"Imperialism" ndi "empire" ndi mawu omwe amaponyedwa mozungulira nthawi zonse, makamaka kumanzere kwakukulu. Sheldon Wolin analemba mโchaka cha 2010 kuti โpalibe wandale kapena chipani chachikulu chomwe chanenapo poyera za kukhalapo kwa ufumu wa America.โ [1] Purezidenti Obama adayandikira kunena za kukhalapo kwa ufumu wotero, monga adakana, kuwuza UN General Assembly kuti "lingaliro la ufumu wa America likhoza kukhala zabodza zothandiza, koma sizikutsimikiziridwa ndi ndondomeko yamakono ya America kapena maganizo a anthu," ngakhale m'mawu ake adalengeza kuti US "idzaonetsetsa kuti mphamvu ikuyenda mwaulere [ mafuta ndi gasi] kuchokera kudera la [Middle East ndi North Africa] kupita kudziko lapansi.โ M'nkhani zambiri zomwe ndalemba, kuyambira 2011, mawu oti "imperialism," "imperialist," ndi "empire" akhala akutuluka mobwerezabwereza. [2] Yakwana nthawi yokhala ndi tanthauzo lolimba la zomwe mawu monga imperialism ndi ufumu amatanthauza kuti akhazikitse maziko owunikiranso zochita ndi mayiko monga United States, China, Russia, India ndi Brazil.
Choyamba, ndikofunikira kufotokozera zomwe imperialism ikutanthauza masiku ano. Maufumu asintha kuyambira nthawi ya utsamunda wa ku Europe ndi imperialism, kutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kupanga tanthawuzo latsopano, ndikuzindikira kuti matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito panthawiyo. Monga momwe Norman Etherington yemwe anali pulofesa ndi wolemba mbiri yakale analembera, tanthauzo lalikulu la ufumu wa imperialism nโlakuti: โmaiko olemera, otukuka amphamvu olamulira maiko ofooka, osatukuka.โ [3] Monga Etherington akufotokozera, tanthauzo lake ndi lovuta kwambiri kuposa kungolamulira kosavuta. Ambiri mwa gawoli adzayang'ana malingaliro ambiri a zomwe imperialism ili, pogwiritsa ntchito buku la Etherington monga chitsogozo, ndikutumikira pafupifupi ngati ndemanga ya mabuku ndisanayambe kufotokozera za imperialism.
Kusintha matanthauzo a imperialism
Mu 1898, mkonzi wa United States Investor analemba kuti olimbikitsa imperialism ndi omwe ankakonda ndondomeko yapadziko lonse ya United States, yomwe iye adayifotokoza ngati kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lalikulu la asilikali kuti athetse kudzikonda kwa anthu wamba aku America komanso kuthana ndi nkhondo zomwe US โโโโikukumana nazo pazochitika za dziko. Western hemisphere. [4] Mkonzi adanenanso kuti ufumu wa ku America uyenera kuletsa dziko lililonse kuti lipeze "mwayi wamalonda ku China woletsedwa kwa ife" pomanga gulu lalikulu lankhondo ndi apanyanja, kuyika ena mwa asilikali ndi apanyanja ku Philippines. [5] Mkonzi uyu adakhulupiriranso kuti imperialism inali yofunikira komanso kuti ikuwonetsa mphamvu zankhondo zaku America. [6] Mwachidule, imperialism imatanthawuza, pamaso pa mkonzi wa United States Investor: "kugwiritsa ntchito dala mphamvu za boma, kuphatikiza mphamvu zake zankhondo, pofuna kupititsa patsogolo zofuna zadziko lonse lapansi." [7]
Ena anatsatira mapazi a a Investor waku U.S pochirikiza lingaliro la imperialism yoyendetsedwa ndi ndalama. H. Gaylord Wilshire anali mmodzi wa anthu amenewa, munthu amene anapanga chiphunzitso cha capitalist cha imperialism, ndipo anatanthauzira imperialism monga "chiwonetsero cha ndale cha chuma chadongosolo cha dziko ... njira yopatutsira ku madera akunja chigumula chowopsya cha 'ndalama' zapakhomo" . . . [ndi] ulamuliro wandale basi.โ [8] Wilshire ankakhulupiriranso kuti imperialism ndi, "kwenikweni boma lodziyimira pawokha lokhala ndi zizolowezi zankhondo. Chikhulupilirocho chimagwiritsa ntchito njira zodziyimira pawokha mumakampani; imperialism imagwiritsa ntchito njira zodziyimira pawokha m'boma," kuti kutenga madera ndi gawo la imperialism, komanso kuti imperialism inali "chofunikira kwa aliyense ndi ma capitalist." [9] Panalinso lingaliro la "imperialism yatsopano," pulogalamu ya "kuphatikiza, kukulitsa, kuteteza ndi kupereka ndalama za ufumu" waku UK. [10]
