Ichi ndi chitsanzo chachitatu cha momwe USDA imalepherera kukhala gwero labwino pazambiri zamabilu akumunda, kuphatikiza mbiri yabilu zaulimi.(1) Ndi yankho ku funso lochokera ku imelo:
Funso: "Brad, mungayankhe bwanji pazambiri zaulimi wa USDA?"
Carolyn Dimitri, Anne Effland, ndi Neilson Conklin, "The 20th Century Transformation of US Agriculture and Farm Policy," USDA, Economic Research Service, Economic Information Bulletin Number 3, June 2005, http://www.ers.usda.gov/publicโฆ
PARADIGM: Izi ndizomwe mumawona kuchokera ku boma. Zinthu zamtundu uwu zakhudza Food Movement. Mumapeza zolemba zamtunduwu pamasamba ndi m'munsi mwa mabuku azakudya komanso zamagulu
malipoti, ngati kuti salowerera ndale komanso ndi zolinga. Imawonetsa paradigm yayikulu, malingaliro a omwe amawayika m'nkhani. Paradigm iyi ndi ya iwo omwe akhala akulakwitsa, mobwerezabwereza, pa nkhani zazikulu za bilu ya famu, koma omwe amawonekanso ngati "akatswiri" nthawi ina, nthawi yotsatira, ad nauseam.
AGBIZ? Kusaka mawu mwachangu: "kampani?" kusowa; "agribusiness?" akusowa. Choncho chinthu chachikulu ndi chimene chikusowa. Ndale zonse za kusintha kwa bilu yaulimi, chifukwa chake, kwenikweni, bilu yaulimi idasinthidwa, yasiyidwa kotheratu. Chabwino, ngati mutanena nkhaniyi, simungamveke ngati "osalowerera ndale" komanso "osakondera" ndi "zolinga."
'MENE NDAKHALAPO': Si ndale mopambanitsa, momveka bwino, ndi malingaliro abodza chabe. Ndi chitsanzo chapamwamba chomwe anthu amati "kusalowerera ndale" kumakhudza kwambiri ndale, popereka ndalama zambiri komanso mwachinsinsi kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono amitundu yosiyanasiyana (makamaka ogula zinthu) mowonongera wina aliyense.
WOPHUNZITSA: Nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa ulemu. Palibe kudzudzula koopsa (mwachitsanzo, bizinesi yazaulimi, Congress, Purezidenti,) pakuwononga kwambiri ndikuwononga mbali zofunika zaulimi ndi chakudya). Ukhalidwe woterewu umagwirizana bwino ndi makhalidwe a anthu olemekezeka. Civility imagwira ntchito ku PR, kutsatsa, (cf. Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent,) kuti akhale otukuka, otukuka.
Koma โchitukukoโ ndi chiyani? Ndi mphamvu zovuta, megamachine. (Cf Lewis Mumford, Transformations of Man and also The Myth of the Machine: Technics and Human Development, mutu 10, โThe Burden of 'Civilizationโโ) Tiyenera kudzisintha tokha kupyola chitsanzo cha chikhalidwe cha chitukuko, kuti tikhale pambuyo- wotukuka (kapena post MEGA-chitukuko). Dziwani kuti pali zochepa zomwe zili ndi negative mkati
izi kulikonse. Zonse ndi zabwino. Kumapeto kokha ndi pamene akutchula mwachidule kuti si onse omwe adakonda kusinthaku.
ZINTHU! Zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi deta, zimapereka umboni wambiri. Mukuwona ma tchati 5 a ziwerengero, mamapu awiri owerengera, ndi mindandanda 2 ya zochitika zazikuluzikulu, ndiyeno 17 mawu am'munsi mwaukadaulo kwambiri kumapeto, omwe ali odzaza ndi ziwerengero za boma (16 kuchokera ku boma, m'modzi kuchokera ku Harvard. ndi izo?
Chabwino, kwenikweni ndi izi. Pali ziwerengero zambiri zomwe zimalumikizana. Ndipo zolumikizanazo zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zoyambitsa. Koma kwenikweni iwo sali.
