Nyumba zotsika mtengo zinali kale pavuto la pre-S11 panthawi ya "kukula" kwachuma. Panopa mโnyengo ya kugwa kwachuma, anthu akukhala otsika komanso akuchotsedwa ntchito ndi masauzande ambiri. Dongosolo lachilimbikitso la chuma cha Bush silichita chilichonse kwa antchito ochotsedwa m'malo mwake ndikupereka madola amisonkho kumakampani olemera kwambiri mdziko muno. Pakadali pano, chifukwa cha mfundo za neoliberal zomwe zasokoneza chitetezo cha anthu kuyambira zaka za Reagan, phindu la ulova likuchepa kwambiri. Mkhalidwe wa nyumba za anthu si wabwinoko.
Pakapita nthawi, ogwira ntchito othawa kwawo adzawopsezedwa kuti adzasowa nyumba ndipo adzakhala akulowa m'magulu a omwe mabungwe achinsinsi alephera kale - osauka ogwira ntchito (olumala kapena ayi) ndi olumala omwe amapeza ndalama zokhazikika kuchokera ku penshoni kapena macheke olemala.
Anthu ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi malipiro ochepa omwe sangathe kulipira lendi chifukwa chakukula kwachuma apeza kuti akugawana chipinda chimodzi ndi anthu angapo kapena akusowa pokhala. Kusowa nyumba zotsika mtengo komanso zofikirika ndi cholepheretsa kuti anthu olumala asamalowe m'derali komanso kuntchito. Anthu olumala amayang'anizana ndi tsankho lalikulu pamsika wapayekha komanso amakumana ndi kusowa kwa njira zopezera nyumba ngakhale ali ndi ma voucha a gawo 8. Magulu onsewa akhala akuvutika kuti apulumuke pa zotsalira za dongosolo la anthu losakwanira la nyumba ndipo alephera ndi HUD.
Kulimba kwachuma cha America sikunachepetse kusowa pokhala. Ku Massachusetts, mwachitsanzo, ndalama zanyumba zidakwera 45% pazaka zisanu zapitazi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa yunivesite ya Harvard, mabanja omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa - ngakhale omwe amapeza 30% kuposa malipiro ochepa - sangakwanitse kubwereka nyumba zogona ziwiri m'chigawo chilichonse cha dziko. Kafukufuku wa 16 wa Mayor (2000) wokhudza "Njala ndi Kusowa Pokhala M'mizinda ya America" โโadapeza kuchuluka kwa njala komanso kuti kuchuluka kwakufunika kwa malo ogona mwadzidzidzi akuwonjezeka ndi 15% - chiwonjezeko chachikulu kwambiri cha chaka chimodzi pazaka khumi. Zomwe zimayambitsa kusowa pokhala zinali kusowa kwa nyumba zotsika mtengo, ntchito zotsika mtengo komanso kusintha kwa chithandizo chaboma, mwa zina zomwe adapeza.
Palibe ziwerengero zodalirika pa ziwerengero za anthu opanda pokhala omwe ali olumala. Tikudziwa, komabe, kuti chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zomwe anthu olumala akukumana nazo masiku ano ndi kusowa kwa nyumba zotsika mtengo, zofikirika, kaya zachinsinsi kapena zaboma. Mwachitsanzo ziwerengero za nyumba ku Washington DC zikuwonetsa kuti mwa nyumba 10,460 zanyumba za anthu 191 kapena 1.7% zokha ndizo zomwe zimafikira anthu olumala. (Ndime 504 ya Rehabilitation Act imafuna kuti eni akewa apangitse 5% ya malo awo obwereketsa kuti apezeke mokwanira.) Kuwonjezera pa nyumba iliyonse ya anthu yomwe ili pano, pali pafupifupi munthu m'modzi kapena banja lomwe likuyembekezera. Pagawo lililonse lopezeka, anthu asanu ndi anayi akuyembekezera.
