Popitiriza kuwerenga ndi kugawana nawo mfundo za momwe zinthu ziliri ku Nepal ndisanafike pa Epulo 17, ndikulemba nkhani yotsatirayi yomwe idasindikizidwa koyamba ndi
Maulalo - International Journal of Socialist Renewal
. Kusanthula kumaphatikizapo mbali zambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa: chikhalidwe, chuma ndi ndale. Zolemba za ziwerengero ndi zofotokozera ndi zothandiza kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi kusintha kwa Maobadi mosasamala kanthu za malingaliro athu. Chonde pitani ku nkhani yoyambirira kuti mutenge maulaliki onse kuchokera muzolemba za Bill Templer.
Ferment ku Nepal: A Dynamic Vortex of Revolutionary ChangeWolemba Bill Templer
Januwale 3, 2009 - Laboratory imodzi yodabwitsa yomwe kukambirana m'manyuzipepala ambiri omwe akupita patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi kumakonda kunyalanyaza ndikusintha kwakusintha ku Nepal. Kuyambira masika, Nepal ili ndi chinachake chomwe chingakhale chikupanga mbiri yeniyeni: gulu la anthu a Maoist, lomwe, motsogoleredwa ndi CPN (Maoist), ndi kulimbana kwa People's Liberation Army kwa zaka khumi, zafika ku mphamvu za boma kudzera mu bokosi la voti. Monga momwe katswiri wa mbiri yakale pa yunivesite ya Tufts Gary Leupp analembera mwezi wa April wapitawu kuti: โChisankhocho chiyenera kumveka โpadziko lonse lapansi. Zikuyenera kukhala nkhani zapatsamba loyamba. [โฆ] Mphindi ino ikhoza kuwoneka ngati 1917 ina, 1949 ina.โ[1]
Leupp wakhala m'modzi mwa ochepa pazama media akumanzere ku North Geopolitical kuti atchule za kusintha kwakukuluku, ndi zomwe zikuchitika, ngakhale ndi mawu ochepa. Akonzi a magazini ena odziลตika bwino amakana kulingalira moyenerera nkhani imene imatchula Chimao, ngakhale kuti chinali chamakono. David Hoskins, yemwe ndi wokonza mgwirizano wa mabungwe a zamalonda ku Washington, wakhala m'modzi mwa ochepa a Marxist omwe atsala ku US kuti atsimikize kufunika kwa mbiri yapadziko lonse ya nkhondo ya ku Nepal: "Mkhalidwe wa gulu lachisinthiko ku Asia ukuyambanso kufunikira kwatsopano kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa ku Nepal komanso kukwera kwavuto la capitalist padziko lonse lapansi. [โฆ] Ndi udindo wathu ngati osintha zinthu aku US kupereka thandizo lopanda malire ku zisintha zaku Nepalese. โ[2]
Mgwirizanowu udanenedwanso ndi Party for Socialism and Liberation ku United States:
"Kusankhidwa kwa Prachanda ndichinthu chomwe chikuyenera kuthandizidwa ndi osintha dziko lonse lapansi. Kulimbana ndi malamulo atsopano a dziko la Nepal kuyenera kusokoneza zokonda zamagulu m'miyezi ikubwerayi. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi udzathandiza kwambiri kuti ogwira ntchito ndi alimi aku Nepal apambane. โ[3]
Nkhaniyi ikuganiza kuti munthu akhoza kutsutsa mbiri yakale ya chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha Mao pamene akukhalabe ndi maganizo omasuka za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale komwe kukuchitika ku Nepal ku Nepal, ndi chipwirikiti chonse chamkati ndi kutsutsana komwe kumayambitsa - ndipo mwinamwake. kuphunzira kuchokera ku njira zake zenizeni ndi mikangano yamkati. Kaya mukuvomerezana ndi kusanthula ndi njira za CPN (M) kapena ayi., kutsekereza kuyang'ana kokhazikika pakusintha kwachi Nepali, kuyika kusintha komweko ngati "Stalinist'', "bolshevik'' kapena "authoritarian'', kungangoletsa kusanthula ndi kutsutsa. . Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri panthawi yodabwitsayi ya kugwa kwachuma cha capitalist, komwe mikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi ikusintha malingaliro a ambiri. Fred Goldstein akufotokoza kuti: โKudalirana kwa mayiko, kukonzanso chikapitalist, mavuto a ukapitalist wa malipiro ochepa, ndi kusankhana mitundu ndi kuponderezana kwautundu kukukula zikuyambitsa maziko a zinthu za nyengo yatsopano yachipanduko ndi umodzi wamagulu.โ[4]
Kuphatikizika mu zosiyanasiyana
Kuukira kwaposachedwa kwaposachedwa kotsutsa kuponderezana ku Greece ndi gawo limodzi la kukwera kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, zomwe zidalimbikitsa kupambana kwa Purezidenti Barack Obama kuchokera pansi ndi zina. Ndipo kupambana pamasankho a Epulo 2008 a CPN (M) ku Nepal akadali kwina. Mfundo izi za kufufumitsa kwa anthu zikuwonetsa kuti "kusinthika mumitundu yosiyanasiyana" ya oponderezedwa ndi kuzunzidwa kuchokera kumayendedwe ndi makontinenti onse ogwirizana motsutsana ndi dongosolo la neo-reactionary lomwe katswiri wazachuma Samir Amin akuwona ngati phata la gawo latsopano la polojekiti yosintha zinthu lero, " pozindikira kusiyanasiyana, osati kokha kwa magulu amene ali ogaลตikana komanso kwa magulu andale amene akugwira nawo ntchito, malingaliro ngakhalenso masomphenya a mtsogolo mwa magulu andale amenewo.โ M'chiwonetsero chake cha kusintha kokhazikika kwa chikhalidwe cha sosholisti, akuwona Kumanzere kukupeza misa yovuta ndi "kulowa muunyinji kuti ateteze, osati mwamwano koma m'zochitika ndi zochita, zofuna zawo zenizeni zachuma ndi chikhalidwe". Izi ndizofunika kwambiri pakulimbana mumsewu komanso mkati mwa boma ku Nepal lero.
