikulu chinabwera pamtengo.
Choyamba, pofuna kuyendetsa msomali, boma la Argentina liyenera kutsimikizira dziko kuti peso inalidi yabwino ngati dola ya US. Izi zikutanthauza kumanga nkhokwe zazikulu za greenbacks - ndipo izi zikutanthauza ngongole.
Ngongole zambiri zapadziko lino za US $ 132 biliyoni zidatengedwa ngati ngongole, mwina kuchokera ku IMF kapena mwachindunji kuchokera kumisika yamayiko akunja, kuti mudzaze nkhokwe za US dollar.
Kachiwiri, pamene msomaliwo unathetsa hyperinflation, unathetsanso mphamvu ya boma la Argentina kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yake yandalama. M'malo mwake, ziwongola dzanja ku Argentina zinali zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pa dollar yaku US ndi US Federal Reserve.
Izi zinali zabwino bola ngati chuma chinkapitirirabe, koma ndithudi sichikanakhoza ndipo sichinatero.
Mu 1997-98, chiyembekezo cha โmisika yatsopanoโ chinasokonekera. Ndalama za Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, Russia ndi Brazil zonse zidagwa ngati ma skittles ndipo mwadzidzidzi misika yayikulu yakumadzulo, yomwe kale inali yokonda kwambiri, inalibe kanthu.
Monga ambiri mwa "misika yomwe ikubwera", mayendedwe azachuma ku Argentina adayima, zofuna za omwe ali ndi ngongole zakunja kuti "alipire" zidakwera ndipo chuma chake chidalowa pansi.
Mu 1999, chigamulo chinafika. Peronist Menem adasinthidwa kukhala Purezidenti ndi Fernando de la Rua wa Radical Party. Iyi ikhoza kukhala nthawi yosintha njira.
Koma IMF sinalole izi. M'malo mwake, thumba anaumirira, de la Rua ayenera muzochitika zonse kuchita zinthu zitatu: kusunga msomali ndi kupewa devaluation, kupitiriza kulipira ngongole bondholders akunja ndi, kuti ndalama izi, kulinganiza bajeti ndi kukhazikitsa austerity miyeso.
Pochita izi, IMF idawonetsetsa kuti dziko la Argentina silingachoke pachuma.
Mosiyana ndi dziko loyandikana nalo la Brazil, lomwe lidatsitsa mtengo wandalama yake ndikubwerera pang'onopang'ono, ndalama zomwe zidakwera ku Argentina zidapangitsa kuti katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zidagulitsidwa kunja zidali zopikisana ndipo yankho lachikale - kutumiza njira yanu yotuluka m'mavuto - idakhala yosatheka.
Kupitilira apo, pakugwa kwachuma, chomveka choti banki yayikulu ichite ndikuchepetsa chiwongola dzanja kuti ilimbikitse ndalama. Koma ndi peso yake yokhazikika ku dola ya US, Argentina sakanatha kuchita zimenezo - chiwongoladzanja chake chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Fed ndipo, mu 1999 pamtunda wa US boom, iwo akupita mmwamba, osati pansi.
Pakadali pano, njira zochepetsera ndalama zachepetsa zofuna zapakhomo, ndikukulitsa kutsika kwachuma.
Koma kuyambiranso kwachuma sikunali komwe IMF idadera nkhawa kwambiri - idachitapo kanthu pofuna kuteteza zofuna za osunga ndalama akunja.
Kuopa kuyambiranso kwa ngongoleyo, kapena ngakhale kusakhulupirika pa izo, zinali zoonekeratu mokwanira. Sikuti kutayika kwamtengo wa dollar kwa amalonda aku Wall Street kudzakhala kwakukulu, koma zitha kulimbikitsa mayiko ena omwe ali ndi ngongole zambiri kuti atsatire njira yofananira.
Koma IMF idatsutsanso kutsika kwa mtengo, poopa kuti pokakamizidwa ndi anthu ambiri, boma likhoza kusuntha kuti liteteze mabanja ogwira ntchito komanso apakati kuti asawonongeke pobwezeretsanso njira zina zoyendetsera ndalama ndikugwetsa mabanki akulu ndi mafakitale (zomwe ndizomwe boma latsopanoli likuchita. a Eduardo Duhalde akuchita).