Si Wilshire yekhayo amene anali ndi chiphunzitso cha imperialism. J.A. Hobson, amene ankakhulupirira kuti imperialism inali chipatso cha โchuma chonyenga,โ ananena kuti panali โzizoloลตezi zotsutsana ndi demokalaseโ za imperialism, ndi kuti imperialism yochitidwa ndi Briteni โikanafalitsa ulamuliro wodzilamulira mโmayiko ena, kuika ufulu wawo pachiswe, ndi kupanga anthu ambiri. kulipira kuti alemeretse ochepa.โ [11] Tsoka ilo pakuwunikaku, Hobson samapereka tanthauzo lolunjika la imperialism, koma malingaliro ake amagwera pansi pa tanthauzo lomwelo la imperialism lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Investor waku U.S ndi Wilshire:
"Kugwiritsa ntchito dala mphamvu za boma, kuphatikiza mphamvu zake zankhondo, pofuna kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za chuma padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikuphatikiza osati kungolanda madera ndi zochitika zina zaukali komanso zokakamiza. โ [12]
Norman Angell anali katswiri wina wa lingaliro la imperialism. Ananenanso kuti imperialism ndi lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito "mphamvu za boma kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za chuma cha dziko" ndikuti "zinakhala chifukwa chachikulu cha mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi." [13] Komabe katswiri wina, H.N. Brailsford, ankakhulupirira kuti imperialism inali "kupeza nthawi zonse mwayi wachuma mwa kukakamizidwa ndi ndale" ndipo ankawona "kuthandizidwa ndi boma kwa omwe adayika ndalama kunja ... monga chiyambi chenicheni cha imperialism." [14] Brailsford ankakhulupiriranso kuti imperialism โsinali kufutukuka kwa ukapitalist kukhala madera atsopano a dzikoโ koma kunali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa โmphamvu za boma kupyola malire a boma kuti apeze โmwayi wachuma.โโ [14] Rudof Hilferding anamangirira pa zimenezi ndi chikhulupiriro chake chakuti kukhulupirirana, magulu ankhondo, nkhondo, ndi chitetezo zinali โzizindikiro za ufumu wa imperialismโ ndi kuti ulamuliro wa imperialism unali chotulukapo pamene maiko osiyanasiyana otukuka anadza โkusemphana maganizo ndi zoyesayesa zawo za kupanga magawo a zachuma okha. chitukuko kupitirira malire awo.โ [15] Kenako panali Karl Katsky amene ananena kuti zotheka mgwirizano wa maiko capitalist kuti kuphatikiza "mphamvu zawo ndi kusunga stranglehold m'mbuyo m'mbuyo agrarian zigawo za dziko" mpaka kufika "m'lingaliro malire a kukula" inali ina, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya imperialism. [16]
Rosa Luxembourg anali wanthanthi wamkulu wa imperialism, akubweretsa malingaliro atsopano patebulo omwe ena sanatero. Iye anatsutsa, mofanana ndi Brailsford, kuti imperialism sichinali "chofanana ndi kukula kwa capitalism," ndipo kuti kukula koteroko sikungafanane ndi kupeza kapena kukhazikitsidwa kwa maiko. [17] Luxembourg idakhulupiriranso kuti imperialism idayamba pomwe mayiko a capitalist adadzipangira zida ndikugwiritsa ntchito "kulamulira pazachuma" kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito "malo osakhala achikapitalist" otseguka, ndikuti imperialism inali gawo lomaliza lachitukuko cha capitalist. [18] Pambuyo pake m'moyo wake adafotokozera tanthauzo lake la imperialism monga zambiri kuposa kupeza madera, koma adalemba zochitika zingapo zakunja za imperialism:
"Mpikisano pakati pa mayiko a capitalist kuti apambane madera ndi magawo osangalatsa, mwayi wopeza ndalama, ngongole zapadziko lonse lapansi, zankhondo, zotchinga zamalonda, [ndi] gawo lalikulu lazachuma ndi zikhulupiliro zandale zapadziko lonse lapansi." [19]
Nikolai Bukharin anali wokayikira kwambiri za imperialism. Iye ananena kuti imperialism makamaka inali yokhudza "kulimbana kosalekeza kuti munthu apeze phindu pazachuma pogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo" ndikuti chinali chofunikira chifukwa "malo achibale a osewera pamasewera opha anthu sangakhazikike mokwanira kuti mgwirizano woterewu uchitike. kusinthidwa.โ [20] Vladmir Lenin, yemwe akunyozedwa ndi Kumanja ndi Kumanzere ku United States, ankakhulupirira kuti imperialism inali "mkhalidwe waposachedwa wa capitalism," kuti pakhala pali nyengo zambiri za imperialism m'mbiri yapadziko lapansi yapitayi, kuti m'zaka za zana la 20 " imperialism inali capitalism "ndipo adatanthauzira imperialism kukhala "kugwiritsa ntchito mwadala mphamvu za boma kufunafuna zopindulitsa zachuma padziko lonse lapansi." [21] Mogwirizana ndi zofanana, Joesph Schumpeter ananena kuti imperialism inali "matenda omaliza a capitalism." [22] Ananenanso mfundo yofunika kwambiri yokhudza imperialism:
โPalibe amene amachitcha imperialism pamene boma, mosasamala kanthu za nkhanza ndi mwamphamvu chotani nanga, likuchita zofuna zake zenizeni; ndiponso pamene angayembekezere kusiya mkhalidwe wake waukali atangopeza zimene zatsatira.โ [23]
Etherington analemba kuti lingaliro lirilonse la imperialism ndilo lingaliro ili: "kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma, makamaka mphamvu zankhondo pofuna kupeza phindu lachuma padziko lonse lapansi." [24] Adalembanso kuti chiphunzitso cha "investment powered-imperialism" chasanduka anachronism. [25] Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti pali mtundu wina wa imperialism womwe wakhala ukunenedwa: imperialism yachuma. Ngakhale kuti zakhala zosamvetsetseka komanso zosadziwika bwino, ena, monga William Langer, ayesa kufotokozera, kunena kuti mtundu uwu wa imperialism umatanthauza "ulamuliro kapena ulamuliro, ndale kapena zachuma, mwachindunji kapena mosalunjika, za dziko limodzi, dziko. kapena anthu a mโmagulu ofanana.โ [26] Leonard Wolff anali ndi tanthauzo lake, ponena kuti imperialism yachuma, yomwe m'malingaliro mwake idangogwira ntchito ku mayiko aku Europe, idatanthawuza "kukulitsa gawo la boma mwa kugonjetsa kapena kukhala, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wake kapena mtundu wina wa ulamuliro wandale kwa anthu. amene si nzika zake.โ [27] Kutanthauzira kotayirira koteroko kunali kofanana ndi tanthauzo la imperialism ndi mayiko achikomyunizimu, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito ngati "chifaniziro cha ulamuliro wa capitalist wa zigawo zosatukuka za Asia, Africa ndi Latin America." [28]
Paul M. Sweezy ndi Henry Magoff anali ndi matanthauzo awo, omasuka komanso omasuka a imperialism. Sweezy ananena kuti cholinga cha imperialism yamakono sichinali kungofuna "kuwonetsetsa kuti pakhale njira zachuma" koma kuti cholinga chake chinali kusintha.