Malamulo a Federal fair housing amafuna kuti nyumba zazikuluzikulu zomangidwa pambuyo pa 1990 zikhale ndi zinthu zochepa zomwe zingatheke, kuphatikizapo khomo limodzi lofikira. Komabe, monga nkhani yothandiza, malamulowa sathandiza kwenikweni powonjezera nyumba zotsika mtengo komanso zofikirika. Chifukwa chimodzi nโchakuti nyumba zotsika mtengo kwambiri zinamangidwa chisanafike chaka cha 1991 ndipo sizigwirizana ndi zofunikira zopezekako. China ndi chakuti ngakhale malamulo a federal amafuna kuti eni nyumba azilola anthu olumala kupanga ndi kulipira kuti asinthe njira zopezera malo, anthu omwe ali ndi zilema amapeza ndalama zochepa kwambiri ndipo alibe ndalama zokwanira zolipirira zosintha zamtengo wapatali monga ma ramp akunja, omwe m'malo ovuta amamanga amatha kukwera mtengo. mpaka $20,000. Palibe magwero andalama omwe angapezeke kwa anthu ochita lendi kuti alipire makwerero ngati amenewa.
Omanganso ena ndi eni nyumba omwe agwiritsa ntchito ndalama za federal pomanga kapena kumanganso nyumba zogona nthawi zonse satsatira malamulo a boma kapena aboma omwe amafuna malo ogona a anthu olumala.
Mabungwe a maboma ang'onoang'ono omwe amayang'anira kukakamiza anthu omwe ali ndi zilema zapanyumba komanso zaboma sakukwaniritsa ntchitoyi. Mwachitsanzo, mโchigawo cha Sacramento, kafukufuku wachinsinsi wa bungwe la Human Rights/ Fair Housing Commission anapeza kuti pafupifupi 51% ya nyumba zogona mโchigawo cha Sacramento sizimakwaniritsa malamulo oyendetsera anthu ovutika kuyenda.
Ku Washington patatha zaka zambiri ndikudikirira zotsatira zabwino, chigamulo chinaperekedwa m'malo mwa anthu olumala motsutsana ndi DC Housing Authority chifukwa chophwanya Rehabilitation Act. Kumeneko ana olumala akukwera masitepe kuti akafike ku zipinda zosambira ndipo anyamata amakakamizika kulowa m'nyumba zosungirako okalamba chifukwa District of Columbia yalephera kutsatira malamulo olowera.
Pamene anthu amavutika kupeza ntchito ina panthawi ya kuchepa kwachuma, mbiri imasonyeza kuti mapulogalamu amawonjezeka chifukwa cha kulemala komanso thandizo la anthu. Ena mwa ogwira ntchito omwe achotsedwa ntchito amatha kudalira chitetezo chocheperako kuti apulumuke. Apeza kuti kubwera ndi feduro Section 8 voucher yanyumba kumatenga zaka. Pafupifupi Gawo 8 likudikirira mdzikolo ndi zaka zitatu, ku Los Angeles ndi zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Ndi anthu angati omwe azitha kukhala osayenda m'misewu nthawi yayitali chotere?
Kuno ku Los Angeles ndikudziwa anthu angapo olumala akukumana ndi eni nyumba. Mmodzi watsekeredwa mu motelo yotsika mtengo kwa miyezi ingapo atagonekedwa m'chipatala (mnzake / mwininyumba adatenga mwayiwo kuti agwetse zinthu zake mumsewu). Anapeza kuti palibe mwininyumba yemwe adamuyandikira yemwe akufuna kumubwereka. Iye ali wotsimikiza kuti vuto lina nโlakuti amagwiritsa ntchito njinga ya olumala ndipo eni nyumba safuna kumubwereketsa chifukwa cha zimenezi. Pokhapokha atanena kuti "palibe zolakwa" mwachindunji, alibe mlandu. Pakadali pano palibe mipata iliyonse yopezeka kwa iye mnyumba za HUD.
Nthawi inanso, mayi wa mwana wolumala yemwe ndi wothandizira kwambiri mwana wake akuthamangitsidwa chifukwa cha voucha ya Gawo 8. Eni nyumbayo akutenga mwayi palamulo latsopano lomwe limalola eni malo kuti atuluke mu Gawo 8 ngati apereka chidziwitso kwa wobwereketsa masiku 90 kuti athetse mgwirizano wawo usanathe.