Ndemanga zamphamvu zomenyera nkhondo ngati Prachanda Path - komanso mkangano wamphamvu kwambiri wachipani wokhudza momwe tingapitire patsogolo popanda kusiya masomphenya osintha zinthu - ndizofunika kwambiri pazokambirana zathu. Kusinthaku ku Nepal kumayang'anizana ndi zomwe zingawopsyeze kukhala matope a kunyengerera, kusintha komanso kugonja. Mkati, uku ndikulimbana pakati pa adani amagulu ankhanza kuti azilamulira dziko la Nepalese. Ikukumananso ndi kuyesetsa kosalekeza kwa akuluakulu a ndale ku Washington, Delhi ndi madera ena, komanso otsutsa monga bourgeois Nepali Congress panyumba yake (chipani chachiwiri chachikulu), kuti awononge ndondomeko yachisinthiko. Chipani china chachikulu cha Marxist mumgwirizano, ndi 15% ya National Assembly, a CPN-UML (United Marxist-Leninist) adatsutsa kwambiri utsogoleri wa Maoist, mdani wakale, ndipo atha, mumpikisano wowopsa, kufunafuna. kugwetsa boma lomwe lilipo.[6] Gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Madeshi ku chigwa chakumwera likadali gulu logawikana lamphamvu lomwe likumenyera ufulu wamitundu komanso kudzilamulira kwakukulu, ndipo mamembala a Madeshi People's Rights Forum adachita nawo mikangano yayikulu ndi CPN (M) mu Marichi 2007. kumwera kwa Terai/Madesh kumapitirirabe.[7] Bungwe la Asia Human Rights Commission lapereka State of Human Rights ku Nepal, zomwe zikuwonetsa chithunzi chovuta m'dziko losiyanasiyana lomwe lili ndi zotengera za kuponderezana kwamitundu ingapo.[8] Komabe palibe kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi komwe kuli gulu lolunjika ku Marxism ndi malingaliro amasiku ano a Maoist omwe adakwaniritsa mphamvu za demokalase, kuwonetsa masomphenya ake a "21st century socialism".
Nkhaniyi ikupereka njira zina zowonera momasuka zomwe zikuchitika ku Nepal, mu mzimu wa mgwirizano wovuta, kudziwa bwino kuti athe kuweruza mokhazikika. Mawu am'munsi onse ndi ma hyperlink a malipoti oyenera, makamaka muzofalitsa zaku Nepalese.