"Maiko obwerera m'mbuyo kuzinthu zachuma za mayiko otsogola, kuthandizira kukula kwa mitundu yazachuma yomwe ikugwirizana ndi chuma chapamwamba ndikuletsa kukula kwa mitundu yazinthu zomwe zingapikisane ndi chuma chapamwamba." [29]
Magoff anali ndi tanthauzo losiyana, pokhulupirira kuti imperialism inali kuyesayesa kwa bloc yotsogozedwa ndi U.S. Western bloc kukankhira kuti igonjetsenso gawo ladziko lapansi lomwe silinali mu "dongosolo la imperialism," kuyesayesa komwe kunachitika chifukwa cha makampani amitundu yambiri ndi gulu lankhondo. Asilikali a U.S. [30]
Kuchokera mu matanthauzo awa mumabwera lingaliro la neocolonialism. Lingaliro limeneli limangofotokoza za โzovuta zandale ndi zachuma zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira mโmaiko othetsedwa kumene zomwe zimawakakamiza kuchita zofuna za alendo.โ [31]
Pomaliza, pali Stephen Howe, โkatswiriโ pankhani ya ufumu ndi imperialism. Iye analemba kuti anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti imperialist kutanthauza โkupondereza ndi kulamulira kwamtundu uliwonse kochitidwa ndi gulu lina la anthu pa linzake, koma makamaka ndi boma lina (kapena gulu la anthu) pa ena.โ [32] Amalembanso kuti imperialism imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza "zochita ndi malingaliro omwe amapanga ndi kuchirikiza [maufumu]โฆ[kuphatikiza] mitundu yosadziwika bwino komanso yolunjika ya ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa anthu amodzi kapena dziko pa ena." [33]
Kutanthauzira imperialism
Masiku ano, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi tanthauzo lolimba la imperialism. Ndikuzindikira kuti lingaliroli ndi lotsutsana komanso kuti tanthauzo lake limatsutsanabe. Komabe, zikuwoneka bwino kubwera ndi tanthauzo apa. M'malingaliro anga, sikulakwa kunena kuti imperialism ndi "gawo lomaliza la capitalism" kapena "matenda omaliza" chifukwa nkhondo yamayiko yakhala ikuchitika kwa zaka masauzande, ngakhale chitukuko cha capitalism chisanachitike. Kachiwiri, ndimaona kuti ufumu wa imperialism umakhudza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi boma ndipo sikutanthauza kukakamiza anthu kuti azilamulira okha, monga momwe ena amanenera. Panthaลตi imodzimodziyo, ndimagwirizana ndi Etherington, pamene akunena kuti kampani yakunja yopeza ubwino mโdziko lina kapena kulamulira dziko si imperialism pokhapokha ngati kukakamizidwa kwa kampani koteroko โkutsagana ndi chitsenderezo cha dziko lachilendo.โ [34] Tanthauzo la imperialism lomwe ndapanga ndi motere:
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi boma, mwina mogwirizana ndi mabungwe amitundu yambiri, ma capitalist, ndi mayiko ena, kudzera m'njira zobisika kapena zowonekera, kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za "dziko" pazachuma, zankhondo, kapena ndale m'boma lina, gawo, kapena dziko popanda chilolezo cha omwe akukhala m'chigawo, gawo, kapena dziko lomwe lanenedwa.
Tanthauzoli likutanthauza kuti zochita monga CIA coups, zochita zobisala kulanda wolamulira wankhanza waku Syria Bashar Al-Assad, nkhondo yatsopano ya Iraq, nkhondo ya 2011 ku Libya, ndi zina zambiri zitha kuonedwa ngati chiwonetsero cha imperialism. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, wina anganene kuti kutengedwa kwa Russia ku Crimea ndi chiwonetsero cha imperialism, kupatulapo wina ayenera kudziwa momwe dziko la Russia linagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mu kuwonjezereka komweko. Chofunika kwambiri, tanthauzo ili limapangitsa "kuvomereza kwa olamulira" kukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti ngakhale boma la Iraq litavomereza kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Iraq, sizikutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri adagwirizana nawo. Ngati chilolezochi chidasokonezedwa mwanjira ina iliyonse, ndi "kupangidwa," chisanachitike chiwembu, ndiye kuti boma lomwe likuchita chiwembucho likadakhala likuchitabe za imperialism. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti imperialism imakhalanso ndi zotsatira pa ndale zapakhomo za boma zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndi omwe akukhala m'boma lomwelo, ndi kuthekera kwa blowback. Zomwe tanthauzoli silikuphatikiza ndi zinthu monga: bungwe lomwe likugwirizana bwino ndi boma lakunja (ie ndalama zabwino zamafuta) popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma lina. Ngakhale kuti pangakhale ulamuliro wamakampani ku dziko lachilendo, silingaganizidwe ngati imperialism pokhapokha ngati pali kusokonezedwa kwa dziko lina lomwe limathandizira bungwe lotchulidwa.
