Kupindula Popanda Kupanga: Momwe Ndalama Imatigwiritsire Ntchito Tonse
Mafunso ndi Aaron Leonard
Buku latsopano la pulofesa wa zachuma a Costas Lapavitsas Kupindula Popanda Kupanga: Momwe Ndalama Imatigwiritsire Ntchito Tonse, tikuyang'ana m'dziko lovuta lazachuma, malo omwe chuma chimapangidwa kukhala chopanda pake, koma ndi chiyambukiro chokulirapo pachuma cha dziko. Lapavitsas amalimbana ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano komanso zotsutsana kwambiri pazachuma zandale: zachuma. Aaron Leonard posachedwapa adalemberana ndi pulofesa Lapavitsas kudzera pa imelo kuti amufunse za buku lake latsopano komanso tanthauzo lake.
Mumalemba kuti, "Chisamaliro chachikulu chikufunika kuti musamagwire ntchito zachuma ngati zinthu zongoyerekeza kapena zongopeka, motero mumapereka mwayi wopeza ndalama zomwe zingakhale zosocheretsa." Kodi kusamalitsa ndalama ndi chiyani ndipo kuopsa kochichotsa mosavuta ndi chiyani?
Palibe tanthauzo lomwe limavomerezana pazachuma. Ndikumvetsetsa ngati kusintha kwa mbiri yakale ya chuma cha capitalist - kusintha kwanthawi yayitali komwe kwachitika zaka makumi anayi zapitazi.
Kungakhale kulakwitsa kuganiza za ndalama monga kukwera kodabwitsa kwachuma, kapena kukula kwa phindu longoyerekeza. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kumakhudza kwambiri kusintha kwa mafakitale ndi malonda, kufunafuna phindu muzochita zachuma; kusintha kwa mabanki, kufunafuna phindu pazachuma komanso pochita ndi mabanja; kusintha, potsiriza, kwa mabanja, kutengeka ndi ntchito zachuma kubwereka komanso kuyang'anira penshoni ndi inshuwalansi. Zimayimira kusintha kwakukulu kwachuma komanso moyo wa anthu, zomwe zimakhudza ngakhale makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe abwino.
Kodi ndalama zinali zotani ndi mavuto azachuma a 2007-2008 - kapena kuyika njira ina - chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kudera nkhawa zachuma masiku ano?
Mavuto a 2007-2009 ndivuto lazachuma la capitalism. Ganizilani izi: vuto lalikulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lidayamba chifukwa mabizinesi azachuma aku US adapanga ngongole zoyipa ku gawo losauka kwambiri la ogwira ntchito aku US. Zinthu ngati zimenezi sizikanatheka mโzaka za mโma 19.
Mosakayikira, kudzikundikira kwenikweni kwa capitalist kwakhala kovuta kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali komanso phindu, ngakhale kuti kwachira, kumakhalabe kofooka ndi miyezo ya m'ma 1960. Uwu ndiye maziko omwe kusungitsa ndalama kwatulutsa milatho motsatizana yomwe imakhudza kwambiri chuma chenicheni ikaphulika.
Pali ndime ina yomwe inandigwira mtima kwambiri: "Nthawi yophukira ya ulamuliro wa U.S., kaya chifukwa chachuma kapena ayi, yachitika limodzi ndi ndalama zambiri zobwera ku U.S., kuphatikiza modabwitsa, zochokera kumayiko osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi." Izi zikuwoneka ngati zododometsa. Kodi mungawonjezere?
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zazachuma. Kukula kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi kwatsimikiziridwa ndi udindo wa dola monga ndalama yosungiramo ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi - zinthu zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi masiku ano. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, makamaka China, koma ngakhale mayiko ena osauka kwambiri padziko lonse akhala akusonkhanitsa madola kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali pa msika wapadziko lonse. Madola amasungidwa pogula ma bond a boma la US, ndiko kuti, potumiza likulu ku US Chotsatira chake ndi chakuti, pamaziko a ukonde, US yakhala ikulandira ndalama kuchokera kudziko lonse lapansi, osati kutumiza kunja.
Uwu ndi mwayi waukulu womwe umalola US kuti ipatse boma lake ndalama zotsika mtengo. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, amatsogozedwa kuti apeze chuma chawo chifukwa akupeza chuma chambiri cha US.
Pomaliza, mumalemba kuti, "Kulimbana ndi ndalama ndi njira yomwe imatsogolera ku malingaliro, mfundo ndi machitidwe odana ndi capitalist." Nchifukwa chiyani izi zili choncho, osati mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo choyendetsera ndalama, kutsata bwino, mwachitsanzo, dziko la Keynesian lomwe limayang'anira chuma chambiri ku zofuna za ntchito zonse ndi zonse zomwe zimabweretsa?
Kuyika ndalama ndikusintha kwa mbiri yakale, kusintha kwakukulu kwachuma cha capitalist okhwima komanso otukuka. Sizinangokhala zotsatira za kusintha kwa ndondomeko, monga kumasula ndalama, ngakhale kuti iwo athandizirapo. Izi zikutsatira kuti kusungitsa ndalama sikungathe kukumana ndi kungoyang'anira zachuma, kapena kusintha ndondomeko pamlingo wa macroeconomic. Mwachilengedwe, izi ziyenera kuchitika kuti zichepetse ndalama koma zambiri zimafunikira kuti tisinthe ndalama.
Kunena zochulukirachulukira, ntchito zamafakitale ndi zamalonda ziyenera kukhala kutali ndi zachuma; payenera kukhala umwini wa anthu ndi kuyang'anira mabanki; Payeneranso kubwezeretsedwanso kwa boma nyumba, maphunziro, thanzi ndi penshoni kuti achotse ndalama pamoyo wa wogwira ntchito payekha. Izi ndikusintha kwakukulu kwachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu komwe kungasunthire mphamvu zolimbana ndi chuma komanso kukomera anthu ogwira ntchito.
Zokhudzana ndi izi, bwanji, m'malingaliro anu, socialism - ngati ndikumvetsetsa zomwe mumalemba molondola - ndiye njira ina yeniyeni?
Kulimbana kuti asinthe kusintha kwachuma ndi gawo limodzi la kulimbana kuti akwaniritse socialism. Sikoyenera kukwaniritsa sosholizimu kuti asinthe ndalama, ndithudi kukwaniritsa socialism ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri. Koma kumenyera kuletsa ndalama ndi kuchotsa chisonkhezero chake mโmoyo watsiku ndi tsiku kuli mbali yofunika kwambiri yomenyera ufulu wa Socialism. Uwu ndiwo mtundu wa sosholizimu womwe timafunikira mzaka za zana la 21 - mayanjano, anthu ammudzi, demokalase ndi nzeru zatsopano pothana ndi mavuto azachuma pogwiritsa ntchito chuma.
Costas Lapavitsas ndi Pulofesa wa Economics ku School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Ndi membala wa Research on Money and Finance (RMF). Ndiye mlembi wamkulu wa lipoti latsopano la RMF โBreaking Up? Njira Yotulutsira Mavuto a Eurozone." Zolemba zake zam'mbuyomu zikuphatikizapo Maziko Azachuma Pamisika, Ndalama ndi Ngongole ndi Chuma cha Ndale cha Ndalama ndi Ndalama.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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