Revolution mu 'dziko lotukuka kwambiri'
Nepal ndi "dziko losatukuka kwambiri" lomwe lili ndi anthu 29.5 miliyoni, pomwe 80% ya anthu aku Nepal amagwira ntchito ngati alimi osauka. Zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pakati pa zimphona ziwiri zaku Asia, mawu odziwika bwino a Prithvi Narayan Shah, woyambitsa ufumu wa Shah m'zaka za zana la 18 omwe adathetsedwa posachedwa, anali akuti "Nepal ndi yam pakati pa miyala iwiri". Mbali yaikulu ya dzikolo njosafikika ndi msewu, kukhala kutali kumafika pamlingo wokulirapo mโmapiri ndi mapiri kumpoto kwa chigwa chopapatiza chakumwera cha Terai (Madesh). M'derali muli malo oimirira kwambiri momwe zinenero zana zimakula, kumene midzi ya m'chigwa chimodzi imasiyanitsidwa ndi midzi ina. Anthu 5 pa 27 alionse amene ali pamwamba pa nthaka ali ndi 44 peresenti ya nthaka yaulimi, otsika 14 pa 9 alionse amakhala ndi XNUMX peresenti yokha ya nthaka. Kukonzanso kwa nthaka ndikofunikira kuti anthu aku Nepal aphwasule zigawo zingapo zaulamuliro womwe udalamulirabe dzikolo.[XNUMX]
Bungwe la NGO Room to Read likugwira ntchito yomanga malaibulale a mโmidzi: โMwana amene anakulira ku Nepal akukumana ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pafupifupi 50% ya aku Nepal amakhala muumphawi - ndi ndalama zosakwana US$1 patsiku. Mwa ana 100 aliwonse ku Nepal, 84 amakhala mโmidzi, 47 alibe chakudya chokwanira, ndipo 40 ali mโmabanja osauka kwambiri [โฆ]
Mtsinje wokhazikika wa ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena ukupitilizabe ku India kumwera, pomwe pafupifupi 70% akupeza ntchito yonyozeka ngati onyamula katundu, alonda ndi othandizira odyera. Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kwa atsikana a ku Nepal amene anagulitsidwa, ambiri a mโzaka zawo zoyambirira za unyamata, omwe amagwira ntchito mโngongole ndiponso kuukapolo pafupi ndi mizinda ya ku India kunasonyeza vuto lalikulu la atsikana a ku Nepal amene ankafuna kuti apulumuke, ndipo nthawi zambiri mabanja awo ankawakanidwa mโmidzi yomwe anali osauka. anakulira mu [11] Akuti atsikana pafupifupi 200,000 a ku Nepal akugwira ntchito yauhule m'mizinda ya ku India, pafupifupi 16 azaka zosakwana 12.[XNUMX]
Kupanga phindu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito?
Zolingalira zina zachitukuko za neoliberal zimawona Nepal ngati mgwirizano wamtsogolo wazamalonda pakati pa China ndi India, ndi misewu yayikulu ya Himalayan, mapaki a IT, ndalama zambiri zama fiber optics, akutsutsa kuti "Magulu apakati omwe akukwera - pafupifupi biliyoni - m'maiko awiriwa atha. kukhala bonanza ku Nepalโ - panthawi imodzimodziyo kusandutsa dzikolo kukhala malo akuluakulu a Himalaya, maloto achinyengo a chikapitalist.[13] Osintha zinthu mu CPN (M) amatsogozedwa ndi malingaliro ena azachuma, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi demokalase ya ogwira ntchito. Koma ngati atha kupita patsogolo pakupuma kwakukulu ndi capitalist cash nexus ndipo, kupitilira ulimi wokhazikika, mitundu yambiri yopangira ntchito, osati phindu, ikuwonekerabe. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kusatukuka, mwachitsanzo, dziko la Nepal likukumana ndi vuto lalikulu la magetsi ku Asia, ndi kudula kwa magetsi komwe kumatenga maola 10 tsiku lililonse, ndi kutayika kwa maola 16 patsiku kuyembekezeredwa kumayambiriro kwa masika a 2009. [14] Kuperewera kumeneku kukukhudzanso zokopa alendo, makamaka m'matauni ngati Pokhara. Kulingalira kwina kwa chikhalidwe cha sosholisti kumafunika panjira zotheka za mphamvu ya dzuwa, hydro ndi geothermal. Kusintha ndi mphamvu za anthu ndizofunikira kwenikweni kuchokera pansi. Kuyesera ndi LETS (Local Economic Transfer System) kumadera akumidzi kungakhale njira imodzi yosinthira mgwirizano, kumanga maukonde othandizira anthu ammudzi ndi kuthandizana.[15]
Pansipa ndikukhudza zokambirana zamasiku ano zomwe zili mkati mwa CPN (M) ndikupangira zinthu zapaintaneti ndi mawebusayiti kuti mufufuze kusintha kwamphamvu ku Nepal, makamaka kudzera m'mawu amtundu wankhondo, omwe adatsutsidwa pang'ono kudzera m'mawonekedwe a sosholisti Samir Amin, womanga wamkulu wa 2006 Bamako Appeal[16], komanso mumgwirizano woyambira ndi kusintha kwachitukuko ku Nepal.