Kuchokera munkhani iyi ya imperialism, ikubweretsa funso: kodi ungakhale imperialist osakhala ndi ufumu? Ena anganene kuti inde, ena ayi. Gawo lotsatirali likuyang'ana matanthauzo ena a ufumu pakati pa omwe adatsutsa kuti ulipo, makamaka poyang'ana ku United States.
Matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana a ufumu
William Blum adalemba za ufumu waku America kwa zaka zambiri. M'buku lake, Rogue State, analemba chinachake chokhudza izi chomwe chiri chowonadi:
โUfumu waku America? Oxymoron [ya Amereka]. Chilakolako chosonkhezera cha ulamuliro wandale zadziko, wachuma, ndi wankhondo pa dziko lonse lapansi, wosudzulidwa ndi kulingalira kwa makhalidwe abwino? Kupereka lingaliro kwa Achimereka kuli kofanana ndi kuwauza za kubedwa kwa UFO, kupatula kuti iwo akhoza kukhulupirira nkhani yobedwayo. " [35]
Cornel West akulemba za ufumu m'buku lake lonse, Demokalase Nkhani. Iye akulemba kuti ufumu ndi magulu amphamvu a anthu a ku America "amalimbikitsa kuthetsedwa kwa mphamvu za demokalase," kuti ufumuwo "umayendetsedwa ndi malonda," komanso kuti kufunafuna ufumu ndi "kuponderezana ndi kusankhana mitundu zakhala zikugwirizana kwambiri." [36] West akulembanso kuti America idalowa m'zaka za zana la 20 ngati "ufumu wathunthu wokhala ndi katundu wakunja ... [37] Panthawi ina, akuwoneka kuti amatanthauzira zomwe akutanthauza ndi ufumu, kunena kuti Achimerika "ayenera kuzindikira kuti America yasanduka ufumu-chimphona chankhondo, malo azachuma komanso chikhalidwe chambiri padziko lapansi." [38] M'mbuyomu m'buku lake, West amapereka tanthauzo lenileni:
"... ufumu wa ku America ukuyendayenda padziko lonse lapansi ngati mbewa. Ife [a US] tapanga mphamvu zankhondo zosagwirizana, mphamvu zachikhalidwe zosatsutsika, komanso kudalirika kwamakampani ndi zachuma ... machitidwe akale a ... akale a Bush Administration adawonekeraโฆ ] sangangoyangโanira dziko lonse chifukwa cha zokonda zake komanso kukakamiza ufumu wake kuti ukhale ndi maganizo ndi mfundo zake . . . [39]
Chalmers Johnson ali ndi tanthauzo losiyana kwambiri la ufumu. Iye akulemba kuti maufumu amakono omwe amawaganizira "amabisala m'malingaliro kapena malingaliro azamalamulo ... omwe amabisa ubale weniweni pakati pa mamembala ake" ndipo akunena kuti kukakamiza "makhalidwe a anthu" kudera lina, gawo, kapena dera lina ndilo tanthauzo. wa ufumu. [40] Stephen Howe ali ndi malingaliro osiyana pang'ono. Iye analemba kuti ufumu ndi โgulu lalikulu la ndale, la mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kapena la mayiko osiyanasiyana, limene kaลตirikaลตiri limapangidwa ndi kugonjetsa, ndipo limagaลตana pakati pa malo aakulu ndi madera aangโono, nthaลตi zina akutali.โ [41] Amalembanso kuti, m'malingaliro ake, mtundu wodziwikiratu wa imperium wosakhazikika ndi "wochitidwa ndi dziko lomwe likufuna kuteteza zofuna zake ndi za abwenzi ake kudzera muntchito yaupolisi, zomwe akuti US ndi USSR zidachita panthawiyi. Cold War. [42] Pambuyo pake a Howe akutsutsa kuti kunena kuti US ndi mtundu wa "ufumu wapadziko lonse" ndikupita patali kwambiri, ndipo palibe "chofanana ndi Roma wakale" wa ufumu lero. [43] Palibe kukayikira kuti anthu sangagwirizane ndi maganizo a Howe, ponena kuti mphamvu ya US lero ili ngati Roma ndipo makamaka.