Olimbikitsa anthu ogwira ntchito ku Congress asintha kwambiri zokonda zawo komanso zotsutsana ndi zofuna za US komanso mayiko osiyanasiyana aulimi. Ziwerengero zofunika, za chikoka cha ndale, ndi kupusa kwa kusintha kwa US ndi ulimi (monga momwe ndikuwonetsera), mwachitsanzo, zimasiyidwa. Kotero m'masamba 14 okha, ziwerengero zambiri zikuwonetsedwa. Ndipo inde, zidachitika nthawi yomweyo.
Ndipo m'njira zing'onozing'ono ena (mwachitsanzo, kuchepa kwa alimi) amawonetsa kuwonongeka koyenera kuchokera ku kusinthaku. Koma zonsezi zimatanthauziridwa molakwika.
ZOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI? Chifukwa chake chinsinsi pamalingaliro oyambira (kapena funso lofunsidwa) ndikuti bilu yafamu idasinthidwa kutengera kuwunika kwakusintha kwa zosowa, zomwe zimatchedwa "mfundo wamba pamakangano," zomwe ndi (ie. โ zonse zili m'ma TV, manyuzipepala, zolemba zaboma, ndi zina zotero). Makamaka, lipotilo likuti lidapangidwa kuti lipereke ndalama kwa mabanja osauka kwakanthawi, ngati yankho ladzidzidzi ku Kukhumudwa.
[MAGANIZO A BRAD: Monga momwe katswiri wa zachuma Daryll Ray akugogomezera, (2) bilu yaulimi idapangidwa kuti ithetse vuto lalikulu lazachuma lomwe lidakhalapo kwa zaka 60 chisanachitike Chisokonezo Chachikulu: "kusowa kwa kukhudzidwa kwamitengo" "pazopereka komanso mbali zofunikila zaulimi wophatikizika,โ (osati mbeu imodzi yokha). Ndipo zinatero. Izi SI Thandizo lachindunji lachindunji, komanso sizitengera zosowa za banja, komanso sikuyankha ku Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu, (ngakhale kuti chochitikacho chinapangitsa kuti pakhale zotheka ndale, ndipo chinathandiza kuthetsa Kupsinjika maganizo, popanga chuma ndi ntchito zambiri). Chofanana ndi chakuti Makomiti a Mabanki (osati zaulimi) adazitumiza mu 1941 ngati zolimbikitsa zachuma zamagulu abizinesi.(3)]
Kotero imayankhula nthano yomwe yavomerezedwanso ndi kayendetsedwe ka chakudya, kuti ndalama za famuyi zinapangidwira kuti zikhale zovuta (monga "thandizo la ndalama" kwa minda yambiri yomwe inali yosauka, monga chithandizo chaumphawi kwa Great Depression, monga lamulo la "zadzidzidzi").
[MAONERO A BRAD: Chifukwa chake, kusowa kwa kulabadira kwamitengo kwapitilirabe mpaka zaka za zana la 21, pomwe takhala ndi mitengo yotsika kwambiri m'mbiri (ie 8 mwa mitengo 9 yotsika kwambiri ya chimanga ndi soya, 1997-2005) . Chotero mikhalidweyo ikadalipobe, ndipo silinapangidwe kukhala lamulo la โkanthaลตi,โ monga mmene Henry Wallace analongosolera momvekera bwino mu 1940. (4) Ilo liyenera kuti poyamba linalunkhidwa kukhala โlosakhalitsaโ pazifukwa za ndale, koma silinalinganizidwire kwa kanthaลตi kalikonse. vuto, koma chifukwa chavuto losatha, mitengo yotsika kwambiri yobwera chifukwa cha kusalabadira kwamitengo.]
Kuposa pafupifupi malipoti onse aposachedwa aku USDA, komabe, iyi ikukamba za Price Floor ndi mbiri ya Supply Management. Imatanthawuza kuti mbiriyakale inayamba mu Kuvutika maganizo (pamene mikhalidwe ya anthu inali x) kenako inasintha mu 1965 ndi "kusagwirizana" (tsamba 9), panthawi yomwe ili ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana.