Prachanda pa CPN (M) njira
Monga poyambira, zophunzitsa ndi zoyankhulana ndi wapampando wa CPN (M) Pushpal Kamal Dahal (aka "Prachanda''), zomwe zidachitika koyambirira kwa 2008 ndi anthu ochokera ku IPS ku Washington, kudzacheza ku Kathmandu, pavidiyo ngati Gawo 1 [17]. ] ndi Gawo 2.[18] Mwachidule komanso mwachidule, Dahal akulongosola masomphenya a kayendetsedwe kake m'masabata oyambirira a kukwera ku mphamvu za boma. Izi ndizochitika pakulimbana kwanthawi yayitali, ndi cholowa champhamvu chaufulu chomwe chili chosiyana ndi Nepal koma chimagwiranso ntchito mopitilira: "Monga CPN-Maoist yalengeza kale lingaliro lake lolemba Manifesto yachikominisi yazaka za 21st, yayambitsanso mkangano. ndi kukambitsirana mu mzimu wa Chikomyunizimu, osati mโdziko lokha, komanso padziko lonse lapansi.โ[19] Izi zikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi nkhani ya Tcheyamani Dahal, โMasomphenya a Maoist for a New Nepal,โ yoperekedwa ku New School University pa September. 26, 2008, kutsatiridwa ndi nthawi yowonjezereka ya mafunso ndi mayankho, pamodzi ndi mawu a adilesi yake yoyambirira tsiku lomwelo ku UN General Assembly. Chimodzimodzinso chidwi ndi kuyankhulana kwa mbiri yakale ndi Prachanda ndi mtolankhani wakumanzere waku US Li Onesto pachimake cha Nkhondo ya People's kumapeto kwa 1999. [20]
'Maziko onse ndi a mphamvu zamagulu akale'
Komabe, kusagwirizana komwe kulipo tsopano kwakulitsa mkangano ndi magawano mkati mwa chipanichi pamalingaliro amtsogolo odana ndi capitalist pakusintha njira za Nepal ndi konkriti ngati njira yayikulu yolamulira, yokhumudwitsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi zochita ndi zolankhula za Nepali Congress Party. Mbali ina ya zokambiranazo ndi yokhudza kuopsa kwa kugonja pakufuna kusintha zinthu. Netra Bikram Chand, yemwenso amadziwika kuti "Biplap'', membala wa komiti yayikulu ya chipanichi, akupereka kuwunika mozama pa "kusiyana kwa malingaliro m'chipani chathu" mu pepala lachingerezi la CPN (M), The Red Star.[21] Biplap amakambirana za njira zofunika kuti awononge "maziko ndi matupi amphamvu ya comprador capitalist ndikuphwanya." M'malingaliro ake:
Makhalidwe a gulu la demokalase ndi agulu la bourgeois. Pambuyo pa msonkhano wachigawo, ufumu wachifumu unathetsedwa ndipo dziko la Republic lakhazikitsidwa, komabe, palibe kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chake. Chipanichi chafika ku super structure ya state power, constituent assembly government; koma maziko onse ndi a mphamvu zamagulu akale.
Iye amasiyana ndi mtsogoleri wa chipanichi pa mawonekedwe a msewu wopita patsogolo, ndipo akuwopa kuti ngati CPN (M) itsatira ndondomeko yomwe Prachanda anakonza, "chipani chathu chidzamira m'dambo la reformism pamwamba pa mutu wake".
'Pamphepete mwa kusintha kwa zaka'
Mkangano wokhudza njira yamtsogolo ku Nepal udafika pachimake pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa CPN (M) mu Novembala 2008, pomwe, pambuyo pokambirana koopsa, maziko olimba a mgwirizano adakwaniritsidwa. Nkhani zazikuluzikulu zalongosoledwa ndi Indra Mohan Sigdel (wotchedwa "Basanta'').[22] Lingaliro lidafikiridwa kuti lipite ku "demokalase ya dziko la demokalase ya anthu" ngati cholinga chanthawi yayitali, komanso kuti pakati pa "mbali zitatu zomenyera nkhondo" - msonkhano wachigawo, boma ndi msewu - "kulimbana mumsewu kungakhale wamkuluโ.[23] Kulimbana mumsewu kumatanthauzanso kuphatikizira unyinji wa anthu kumadera apansi pa zokambirana, kuyesa ndi kusintha. Kumar Dahal wachenjeza za kusinthika komwe kungachitike, komanso akugogomezera kufunika kolimbana "mumsewu": "Ogwira ntchito apite patsogolo kuti atsimikizire ndikukhazikitsa gulu la ogwira ntchito ngati gulu losankha m'boma. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kupita patsogolo kuti atenge maudindo akuluakulu popanga mfundo."[24]
Zina mwazolimbanazi m'misewu ndi midzi zikupititsidwa patsogolo ndi CPN (M)'s Young Communist League, yomwe ili ndi mamembala pafupifupi theka la milioni. Ikukonza kampeni yoyeretsa anthu okhala m'dera lawo, mapologalamu othana ndi ulova kwa achinyamata, ntchito zachitukuko pazaulimi, zothana ndi ziphuphu ndi umbanda.[25] Amakhalabe otsutsana chifukwa choimbidwa mlandu wachiwawa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, koma kulimbikitsa kwawo achinyamata aku Nepalese komanso kuthandizana nawo pakuchita bwino anthu sikungakane. Posautsika pamasukulu, All Nepal National Independent Students Union (Revolutionary) ndi gulu la ophunzira la CPN (M), lomwe likuvutika kuti maphunziro ademokalase pamigawo yonse.[26] Yakhala ikuchita nawonso ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi oyang'anira mayunivesite osamala pamasukulu angapo, komanso mkangano ndi mabungwe ena ophunzira.
Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa November 2008, Nduna ya Zachuma a Baburam Bhattarai adalengeza cholinga cha boma chothetsa masukulu apulaimale ndi sekondale ku Nepal posachedwa, chifukwa cha mwayi womwe umabereka. Izi mwina ndi mawu okhawo omwe ali m'dziko lililonse kuti akhazikitse mfundo zothetsa kubizinesi ndi kugulitsa maphunziro m'dzina la maphunziro oyenera. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a sukulu za ku Nepal tsopano ndi zachinsinsi, zomwe zimapatsa ana ambiri, ngakhale osati okha, ana ochokera m'mabanja omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri. Bhattarai anafotokozanso cholinga cha boma chopereka satifiketi ya maphunziro kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe anamenya nawo nkhondo yomenyera ufulu wa anthu ndi kusiya maphunziro awo.[27]
Kupyolera mu zonsezi, CPN (M) yatsimikiza kumamatira ku mfundo zake. Pogogomezera kusafuna kwa chipani kutenga nawo gawo mu boma la mgwirizano lomwe limasokoneza malonjezo akusintha kwakukulu kwa anthu aku Nepalese, Prime Minister Dahal adawopseza mu Disembala 2008 kuti chipani chake chikhoza kusiya boma pofika pakati pa Januware kukalimbana ndi zotsutsa m'malo molimbana ndi chipani. kulolera dongosolo lake: โNjira zolimbana zidakalipo kuti tikwaniritse zimene tikufuna. Tili pafupi ndi kusintha kwa zaka.โ[28] D. Bastola akutero kuti: โMalinga ngati ulamuliro waukulu wozika mizu ndi wa comprador bureaucrat capitalism suli zitathetsedwa, anthu a ku Nepal sangakhale omasuka, ndipo chuma cha dziko sichingayende bwino.โ[29]
'Moyo wamba, kulimbana movutikira'
Mu Disembala 2008, chipanicho chinakonza batire ya "makhodi a moyo wosavuta" kwa mamembala onse a Constituent Assembly, ndi malangizo amtundu wagalimoto (njinga yoyendetsedwa ndi batri yaku China yomwe amakonda), zovala zosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito makamaka zoyendera zapagulu, komanso malire. mafoni awiri am'manja. Malamulowa akuyankha "zotsutsa zomwe atsogoleri a Maoist adayamba kukhala ndi moyo wotukuka wotsutsana ndi nzeru zawo zama proletarian".[30]
Malo atsopano a demokalase
Kulemba kuti "Anthu aku Nepal adzipereka kukwaniritsa maloto a dziko la Nepal latsopano kudzera m'nthawi yomwe ikupanga kusintha kwamalingaliro, ndale, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe, kukweza mbendera yakuukira kwa anthu ambiri motsutsana ndi zomwe zikuchitika mdzikolo". Nduna Yatsopano ya Zachikhalidwe ndi Kukonzanso Boma, a Gopal Kirati, adapereka chikalata chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2008 pazokambirana zapagulu zofotokoza malingaliro atsopano pakusintha kwakukulu kwamabungwe am'deralo ndi zigawo, komanso mitundu yodziyimira payokha, kuphatikiza "Autonomous Sherpa State". Pakupanga kusinthaku, zigawo 800 zikuperekedwa. Pofotokoza lingaliro latsopano la kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu komanso kuzindikira kwadziko, Kirati akuti: "Posiya tanthauzo lachikunja la Nepal ngati "yam pakati pa miyala iwiri", Peoples of the Republic of Nepal adzakhazikitsa tanthauzo lamphamvu la dziko. Tanthauzoli lidzakhala 'dynamite' pakati pa miyala iwiriyi m'zaka za zana la 21 osati yam, "yokhazikika pa "proletarian internationalism."[31]
Watsopano wapadziko lonse lapansi?