Ndiye, pali Sheldon Wolin, amene analemba zambiri za izi m'buku lake, Demokalase Yophatikizidwa. Wolin akulemba kuti โkumanga ufumu mothekera kukhala ndi zifukwa zina kuposa, kapena kuwonjezera pa, zolinga zozindikira za olamulira amphamvu. Zomwe zimayambitsa izi zitha kuphatikiza zochita za omwe sali kapena odana ndi ma imperialists. โ [44] Maulamuliro, m'malingaliro ake, "amakhazikika pa ulamuliro" zomwe zimatsogolera ku "nkhanza zachifumu kunyumba," komanso kuti pali "imperium yolumikizana ya boma ndi mabungwe" ku United States. [45] Panthawi ina, akulemba za kugwirizana pakati pa ufumu ndi mphamvu zazikulu:
โKufotokoza dziko la United States ngati ufumu wamphamvu kwambiri ndiko kunena kuti zinthu za ulamuliro zilipo mosapeลตeka mu maunansi amphamvu pakati pa United States ndi dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ubale waukulu ndi wotsikirapo wa ufumuwo umatanthauza ndale pakati pa anthu osalingana.โ [46]
Pafupi ndi gawo lomwelo la bukhu lake, amatanthauzira United States ngati ufumu, akulemba kuti:
โNgakhale kuti maufumu onse amafuna kudyera masuku pamutu anthu ndi madera omwe amawalamulira, United States ndi ufumu wachilendo. Mosiyana ndi maufumu ena salamulira kapena kukhala m'madera akunja kwa nthawi yayitali, [ndipo] imatha kukhalabe ndi maziko kapena "matumba a kakombo." Mphamvu zake "zimaganiziridwa" mosakhazikika pamagulu ena m'malo mokhazikitsidwa mwa iwo. Lamulo lake limakonda kukhala losalunjika, lokhala ngati โchisonkhezero,โ chiphuphu, kapena โchitsenderezo.โ Zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zankhondo komanso zachuma (mwachitsanzo, kupeza zoyambira, misika, ndi mafuta). Pamene opanga mfundo akuwona kuti ndizofunikira kapena zofunikira, zosowa zapakhomo zimatsatiridwa ndi zofunikira za njira zapadziko lonse komanso zosowa zachuma za ogwira nawo ntchito amphamvu kwambiri. Ufumu wa U.S. ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, wosayerekezeka.โ [47]
Kutanthauzira ufumu
Monga momwe zilili ndi lingaliro la imperialism, lingaliro la ufumu likufunikanso tanthawuzo lamakono lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamasiku ano ndi zaka. Zikuoneka kuti mtundu wa ufumu umene umaphatikizapo maiko atsamunda monga mmene maiko a ku Ulaya amakapitalisti, kuyambira mโzaka za mโma 16 mpaka mโma 20, siumene ulipo masiku ano. Chifukwa chake, tanthauzo latsopano likufunika. Tanthauzo lomwe ndabwera nalo ndi ili:
Dziko lamphamvu, kapena hegemon, lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zankhondo ndi/kapena zachuma, zomwe zimapitilira malire ake kulamulira, mosalunjika (mphamvu zoyembekezeredwa, chikoka, ziphuphu, kapena kukakamizidwa) kapena mwachindunji (kudzera m'makoloni), anthu okhala kumayiko ena. , kupanga ubale wapamwamba-otsika pakati pa ma hegemons ndi anthu omwe akukhala m'boma lomwe likunenedwa ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo lamphamvu la chikhalidwe cha boma pa boma kuti likulamuliridwa. Kaya boma liripo mu dziko la unipolar (hegemon imodzi yamphamvu yosayerekezereka), dziko lamitundu yambiri (ma hegemon ambiri opikisana), kapena dziko la bipolar (ma hegemon awiri opikisana), ndi mphamvu yayikulu yomwe ili ndi nkhawa zazikulu zomwe zimakhala zankhondo ndi zachuma (ie. kupeza malo ankhondo, misika yatsopano, mphamvu zamagetsi).
