Nkhani yoti ophunzira asamaphunzire kukoleji yadziwika posachedwa mu ndale zaku America, makamaka chifukwa omwe akupikisana nawo pa chisankho cha Purezidenti wa Democratic, a Bernie Sanders ndi a Hillary Clinton, aliyense adapikisana nawo. Sanders yayitanitsa maphunziro aulere a undergraduate ku makoleji aboma ndi mayunivesite, kuti azilipiridwa ndi msonkho pamalingaliro a Wall Street, pomwe Clinton wachita zomwezo, ngakhale kuti ali ndi ziyeneretso zina ndi njira ina yopezera ndalama.
Mtsutso waukulu wamaphunziro aulere amakoleji ndi kuyunivesite ndi wofanana ndi maphunziro aulere pagulu lonse: monga masukulu aulere a pulayimale ndi sekondale zomwe zilipo kale ku United States, maphunziro apamwamba aulere amapereka mwayi wophunzira kwa onse.
Kwenikweni, mpaka posachedwapa, United States inali ndi dongosolo laulere kapena laulere la maphunziro apamwamba a anthu. Mu 1862, kupereka mwayi wophunzira kwa a โana ovutikira,โ Congress ya US idavomereza Morrill Act, kukhazikitsa makoleji aboma ndi mayunivesite opereka ndalama za nthaka popanda maphunziro. Pafupifupi zaka zana pambuyo pake, makoleji ambiri aboma ku America ndi mayunivesite sanamalipitse maphunziro kapena chindapusa chodziwika kuti apite. State University of New York (SUNY) dongosoloโlalikulu kwambiri mโdzikoliโlinakhalabe lopanda maphunziro mpaka 1963 University of California system, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1868, inali ndi maphunziro aulere mpaka ma 1980s.
Komabe, m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zinthu zasintha kwambiri, ndipo ndalama zamaphunziro zikukwera mpaka kufika patali kwambiri m'makoleji aboma ndi aboma. Pakati pa 1978 ndi 2013, maphunziro aku koleji aku America akuti adakwera peresenti 1,120. Chaka chatha, pafupifupi mtengo wapachaka wa maphunziro apamwamba ndi chindapusa pa makoloni onse ndi masunivesite inali $9,139 kwa okhala m'boma ndi $22,958 kwa okhala m'boma. Pa University of California, maphunziro apachaka omaliza maphunziro ndi zolipirira tsopano zikuyima $13,251 kwa okhala m'boma ndi $37,959 kwa okhala kunja kwa boma. Mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri makoleji apadera ndi mayunivesite, zomwe pafupifupi $32,599 pachaka zophunzitsira ndi chindapusa. Okwana khumi okwera mtengo kwambiri $50,632 pachaka. Ziลตerengerozi, ndithudi, siziphatikizapo madola masauzande owonjezera a malo, bolodi, mabuku, ndi zina zogulira.
Kukwera kwakukulu kumeneku kwamaphunziro kwachititsa zowononga pa mwayi wophunzira. Polephera kukwanitsa ku koleji, achinyamata ambiri samapitako kapena kusiyiratu panjira. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti chifukwa chachikulu chomwe achinyamata amatchulira kuti asapite ku koleji ndi mtengo wake wokwera. Achinyamata ena ambiri angakwanitse kupita kukoleji kokha mwa kugwira ntchito zolipira nthawi imodzi (zimene zimawatengera nthawi kuti asaphunzire) komanso/kapena chifukwa chokhala ndi ngongole zambiri. Posachedwapa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ophunzira ambiri aku koleji sankatenga ngongole kuti alipirire maphunziro awo. Tsopano, komabe, pafupifupi atatu mwa omaliza maphunziro anayi akukoleji adabwereka kuti alipire ndalama zawo zakukoleji, akumakweretsa ngongole yokwana $30,000 aliyense. Zotsatira zake, ngongole ya ngongole ya ophunzira aku America tsopano yakwana $ 1.3 zankhaninkhani,. Kulipira ngongole imeneyi pa chiwongoladzanja chokwera ndi cholemetsa chachikulu kwa achinyamata a ku America, ndipo ambiri a iwo amalephera kubweza ngongoleyo kapena, kuti abweze, amasiya maloto awo ndi kuyamba kugwira ntchito zomwe sakonda.