Pokhala ndi mikangano yambiri komanso kudzidzudzula mkati mwa chipanichi, Roshan Kissoon ndi Chandra ali ndi zokambirana zatsopano za magawo awiri ndi Samir Amin, "Tikufuna dziko latsopano"[32] ndi "Maoism ikufunika kulikonse padziko lapansi",[ 33] idasindikizidwa koyamba mu The Red Star. Samir Amin ndi wapampando wapano wa World Forum for Alternatives.[34] Mafunsowo akubwerezanso mfundo za mโbuku lake latsopano lakuti The World We Wish to See.[35]
Mumgwirizano wofunikira ndi CPN (M), akutsindika kuti:
a Nepalese, osachepera, apambana pamutu woyamba wa kukhazikitsa kulimbana kwawo mu kupanduka kwa anthu wamba ndiyeno kupanga, kukhala, mphamvu yokhoza kugwetsa ulamuliro, Mfumu ndi antchito ake amzawo; ndiyeno kubwera kukambitsirana, mgwirizano, ndi mabwenzi ena otheka pomanga chipika cha dziko, chodziwika bwino, cha demokalase, chapamwamba; m'malo mwa gulu lolamulira la comprador kugonjera ku imperialism ndi neo-liberalism.[36]
Amapanga mkangano wamphamvu wofuna kumanzere kumadzulo kuti ayang'ane mosamala zomwe zikuchitika pansi ndi mkati mwa echelon yosintha ku Nepal. Bukhu lake lakuti The Future of Maoism (Kubwereza Kwa Mwezi, 1981) tsopano lingaลตerengedwe mogwirizana ndi zochitika zaposachedwapa.
The Cultural Revolution inabwereranso
Bastola akugogomezera kuti msonkhano wachigawo wa November 2008 wa CNP(M) unali zochitika mu "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", kubweretsanso anthu ambiri mu kusintha kwamphamvu. Kusintha kwa malingaliro pa cholowa cha masomphenya a Mao a kusintha kwa China, komanso zenizeni zenizeni za Cultural Revolution, "nkhani zotsutsana" ndi zomwe zimachitika nthawi imeneyo, zikuwunikidwanso Kumadzulo. Msonkhano wosiyirana wa Disembala 2008 wokhudza "Kupezanso Chikhalidwe Chachikhalidwe cha China: Zojambulajambula ndi Ndale, Zochitika Zamoyo, Zolowa Zaufulu,"[37] zidakonzedwa ku NYU ku Manhattan ndi Revolution Books, ogwirizana ndi Revolutionary Communist Party[38], ndi Set the Lembani pulojekiti Yowongoka, ndi ndemanga zochokera ku Monthly Review ndi ena. Zofanana ndi zomwe zafalikira pakufufuza kwatsopano kwa Cultural Revolution m'ma TV omwe akupita patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi ku North North, nkhani yosiyiranayi sinamve zambiri. Mwa okamba ake, wolemba mbiri Dongping Han adayambitsa buku lake latsopano la The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village (Monthly Review, 2008), lomwe limafotokoza zomwe adakumana nazo ngati manejala wa fakitale yapamudzi pagulu panthawi ya Cultural Revolution, ndi ake. malingaliro ake pamalingaliro a Mao ndi kufunikira kwake ku zovuta masiku ano padziko lonse lapansi.[39]
Dongping akupereka lingaliro lamkati la momwe alimi ku China adalimbikitsidwa kudzera mu maphunziro panthawi ya Cultural Revolution, ndi machitidwe apadera a demokalase yamagulu omwe adapangidwa: "Alimi aku China anali ndi malingaliro amphamvu kuti amalamulira tsogolo lawo panthawiyo. [โฆ] Ambiri a ku China, osati alimi ndi antchito okha, koma aphunzitsi ndi akatswiri aluso, anali okhutitsidwa moona mtima kuti akudzipangira okha dziko labwino, osati la ogwira ntchito okha. Iwo anali ndi moyo watsopano. " Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wake komanso zomwe adakumana nazo, Dongping ali wotsimikiza kuti "ngakhale ayesetsa zaka 30 zapitazi kuyika m'manda Cultural Revolution, nthawi ino idzakhala yodziwika kwa anthu aku China, mayiko ena a Dziko Lachitatu, ku Europe ndi US maiko ena onse otukuka. [โฆ] Cultural Revolution ya Mao iyenera kukhala chochitika chofunikira kwambiri pakupatsa mphamvu anthu mโmbiri ya anthu ya zaka 2000.โ
Malingaliro osinthidwa a Cultural Revolution amatulukanso m'buku lolembedwa ndi X. Zhong, W. Zheng ndi Bai Di, Enafe: Akazi Achi China Akukula mu Mao Era (Rutgers UP, 2001), apa akuwunikiridwa mozama ndi Maoist. -Wachitatu Worldist [40] "Prarie Fire" akutsindika kuti:
Cultural Revolution, kaya mwadala kapena ayi, inali chitsanzo chachikulu kwambiri cha kumasulidwa kwa achinyamata m'mbiri. [โฆ] Ulamuliro pamlingo uliwonse ukhoza kudzipeza wotsutsidwa ndi achinyamata. Izi sizinangokhudza malo a anthu onse, komanso malo achinsinsi a banja. Mu Manifesto Marx analemba kuti, โKodi mumatiimba mlandu wofuna kuletsa dyera la ana ndi makolo awo? Pamlanduwu tikuvomereza kuti ndife olakwa.โ Chiyambi cha Cultural Revolution, kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse, chinazindikira cholinga cha chikomyunizimu chomasula achinyamata. [โฆ] Ena aife, ngakhale kuti amaona kuti ndi ampatuko, amakumana ndi zovuta monga nkhani zachikopa za mbali imodzi.