[MAONEdwe a BRAD: Zoonadi, zosintha zazikulu zinali: 1942-1943 pomwe Mitengo yamtengo
kukhala pa 90% ya mgwirizano; 1953 anayamba kutsitsa Price Floors; 1961 (chimanga/feedgrains & wheat; 1964 thonje, 1977 mpunga, 1998 soya) adayamba kuwonjezera ndalama zothandizira kubweza zina mwazochepetsa; 1996 iwo anathetsa bilu ya famu ya mbewu zambiri, koma anapereka chithandizo chanthawi yochepa, ndi cholinga chobwerera ku "Hooverism" (Pre-New Deal); 1998-1999-2000-2001 4 mabilu akufamu adzidzidzi kuti afotokozere kulephera kwakukulu kwa zomwe timatcha "Ufulu Wolephera."]
Tsamba 9: Apa akugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti โzokonda zamalondaโ mfundo zaulimi, kunena kuti izi ndi zomwe zimafunikira ndikukhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa chiyani? "Kuthandiza alimi aku America."
[MAONEKO A BRAD: Oh mai! Bakha!!!!!!!!!! Muzakhala okhumudwa!!!! Izi ndizomwe zimazungulira. Zowonadi, Mitengo yamitengo ndi Kasamalidwe ka Supply, (kasamalidwe ka msika) ndizomwe zili "zamsika". Izi ndi zomwe zimayankha pazochitika za msika. Njirayi imatsatira misika, kugonjera, ndikutaya ndalama, monga deta yochuluka yomwe inanenedweratu ndikuwonetsa pambuyo pake. โKutengera msikaโ ndi liwu lachikhombo lotanthauza kukhala โmpikisano,โ (mawu ogwirizana ndi code,) kutanthauza kutaya (ndi. (zochepa ndalama zogulira kunja, ndi zotayika pa busheli iliyonse kapena mayunitsi ena omwe amatumizidwa kunja). Choncho โubwino unali kukula kwambiri ndi kugulitsa zambiri, (koma kugulitsa izo ndalama zochepa okwana, ndipo monga chitayiko pa mtengo uliwonse, monga zotayika 1981-2006 chiลตerengero cha mbewu 8, chaka chilichonse kupatula 1996. Ok kotero izi zikufotokozera momwe zimapangidwira kwambiri paradigm, ndi zomwe zikutanthawuza.) Ndipo umboni umasonyeza kuti izi ndi zomwe zinachitika, Congress inasintha ndipo US inapanga zochepa pazogulitsa kunja. Njira yotumizira katunduyo inalephera kupereka. (5)]
Tsamba 9: Chifukwa chake kunali "kutenga mwayi" pakuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kwamisika yogulitsa kunja.
[MAGANIZO A BRAD: โTengerani mwayiโ mwa kutaya ndalama pazogulitsa kunja, kutumiza zina. Zindikirani, nthawi yomweyo kuti US idasankha kupanga zochepa komanso zochepa pagawo lililonse
pa zogulitsa kunja kwa mafamu, OPEC idayang'anira kupereka ndikukweza mitengo. Kotero mu 1947, kusinthidwa kwa inflation mu madola a 2012, chimanga chinali $ 17.58 / bushel (mbiri yapamwamba, chaka cha chilala), mafuta anali $ 17.58 pa mbiya, tirigu anali $ 18.64 / bushel, soya anali $ 27.11 / bushel ndi mpunga ndi $ 48.60 / cwt2008. Pambuyo pake, aliyense atapita njira yake yosiyana, (OPEC mmwamba, USA pansi,) mu 4.30 anthu ambiri ankanena kuti mafuta ndi zinthu za m'mafamu "zikuchulukirachulukira," ndipo anthu (UN, Bread for the World) adapanga zizindikiro zomwe zimawasonyeza. pafupifupi milingo yofanana. Zoonadi, chimanga chinakwera UP mpaka $96.80, mafuta adakwera UP mpaka $7.19, tirigu adakwera UP mpaka $10.57, soya adakwera mpaka $17.81, ndipo mpunga udakwera mpaka $XNUMX.
Mutha kuganiza kuti phindu lazachuma lopanga phindu lingalimbikitse US, koma Congress, kuphatikiza anthu akumafamu m'makomiti ag, adakana izi. Pakadali pano, kwazaka zambiri, takhala tikukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika wogulitsa kunja kuposa OPEC, mwachitsanzo, chimanga ndi soya. Kotero ife tinali ndi mphamvu, koma tinaigwiritsa ntchito kudzitsutsa tokha. A Economic Research Service adasiya izi mu lipoti lawo.]