Njira yokhayo, idatero IMF mu 1999 komanso panthawi ya ngongole yatsopano mu Disembala 2000, inali yocheperako, kuzungulira kulikonse kozama komanso kowawa kuposa kale: ogwira ntchito m'boma adzadulidwa malipiro awo 13%, dongosolo la penshoni likanatero. kukonzedwanso, zoperekedwa ku zigawo zidzadulidwa.
Nโzosachita kufunsa kuti pulogalamuyo inali yosasangalatsa kwambiri. Chipani chake chitangolandira zisankho za Congress mu Okutobala, Purezidenti adalengeza kuti apatsa omwe ali ndi ngongole zakunja "kumeta tsitsi" pokambirananso zamalipiro omwe adaperekedwa pangongole. Wall Street idapita patsogolo, ndikuyitcha kuti ikufanana ndi kusakhazikika.
Pamene nduna ya zachuma Domingo Cavallo anapita ku US kukakumana ndi US Treasury ndi akuluakulu a IMF kufunafuna thandizo la ndondomeko yokambirananso, adalandira mwachidule; adaganiza kale kubweza mabanki. Pa Disembala 5, IMF idawonetsa kuti ibweza ngongole yake, posakondwera ndi dongosololi.
Kupsyinjika kunali kufika pachimake: kumbali imodzi, IMF ndi Wall Street ikufuna kuchepetsedwa ndi kulipira panthawi yake komanso mokwanira; kwinakwake, chiลตerengero cha anthu ochuluka chomakana kusonyeza kudziletsa.
De la Rua sakanakhoza kugwira - ndipo sanatero. Adatula pansi udindo wake pa Disembala 20. Boma latsopanoli lachepetsa kale mtengo wa peso ndipo likuwoneka kuti likambirananso kapena kusalipira ngongole zambiri za US $ 132 biliyoni.
Vuto la ku Argentina ndi laposachedwa kwambiri pazovuta za "misika yomwe ikubwera" ndipo, pokhapokha ngati IMF itasintha mosayembekezereka, sichikhala chomaliza (Turkey ikulimbana kale).
Koma mosiyana ndi zovuta za 1997-98, zomwe kwakukulukulu zidachitika chifukwa chakungopeka kwa misika yayikulu yotsatiridwa ndi "mankhwala" otopetsa a IMF, a Argentina sanangodziwikiratu koma adapangidwanso.
Ili linali vuto lomwe silinayambike chifukwa cha mantha amsika koma chifukwa chakuwongolera msika - ndipo, zowononga momwe zinalili komanso zovuta kukhulupirira momwe zimamvekera, IMF sinali woyipa kwambiri. Udindowu udapita ku mabanki aku Western omwe ali ndi 40% ya ngongole zaku Argentina.
Nkhani ya 1990s ya "misika yomwe ikubwera" inali nkhani ya kutuluka kwawo mu ligi yayikulu. Ngakhale mayiko ambiri a Dziko Lachitatu saloledwa kulowa m'misika yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo amadalira IMF ndi mabungwe ena osiyanasiyana kuti apeze ndalama, monga Argentina, South Korea ndi Mexico adaloledwa kulowa.
Ngakhale kuti ndalama zomwe zidaponyedwa kwa iwo zinali zosayerekezeka, mtengo wake wakhala wokwera kwambiri - misika yama bondi yatsimikizira olamulira ankhanza kuposa IMF.
Pamene ochita malonda a bond sanakhutitsidwe ndi mayendedwe a Argentina austerity program, sanatumize maphwando okambirana kuti awopsyeze, monga momwe IMF yachitira. Iwo angowononga ndalama zolipirira chiwongoladzanja zomwe anafuna popereka ngongole zatsopano.
Mwachitsanzo, pa Julayi 11, adasintha chizolowezi chopereka ndalama za US $ 850 miliyoni m'masiku 91 osungitsa chuma kukhala tsoka, pofuna kuti apereke ndalama zokwana 14%, kuchokera pa 9% milungu iwiri yokha. Boma lidalandira uthengawo ndipo lidalengeza mwachangu njira zina zochepetsera ndalama.
Vuto la ku Argentina lawonetsa mphamvu yachindunji yomwe ikukula m'misika yapadziko lonse lapansi kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe akufuna, ngakhale izi zikutanthauza kuti mavuto azachuma ndi azachuma akukula. Izi zikuyimira mbiri yoyipa kwa anthu adziko lapansi.
Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti vuto la ku Argentina lawonetsanso chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri: kuti, poyang'anizana ndi kukwera kotchuka, likulu la mayiko lawonetsa kukhala losasunthika monga momwe likuganizira.