Bai Di ndi director of Chinese and Asian Studies ku Drew University, ndipo adalankhulanso pamwambo wosiyirana wa Disembala 2008 pa Cultural Revolution ku NYU. Wokamba nkhani wina anali Li Onesto, yemwe buku lake lakuti Dispatches from the People's War in Nepal (Pluto Press, 2004) linali nkhani yoyamba yolembedwa ndi mtolankhani wakunja wa zigawenga za Maoist kuchokera mkati, pamene ankayenda mozama m'madera omasulidwa a zigawenga. [41] Mwina gawo lina la vuto la Eurocentrism kumadera ena a Kumpoto kumanzere ndikukana ngakhale kuchita nawo mawu awa komanso malingaliro osagwirizana. Chifukwa chiyani?
Kukhala wodziwa bwino
Opita patsogolo omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zambiri za zomwe zikuchitika ku Nepal amatha kuwerenga The Red Star pafupipafupi. [42] Nkhani zazandale ndi zachuma zatsiku ndi tsiku ku Nepal ndi eKantipur.com.[43]
Webusaiti ya Revolution ku South Asia imapereka chidziwitso cha mgwirizano pazochitika zomwe zikuchitika mofulumira ku Nepal ndi dera lonse la South Asia.[44] Zigawenga za Amwenye a Maoist zikufalikira ku Orissa ndi Chhattisgarh, makamaka osanenedwa kunja kwa India. [45] Katswiri wa mfundo Sean Deblieck, pakuwunika momwe angathanirane ndi zigawenga za Maoist ku South Asia, akupereka chithunzithunzi cha mayendedwe a Naxalite ku India ndi CPM (N) ku Nepal. Amamaliza kuti:
Chifukwa chimene Chimao chinatha kuzika mizu ku India ndi Nepal chimachokera makamaka ku zolephera za ndale ndi machitidwe awo a ndale. Zikuwonekeratu kuti otsika kwambiri ndi magulu m'mayiko awiriwa anyalanyazidwa kwambiri ndi oimira awo, ndipo chitukuko chadutsa. Kumbali ina, a Maoist ndi gulu lokhalo lomwe likuwoneka kuti likufunitsitsa kupita kumadera akutali ndikugwira ntchito ndi osauka. Tcheyamani Mao anali wapadera pozindikira kuthekera kobisika kwa alimi akumidzi oterowo, ndipo anasiya njira zamphamvu ndi malingaliro osadziwika bwino omwe akugwirabe ntchito mpaka lero.[46]
Zochita za Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM), yomwe CPN (M) ndi gawo lake, ndi gawo lalikulu ku South Asia.[47] Komabe mafunde ena a "Third-World Maoists" akutsutsa kwambiri RIM, North American Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP), wapampando wawo Bob Avakian, ndi RCP mgwirizano ndi CPN (M) njira yosiya nkhondoyi. kupanga boma la mgwirizano.[48] Mkangano uwu udzapitirirabe, gawo la mkangano wovuta.
Ufulu wa atolankhani ndi demokalase ya anthu
Mkangano umodzi wokhazikika wa mkangano mkati mwa Nepal ndi ufulu wa atolankhani, makamaka gawo la atolankhani a bourgeois podzudzula CPN (M). United We Blog! Kwa Democratic Nepal, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2004 ndi atolankhani aku Nepalese munthawi ya kuponderezana kwakukulu, ikupitilizabe kukhala malo okambitsirana mozama za nkhani ndi zomwe zikuchitika. [49] Nepal Press Freedom ikupereka lipoti zowopseza atolankhani ndikumenyera kuteteza ndi kulimbikitsa "utolankhani waulere, wachilungamo, komanso wosangalatsa". Chakumapeto kwa Disembala 50, kadaulo waku CPN (M) adaukira maofesi a Himalmedia, omwe amasindikiza magazini atatu, pambuyo poti nkhani idawoneka yotsutsa Young Communist League. Bungwe la Revolutionary Journalists 'Association Nepal ndi CPN (M) adatsutsa zachiwawa, zomwe zinasiya antchito ambiri a Himalmedia kuvulala. [2008] Mwachibadwa, mikangano yotereyi, yokhudzana ndi zoulutsira nkhani paokha, imakopa chidwi cha ofalitsa. FES-Nepal (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung), yomwe ikuwonetsera chikhalidwe cha Chijeremani kwa nthawi yayitali ku Nepal, [51] imapereka malingaliro ademokalase panjira yopita patsogolo ndi momwe zilili pano.[52] Choncho pali heteroglossia wolemera wa mawu ndi maganizo m'magulu amphamvu a anthu, monga momwe akuwonetsedwera mu ndemanga za ndale Dev Raj Dahal (mtsogoleri wa FES-Nepal) pa "kusintha kochuluka" komwe dziko likukumana nalo tsopano.[53] Kupatula kusagwirizana komwe kulipo pano kwamakampu osiyanasiyana, alchemy ya synergy yayikulu ya demokalase ikhoza kuwonekera.