Tsamba 9: Kenako timawerenga kuti Price Floors, mwachitsanzo. "Ziwongola dzanja zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira mitengo sizinakwerenso kufika pamiyeso yapamwamba ya m'ma 1940 ndi 1950," ngati kuti chimenecho chinali chochitika chachuma chachikulu chomwe sichinali chotheka kulamulidwa ndi munthu, chodziwikiratu, chosapeลตeka, kuyankha kwa zolinga.
[MAGANIZO A BRAD: Mabungwe adalimbikitsa kuti kusinthaku kuthetseretu โzinthu zochulukira (makamaka antchito),โ mamiliyoni awiri โฆ kuphatikiza nambala yofanana ndi gawo lalikulu la olowa kumene,โ โkuchepetsaโฆ zaka zosaposa zisanu.โ(6) Izi zidalimbikitsidwanso ndi Land Grant University System, yomwe idafunanso zomwezi, mwachitsanzo, ku Iowa State University ndi mayunivesite ena aulimi a โNorth Centralโ. Congress idakhazikitsa lamulo ndipo Purezidenti adasaina. Chifukwa chake zindikirani chilankhulo chongokhala mu lipoti la ERS.]
Tsamba 9: Ndiye tikudumphiranso ku 1985 farm bill & 1990, yomwe "inathandizira kupanga A. incentives kulimbikitsa malonda a malonda (osati B.
kuwataya ku chuma chambiri cha boma), komanso kusinthasintha kwina kwa C. posankha zosankha.โ (makalata owonjezera)
[MAGANIZO A BRAD: A. Choncho zolimbikitsa zinali za agribusiness kuti azigula motchipa kwa alimi. Mu 1985, alimi adachepetsedwa mitengo yawo ndi ndalama zambiri kuposa zomwe adabwezeredwa powonjezera ndalama zothandizira. Kufikira 7 ndi kupitirira apo, popanda Farm Management Bill.]
B. Izi zimamveka ngati simukugulitsa nkomwe, komanso kuti boma limakakamira nazo m'malo mozitumiza kunja kuti lipange ndalama. Zoonadi, tikakhala ndi ndondomeko yokwanira ya mtengo wapansi ndi kasamalidwe ka katundu, alimi amalandira ngongole yamtengo wapatali, ndipo samayenera kubweza, choncho zimakhala zofanana ndi kugulitsa. Boma limasunga njere. Koma chomwe sichinatchulidwe nโchakuti boma limayendetsa zinthu kuti mitengo ikwere, choncho ngati achita bwino, samangokhalira kutaya ndalama. Chifukwa chake m'malo mopanga zambiri ndikubweza ndalama zochepa kumayiko akumafamu ndikupita ku US ngati ndalama zotumizira kunja, timapanga zocheperako, zotsika mtengo, komanso timalipidwa ndalama zambiri chifukwa cha izi, monga mayiko akunja amatilipira osati kuposa ziro, komanso. malonda chilungamo, moyo malipiro mitengo kwa izo.
C. Alimi adapatsidwa zosankha zambiri, mwaukadaulo, koma mitengo idatsika kwambiri kotero kuti idathandizira kwambiri ma CAFO, kotero tsopano tili ndi minda ya nkhumba 4 yokha, mwachitsanzo,
chabwino, mabungwe a 4, omwe ali ndi 66% ya nkhumba zonse, ndi mabungwe a nkhuku za 4 (50% +), etc. Kotero alimi anataya kwambiri pa "kusinthasintha," de facto, ndendende zosiyana ndi zonena zabwino za USDA-ERS pano. Ndiko kuti, iwo anataya mtengo wowonjezera wa ziweto, kotero kuti akhalebe kukula kwake kwachuma, amayenera kupeza malo ambiri olimapo (ndipo adatero, pamene alimi anali kutuluka, monga momwe ambiri amachitira pansi pa kusintha kumeneku). Koma pa nthakayo, popanda ziweto, iwo ankasowa chochita pachuma cha Resource Conserving Crop Rotations (msipu ndi udzu, ndipo ukalima nyemba kapena clover forage/udzu, umalima oats kapena balere kapena tirigu kapena rye ngati mbewu yovundikira. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kunatayika kwenikweni, ngakhale kuti minda inali yosakhazikika (chifukwa cha mitengo yotsika ndi kutayika kwa ziweto), ndipo sakanatha kupeza nayitrogeni waulere kuchokera ku clover ndi nyemba. kotero iwo anayenera kugula fetereza wochuluka ndi kukhala odalira kwambiri makampani aakulu kwambiri, ndi ditto mankhwala ophera tizilombo, popeza anataya phindu la kasinthasintha wa mbewu, ndipo nyama zaudzu zinakhala zocheperapo phindu, pamene CAFOs anakhazikitsa muyezo wotsika kwambiri wozikidwa pa mtengo wotsika wa tirigu. Chifukwa chake mwachizoloลตezi ichi ndi njira YAMKULU yosinthira, ndipo lipotilo limawawona pafupifupi nthawi zonse m'njira zabwino, monga kukwaniritsa zosowa za dziko ndi zaulimi, (monga momwe tawonera pansipa) koma zosinthazo zakhala zowona.]