Anati ngakhale kuti Legal Aid inali kumuimira, โakufuna kukhazikikaโ ndipo akumulimbikitsa kusamuka. Mayiyu ndi wolimbikira ndipo akukayika ngati loya wa Legal Aid amadziwa malamulo momwe amagwirira ntchito kwa anthu olumala. Amapeza ndalama zake zothanirana ndi eni nyumbayo mochepa kwambiri ndi mikhalidwe yake. Umu ndi momwe anthu opatsidwa mphamvu angagonjetsedwe - pamene palibe mwayi weniweni wotetezedwa mwalamulo.
Kenako, pali mayi wina amene anandilembera kuti chifukwa cha matenda ake aakulu anayamba kulephera kulimbana ndi mwininyumbayo pamene ankafuna kumuchotsa mโnyumba mwake. Pa nthawi yamavutoyi wadzipeza akusemphana maganizo ndi nkhani yofuna kudzipha. Sakufuna kuchichirikiza chifukwa akuona kuti anthu odwala matenda aakulu ndi olumala ndi amene angawachititse. Komabe zenizeni zomwe anthu ambiri amakumana nazo pamene dziko likukulirakulira komanso kusachereza anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo zimamupangitsa kuti asakhale wotsimikiza. Kodi sizingakhale zosavuta kupeza dokotala kuti amubaye jekeseni wakupha ndikumupulumutsa kuti asakhale wopanda pokhala, akufunsa?
Kodi gehena ili kuti HUD ndi Public Housing Authorities? Kugwidwa kwa eni eni eni eni eni eni ake chifukwa chakulephera kupanga njira zina zambiri? Chifukwa chiyani alibe dipatimenti yolimba yodzipereka kuti itetezerenti? Lipoti latsopano lochokera ku National Council on Disability (NCD) lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kuti lipereke malingaliro kwa purezidenti ndipo Congress ikudziwitsa.
"HUD yalephera kuwongolera njira yake yoyendetsera ntchito," bungweli lidatero. "Malonjezo a malamulo abwino a nyumba akhala opanda kanthu kwa anthu ambiri aku America, omwe ali ndi olumala."
Malinga ndi NCD, HUD idatsutsa tsankho mwa onse kupatula 2.4% mwa madandaulo opitilira 12,000 pakati pa 1988 ndi 2000 (Associated Press). NCD idapeza kuti pofika chaka cha 2000, HUD inali kutenga pafupifupi miyezi 14 - kupitilira kanayi masiku 100 olamulidwa ndi lamulo - kuti amalize kufufuza kwake. Avereji yamasiku 74 yomwe idakwaniritsidwa mu 1989 inali nthawi yokhayo yomwe HUD idakwaniritsa zofunikira. NCD idawona kuti machitidwe a HUD adalowa pansi kwambiri kuyambira pamenepo.
Nyumba zathu zapagulu zakhala zikuyendetsedwa kwambiri ndi msika wa "ufulu". Eni nyumba amasulidwa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa njira zogwirira ntchito zalamulo, kusamalidwa bwino kwa ntchito zamalamulo, kulephera kwa HUD, ndi umphawi wadzaoneni wa omwe amatsutsa. Nkhanizi ndi zochepa chabe mwa zotsatira zake. "Boma lochepa" la Clintonism ndi thandizo la chipani cha demokalase pakukhazikitsa nyumba za anthu wamba zomwe zimalola kuti phindu litengere maudindo a anthu - zapangitsa kuti pakhale kufanana kwa demokalase, "mwayi wofanana" wocheperako komanso chitetezo chochepa.
Pamene chuma chikuchepa ndipo migwirizano ikupanga kukhala pachuma pansi pa gulu lachi Bush odzitumikira okha ndi anzawo, zosowa zapanyumba za anthu olumala ziyenera kukhala pachiwonetsero cha radar ndikuphatikizidwa pazokambirana.
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Marta Russell Los Angeles, CA www.disweb.org