Zionetsero za anthu ogwira ntchito
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero za zigawenga zotchuka za anthu nzodabwitsa. Pa Januware 2, 2009, pachiwonetsero chomwe sichinachitikepo, anthu amtawuni ya Kirtipur kunja kwa Kathmandu, nyumba ya Tribhuvan University, sukulu yakale kwambiri mdziko muno, adatseka tawuniyi ndi yunivesite chifukwa chofuna kulipidwa malo omwe adalandidwa. mabanja kuti amange yunivesite zaka 50 zapitazo ndikupatsa anthu ammudzi mwayi wochuluka wa ntchito pamasukulu. Iwo anawononga maofesi apakati pa yunivesite ya Tribhuvan dzulo lake.[55] Izi zidachitika pakati pa zionetsero zofala za ogwira ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana mdziko lonselo, mwa zina chifukwa cha vuto lamagetsi.
Anthu akuphunzira mphamvu yochitira zinthu pamodzi, kuthetsa madandaulo ovuta. Polankhula ndi ogwira ntchito, Prime Minister Dahal adati "posachedwa, boma lipereka chilengezo chofunikira, chomwe chithandizire kubweretsa dziko mu nthawi yatsopano", kutsindika kuti malingaliro a atsogoleri andale adasokoneza magwiridwe antchito a Maoist. boma. Iye ananena kuti ulamuliro wolakwika wa ndale wa mโmbuyomo ndi umene unachititsa kuti pakhale vuto la mphamvu. Anthu akuvutika tsopano chifukwa chosachitapo kanthu.โ[15]
Progressive Nepali Forum ku America
PNEFA yomwe yangokhazikitsidwa kumene ikufuna "kuthandizira ntchito zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa tsankho lopanda chilungamo, zachuma ndi ndale komanso kuchitira nkhanza anthu a ku Nepal omwe anali osaloledwa m'mbiri".[57] makamaka kuthetsa tsankho lochokera kwa anthu amtundu wina pakati pa 4.5-5.5 miliyoni a Hindu Dalits (Osakhudzidwa) ku Nepal yatsopano.[58] Vuto lawo ndi lalikulu kwambiri, ndipo angapange pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya anthu onse.[59] Iwo adavotera kwambiri CPN (M) muvoti ya Epulo 2008.
Makhalidwe ena achikhalidwe
Komabe kumadera akutali, Nepal ndi amodzi mwa malo opangira ma labotale akuluakulu akusintha kwazachikhalidwe ndi ndale, komanso zokambirana za chikhalidwe cha anthu kulikonse ku South geopolitical South. Kutentha kwa nkhani ndi praxis zomwe zikuchitika kumeneko ndizofunika kupitirira malire a dzikolo, kulikonse komwe mungayime kumanzere kwa Socialist. Amin ali ndi chiyembekezo cha kukwera komwe kukubwera pakusintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi:
mikhalidwe yakhwima kuti pakhale zochitika zina za chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitukuko chitsitsimutsidwe monga momwe chiyenera kukhalira: kusakanikirana kosagwirizana ndi chitukuko cha anthu, kupita patsogolo kwa demokarasi, ndi kutsimikiziridwa kwa ufulu wadziko mkati mwa zokambirana za mayiko ambiri. Kuthekera kwa magulu atsopanowa kumawonekera kale m'chizimezime.[60]
Kusintha kwa dziko la Nepal kungayambitse "makhalidwe atsopano" omwe atuluka pamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ku India, gulu lina la anthu ogwirizana lingakhale ndi mantha aakulu akuti dziko la Nepal, lomwe lili ndi anthu osauka akumidzi akumidzi ofanana ndi a ku India, lingapereke chitsanzo chokulirapo pa khomo la dzikolo kaamba ka โkusintha kwachisinthiko mโmadera akumidzi ndi kudzilamulira kaamba ka anthu. ambiriโ (ibid.), pamene vuto lapadziko lonse la ufumu wachifumu likukulirakulira ndipo mgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi Maoist kumpoto ukugwirizanitsa udindo wake. [61]
[Bill Templer ndi katswiri wa zinenero ku Asia. Anagwira ntchito zaka zingapo ku Nepal, olumikizidwa ndi Nepal Research Center ndi Tribhuvan University.]
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