Akufotokoza mwachidule, chakumapeto kwa tsamba 9: Kusintha konseku โmosakayika kunachepetsa kusagwira bwino ntchito kwachuma pakugawidwa molakwika kwa zida ndi kusokonekera kwamitengo komwe kumayenderana ndi mapulogalamu aulimi.
Tsamba 11, lobwerezedwa patsamba 12: โNgakhale kuti mfundo zaulimi ndi mapologalamu ogwirizana nawo zasintha kuyambira mโma 1930, mapologalamu a zamalonda akhalabe ndi zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri: katchulidwe ka zinthu komanso kudalira kwambiri thandizo la ndalama.โ
[MAONEKO A BRAD: Zoonadi, mapulogalamu a Price Floor ndi Supply Management amathandizira ulimi m'njira zolumikizirana, monga ndafotokozera pamwambapa, ndipo mutha kudyetsa maekala anu ochepetsera kugwa ndi nyengo yozizira. Munali zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake "zonena zenizeni sizowona kwenikweni, de-facto, ngakhale zili, mwina, mwamalingaliro. Kachiwiri, monga ndasonyezera pamwambapa, bilu ya pafamuyo inalidi kasamalidwe ka msika (zamtengo ndi zoperekera), osati thandizo la ndalama, ngakhale zimathandizira ndalama. Izi zinasintha pamene Mitengo ya Mtengo inatsitsidwa mochulukira, ndiye kuti zothandizira zinawonjezeredwa ndikuwonjezeka, ndiye Mitengo ya Mtengo inatha, ndiyeno kusintha kuchokera ku kayendetsedwe ka msika kupita ku chithandizo cha ndalama kunatha. Pokhapokha kuti thandizo la ndalama linali lokhazikika pa kayendetsedwe ka msika. Inali malipiro ochepetsera msika, kotero ngati mutakhala famu yaikulu, mukanakhala ndi kuchepetsa kwakukulu, ndi chithandizo chachikulu. Chifukwa chake zosintha zonse za anthu zidaphunziridwa, kuphatikiza
ndemanga iyi yokhudzana ndi chithandizo cha ndalama, zikutanthawuza kuti poyamba zinapangidwira kuti zikhale zogwirizana ndi mabanja osauka (zinali sizinali) komanso kuti zasintha (koma kusowa kwa Kuyankha kwa Mtengo, kufunikira kwa chithandizo, pamene mulibe Mitengo yamtengo, sichinatero. zasinthidwa, ndipo kachiwiri, ndikuchepetsa kwakukulu (kusoweka) kwa minda yayikulu.) Dziwani:
mu ganizo la NFFC, minda yayikulu ikuyenera kukhala ndi kuchepetsa kasamalidwe kokulirapo pakupanga, zikafunika.]
Tsamba 11: โ90% ya ndalama zomwe banja limalandira zimachokera ku ntchito zaulimi,โ choncho mapologalamu sakufunikanso kwa mabanja.
