Banja langa silinaŵerengedwe m’kalembera amene anachitidwa kuyambira pa Oct. 14 mpaka 25. Ine ndi mkazi wanga tinali panja pamene oŵerengera kalembera anafika m’nyumba yathu, ndipo ana athu sankatsegula chitseko kapena kulankhula nawo. Panthawiyi, mmodzi wa anzanga anawerengedwa kawiri. Amayi ake, omwe ndi Myuda, ayenera kuti anasokoneza kalemberayo ndi chigawenga cha m’zaka za m’ma 19, n’kunena kuti anali ku Russia. Mnzanga atadziŵa, analembetsanso, nthaŵi ino monga Myuda.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala vuto poyesa kuzindikira mtundu wa anthu pokalembera. Kudera lakumpoto la Arkhangelsk, kudawoneka anthu omwe amadzizindikiritsa kuti ndi "Machude amaso oyera" - ngati kuti adatuluka m'dambo la nthano. Anthu ayesanso kunena dziko lawo kapena fuko lawo ngati “akuSiberia,” “Kum’mawa” ndi “Cossack.” Kalembera womaliza adawonetsa kukhalapo kwa magulu achilendo kwambiri. Anthu masauzande angapo adadziwika kuti ndi Orcs, goblins ndi elves. Mwina ayenera kupatsidwa dera lawo lodzilamulira. Masiku ano, ndizowoneka bwino kudzitcha "Khazar" pambuyo pa Ayuda omwe amakhala pa Volga m'zaka za zana la 7. Ofunsidwanso nthaŵi zina ankadzilemba okha kukhala “akunja,” ndipo mnyamata wina analemba kuti “anarchist” monga mtundu wake.
Zoterezi zikanakhala zoseketsa akadapanda kubisa zinthu zopanda pake pamlingo waukulu kwambiri. Lingaliro lopanga kalembera wa dziko pasanathe zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pa m'mbuyomo ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono kuvomereza kuti kalembera wa m'mbuyo anali wolephera. Soviet Union inachita kalembera kasanu ndi kamodzi kokha m’mbiri yake, ngakhale kuti kalembera wa 1937 ananyalanyaza chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu okhala mu gulags, kupangitsa kuti kukhale kofunikira kubwereza kubwereza kotheratu mu 1939.
Kalembera wa 2010 sidzakonza zolakwika zomwe zidachitika mu 2002. Paintaneti pali malipoti oti anthu ogwira ntchito movutikira, ogwira ntchito amangotengera zomwe zili m'mabuku a pasipoti kapena kupanga mayina ndi manambala mosavutikira.
Masiku ano, munthu wowerengera anthu akabwera pakhomo panu, mukukumana ndi inu nokha ndi cholowa cha goli la Chitata - ngakhale kuti achinyamata ovala masiketi abuluu sangafanane ndi darughachi, okhometsa msonkho a Mongol-Tatar Golden. Horde.
Vuto ndilakuti anthu apita patsogolo kwambiri paukadaulo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuyambira nthawi ya Batu Khan, wolamulira wa Mongol komanso woyambitsa Golden Horde. Mwachitsanzo, maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya anali atasiya kuwerengera anthu khomo ndi khomo pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990. Bungwe la Federal Tax Service limakwaniritsa bwino ntchito yake popanda kufunikira kwa kalembera wa dziko. Gawo lovuta lagona pakuphatikiza, kuphatikizira ndikuwunikanso zidziwitso zonsezo. Ndipo ntchito imeneyi sifunika kuti pakhale gulu lankhondo lofufuza kalembera lomwe likuyenda m'dziko lonselo monga mmene adani ankhondo a Chitata ndi a ku Mongolia akale. Mapulogalamu apakompyuta ndi akatswiri angapo amatha kugwira ntchito yomweyo atakhala m'maofesi awo abwino ku Moscow. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kusonkhanitsa chidziwitsocho muzinthu zomwe zikuyandikira nthawi yeniyeni ndikuzisintha tsiku ndi tsiku.
Koma ubwino waukulu wa kalembera wa khomo ndi khomo ndi khomo ndi khomo ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa mtundu wamakono, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti ndalama za bajeti zimathera m'matumba a anthu ambiri. Ndipo pankhaniyi, akuluakulu aku Russia a m'zaka za zana la 21 sali osiyana ndi magulu akale ogonjetsa.
Boris Kagarlitsky ndi mkulu wa Institute of Globalization Studies.