The tuition kufinya achinyamata Achimereka zotsatira makamaka kuchokera kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ndalama za boma ndi zakomweko kwa makoleji aboma ndi mayunivesite, omwe nthawi zambiri amayambitsidwa ndi maboma osamala, ochepetsa bajeti. Kuyambira mchaka cha 2008 chokha, ndalama zaboma zamayunivesite aboma zatsika ndi 16 peresenti. Panthawi yomweyi, ndalama za boma za masukulu 64 a SUNY zidatsika ndi 28 peresenti. Zowonadi, pali funso lalikulu ngati makoleji aboma ndi mayunivesite akadali mabungwe aboma, chifukwa ndalama zawo zambiri zomwe zidalipiridwa ndi ndalama za boma - tsopano zikukwaniritsidwa ndi maphunziro a ophunzira. Masiku ano, ndalama za boma zimangotenga pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya ndalama za SUNY; ophunzira amatola 70 peresenti yotsala.
Dongosolo lodziletsa pasukulu iyi silimapweteketsa ophunzira okha, komanso maphunziro onse. Pokhala ndi nkhawa yosamalira kapena kukulitsa ntchito ngakhale kuchepa kwa ndalama za boma, oyang'anira makoleji ndi mayunivesite amadula ndalama zamasukulu ndi m'malo mwa aphunzitsi a tenured ndi tenure-line okhala ndi osakhalitsa opanda mizu, opanda mphamvu, olipidwa pang'ono (othandizira) ndi omwe amalipidwa nthawi zonse m'malo osakhalitsa (zosakhalitsa). Mu 1969, mphunzitsi wapanthawiyo ndi wotsatira ali ndi maudindo atatu mwa anayi. Pofika chaka cha 2013, gulu "lokhazikika"li linali ndi mmodzi mwa asanu. Khalidwe la aphunzitsi ndi khalidwe la maphunziro latsika kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, oyang'anira masukulu, poyang'anizana ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama, akufunitsitsa kulandira ndalama kuchokera kwa anthu olemera ndi mabungwe omwe akukonzanso maphunziro apamwamba kuti akwaniritse zofuna zawo. Kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2013, mabiliyoni awiri akumanja, Charles ndi David Koch, adawononga $ Miliyoni 68 kupereka ndalama zamitundu yamapulogalamu omwe amawafuna pamakoleji 308 aku US ndi mayunivesite. Ku New York State, pomwe Bwanamkubwa Andrew Cuomo adayambitsa Kuyamba kwa NY, chiwembu chopereka malo opanda msonkho kwa mabizinesi omwe adasamukira kapena pafupi ndi makoleji a anthu onse (komanso ena achinsinsi), panalibe funso lililonse la momwe chancellor wa SUNY ndi oyang'anira ena angayankhire. M'malo motsutsa kulandidwa kwa bizinesi iyi kwa zida zamayunivesite ndi ntchito, adakhala okondwa chifukwa cha izo.
M'mikhalidwe iyi, maphunziro aulere amatha, mwina, kubwezeretsa mwayi wophunzira kwa mamiliyoni aku America ndikuchotsa mtolo woyipa wa ngongole pamapewa a achinyamata. Kuphatikiza apo, pobweretsa ophunzira ambiri atsopano ndi ndalama zawo ku makoleji ndi mayunivesite aboma, kungachepetse chilimbikitso kwa oyang'anira kusandutsa gululo kukhala antchito osamukira kumayiko ena opanda mphamvu, aumphawi. Zowonadi, kuchuluka kwa ophunzira omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri kumatha kupatsanso oyang'anira msana kuti athe kukana kutengeka kwamakampani pamaphunziro apamwamba. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale makoleji abizinesi angakane ndalama zomwe amapikisana nawo aboma, mpikisano womwe umabwera chifukwa cha ophunzira ukhoza kuwalimbikitsa kuti achepetse maphunziro awo a zakuthambo, motero amawapatsa gulu la ophunzira losiyana kwambiri pazachuma.
Ponseponse, koleji yopanda maphunziro imakhala yomveka, zomwe zimafotokoza chifukwa chake Achimereka adayambitsa izi poyambirira.
Lawrence Wittner (http://lawrenceswittner.com) ndi Pulofesa wa Mbiri yakale ku SUNY/Albany. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi buku lachipongwe lonena zamakampani akuyunivesite komanso kupanduka, Kodi Mukupitiliza Ku UAardvark?
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