[MAONEdwe a BRAD: Chabwino, monga mu nthano zabodza kuti iwo anayamba monga mapulogalamu odana ndi umphawi. Chomwe chinachitika ndichakuti mapulogalamuwa adakhala oyipa kwambiri kotero kuti ochepa amatha kulima pokhapokha atakhala ndi ndalama zambiri zaulimi kuti athandizirenso kupereka ndalama zothandizira (kapena agogo kubwereka popanda kalikonse, kapena osagula inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, kapena mutagula zotsika mtengo. makina ochokera kwa oyandikana nawo osokonekera, ndi zina zotero. Chinthu ichi chakuti alimi amalipidwa mokwanira chifukwa ali ndi ndalama zabwino zaulimi ndi nthano yodziwika bwino.]
Tsamba 12: โAlimi onse adapeza njira zosinthiraโฆโ Chifukwa chake alimi adapita mbali zosiyanasiyana, mwachiwonekere kupezerapo mwayi, ndipo ulimi udakhala njira yamoyo, osati kusankha chuma.
[MAONEKO A BRAD: Izi ndizosamveka. Alimi ambiri adasiya bizinesi! Izo sizikusintha!
Kenako timapeza ziyeneretso, sikuti zonse โzakhala zodzifunira kapena zokondedwa,โ ndipo, mwachitsanzo, alimi ochepa sanapindulepo.
[MAONEKO A BRAD: Kuyeneretsedwa kwakung'ono uku sikukwanira. Tsamba. 12: Idayamba ngati "thandizo lachuma chadzidzidzi m'ma 1930s.
[MAGANIZO A BRAD: Ayi, zinali, m'moyo weniweni, zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zithetse vuto lalikulu, lomwe likadalipo, kusowa kwa Kuyankha kwa Mtengo.]
Tsamba 12: "Zinachedwetsa kusuntha kwa ntchito kuchoka m'mafamu," KOMA Mitengo yamitengo ndi yomwe idapangitsa "kubzala molimba" komanso "ukatswiri."
[MAONEdwe a BRAD: Kuchepetsa Mtengo Pansi kunayambitsa ndi kufulumizitsa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. Ma subsidies adachedwetsa pang'ono. Monga ndafotokozera pamwambapa, Price Floors anachita zosiyana. Iwo ankathandizira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zosintha zabwino zomwe ERS idanena, kutsitsa ndalama, kupereka chakudya chotsika mtengo cha ziweto kwa ma CAFO, minda kutayika kwa ziweto ndi kasinthasintha wa mbewu: izi ndi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti alimi azidalira kwambiri mabungwe omwe amawadyera masuku pamutu.]
Tsamba 12: โNew Century.โ Kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, ndi zina zotero. Mafamu ocheperako ndi okulirapo akuchitika (osati mwadala, koma zotsatira za zopanga, kusintha kwa msika, ndi zina zotero, zosapeweka, osati kulakwa kwa wina).
[MAONEKO A BRAD: Ayi, Congress idayambitsa izi, yosainidwa ndi Purezidenti. Mavuto omwe amabwera padziko lonse lapansi ndi aakulu. US idasankha kutaya ndalama, ngakhale takhala tikutumiza kunja kwambiri. Zosamveka. Ananyalanyazidwa mโnkhaniyo.]
Tsamba 12: Kusunga zolinga za "zolinga zamakono zosamalira bwino mabanja a mafamu komanso kulimbikitsa chuma chaulimi."
[MAGANIZO A BRAD: Izi ndi zolinga zabodza. Zosinthazi zidapangitsa alimi kusiya bizinesi. Sanagwirizane ndi zolinga zimenezo. Bili yafamuyi idapangidwa kuti iziyang'anira misika,
kotero ulimi (ndi US lonse mu ulimi wake ndi waukulu mafamu katundu kunja) kungakhale bwino ndi phindu.
Mu zonsezi, panali kusintha kwa luso lamakono ndi zinthu zina zomwe zinakhudza
zinthu monga kukula kwa famu, ukatswiri, ndi kukhazikika. Monga momwe Henry Wallace ananenera mu 1940(3), vuto lalikulu lazachuma limakhalabe chimodzimodzi, koma mapulogalamu ayenera kusinthidwa pamene zinthu zikusintha. Sitikudziwa momwe ulimi ungawonekere, momwe ukadasinthira kapena sunasinthe momwe udasinthira, Congress ikadatenga njira ina. Palinso zinthu zina zambiri zaboma, monga kusowa kutsatiridwa ndi kufooketsa malamulo a malamulo odana ndi kudalirana, kufufuza molakwika ndi kukulitsa, kunyalanyaza malingaliro atsopano a ulimi wokhazikika (omwe amatengera mtundu woyambira waulimi ndikuuyika mu sayansi. paradigm yomwe ili yotsogola kwambiri kuposa mtundu wakale wamafakitale ndi mega womwe udatsatiridwa, ndipo izi zimayamikiridwa kwambiri mu lipotilo).
Mwachitsanzo, Stewart Smith, wochokera ku yunivesite ya Maine, wasonyeza momwe boma lathandizira kusintha kwa machitidwe omwe sagwira ntchito bwino, komanso amachotsa ntchito pa ulimi (ie. (ie. Kugula zinthu m'bokosi kuchokera ku Monsanto ndikulemba ganyu chikepe kuti chizipopera m'minda yanu). (8) Zomwe zikuyembekezeka, zikuwonetsa kuti "kulima" sikudzafika chaka cha 2020. Ndi malingaliro oyipa, ndipo ndi lingaliro lothandizidwa. mu lipoti ili.
Mawu a M'munsi
1. Brad Wilson, Mlembi wa Agriculture Vilsack: Zolakwika Ndendende pa Senate Farm Bill, Sep 05, 2012, https://znetwork.org/zblogs/secretary-of-agriculture-vilsack-exactly-wrong-on-the-senate-farm-bill/ Brad Wilson, Akumanga USDA Spin pa Bill Farm, Sep 04, 2013, https://znetwork.org/zblogs/deconstructing-usda-spin-on-the-farm-bill/ .
2. Darryll E. Ray, "Kodi zifukwa zisanu zomwe zimatchulidwa nthawi zambiri za mapulogalamu aulimi ndizizindikiro za chifukwa chachikulu," Policy Pennings, APAC U ya Tenn., 10/27/06, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/325.html . Daryll E. Ray, โNdi Kulabadira Mtengo! Ndi Kumvera Mtengo!! NDIKUYANKHA KWA MTENGO !!! โ Policy Pennings, APAC U ya Tenn., May 6, 2005, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/248.html .
3. Iowa Farm Activist , "Farm Bill anali Steagall, New Deal Stimulus," FEB 06, 2009, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/02/06/693903/-Farm-Bill-was-Steagall-New-Deal-Stimulus
4. Henry Wallace, Kupeza Ulimi WoyeneraUSDA, 1940, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Achieving%20a%20balanced%20agriculture%22&searchtype=all&ft=&setft=false .
5. Daryll E3. Ray, "Kulemera kotsogozedwa ndi kunja: Izi zikumveka ngati zodziwika," September 7, 2007 #370, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/370.html . Daryll E. Ray, "Nkhani zapono za famu zimachokera ku nkhani zotumiza kunja," Policy Pennings, APAC U ya Tenn., 3/26/10, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/504.html .
Daryll E. Ray, โAgricultural Policy: Premises and Alternatives,โ University of Tennessee, Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, kuwonetsera kwa West Kentucky No- Till Association, Russellville, Kentucky, February 24, 2005, sikulinso pa intaneti; Daryll E. Ray & Harwood D. Schaffer, "Chimanga Kutumiza kunja: Mlandu wa ziyembekezo zosakwaniritsidwa ndi ndondomeko zaulimi zomwe sizinaperekedwe," Policy Pennings, APAC U ya Tenn., September 6, 2013, (silinso pa intaneti).
6. Komiti Yachitukuko Chachuma, "An Adaptive Program for Agriculture," 1962.
7. Brad Wilson, "Chimanga 'Safety Net' (85 FB), Zimasonyeza mofiira poyamba zolinga zochepetsera mitengo yamtengo wapatali (pamwamba) ndiyeno zotsatira zenizeni zochepetsera mitengo ya msika. Mu buluu zimasonyeza kuti zothandizirazo zinakula, koma sizinali zazikulu monga zochepetsera, kaya ndi mapangidwe a pulogalamu (pamwamba) kapena muzochitika zenizeni (pansi). Zotsatira zake, zimacheperachepera (zofiira kuphatikiza buluu).
8. Stewart Smith, โSustainable Agriculture and Public Policy,โ Maine Policy Review 2.1 (1993) : 68 -78, http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mpr/vol2/iss1/13/
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