Tanthauzoli limachokera kwambiri ku zomwe Sheldon Wolin analemba, koma likusinthidwa pang'ono, kuti likhale ndi zomwe ena monga Cornel West ndi William Blum amakhulupirira. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ufumu umagwirizanitsa ndi zomwe zikuchitika kunyumba. Monga Martin Luther King kamodzi anachiyika icho,
"Chitetezo chomwe timati timachifunafuna m'maulendo akunja tidzataya m'mizinda yathu yomwe ikuwonongeka. Mabomba ku Vietnam akuphulika kunyumba. Amawononga ziyembekezo ndi kuthekera kwa America yabwino. โ
Ndi tanthauzo lomwe ndapanga, zikutanthauza kuti United States ndi ufumu pazifukwa ziwiri: chifukwa chimodzi, ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zankhondo ndi zachuma zomwe zimapitilira malire ake akunyumba, ndipo kachiwiri, mwanjira yopapatiza, kuyambira boma la United States. amalamulira madera monga Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, ndi U.S. Virgin Islands, wina angatsutse kuti uwu ndi ufumu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ngakhale kutengedwa kwa Crimea ndi Russia, kungakhale kutambasula kwambiri kunena kuti Russia tsopano ndi ufumu, popeza ilibe mphamvu zambiri zankhondo kapena zachuma ndipo sizikukakamiza chikhalidwe chake ku Crimea.
Tsopano ku funso lalikulu: kodi boma liyenera kukhala ufumu kuti lichite nawo imperialism? M'malingaliro anga, yankho ndilo: osati ayi. Nthaลตi zambiri, yankho limakhala lakuti inde. Koma, ndi mayiko monga China ndi Russia, zikuwoneka kuti mayikowa angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu pofuna kuteteza zofuna zawo, zomwe zingakhale za imperialist, ngakhale kuti si maufumu. Izi zikutanthawuzanso kuti US, China ndi Russia onse akhoza kuonedwa ngati mayiko achifumu, ngakhale US yekha ndi ufumu.
Ndikudziwa bwino lomwe kuti mawu oti "empire" ndi "imperialism" amatsutsana ndipo amatsutsanabe, koma nkhaniyi ikuwoneka kuti ndiyofunikira. Pamapeto pake, ndikuyembekeza kuti nkhaniyi inapereka matanthauzo abwino, olimba a mawu awa omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi omwe akumenyana ndi imperialism ndi ufumu.
zolemba
[1] Wolin, Sheldon. 2008. Demokalase Yophatikizidwa: Demokalase Yoyendetsedwa ndi Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism. 192. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[2] Onani Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Pano, Panondipo Pano.
[3] Etherington, Norman. 1984. Malingaliro a Imperialism: Nkhondo, Kugonjetsa, ndi Capital. 2. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books.
[4] Ibid, 10.
[5] Ibid, 11.
[6] Ibid, 21.
[7] Ibid, 22.
[8] Ibid, 34-5.
[9] Ibid, 34, 37, 44.
[10] Ibid, 57.
[11] Ibid, 44, 60, 64.
[12] Ibid, 81-2. Monga momwe kwanenedwera patsamba 87, tanthauzo limeneli linatanthauza kuti ulamuliro wa imperialism unagwirizanitsidwa ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti โgulu lankhondo la dziko liyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kusungitsa chipambano cha dziko ndi kuteteza malo akunja kuti apeze ndalama zambiri zogulira ndalama.โ
[13] Ibid, 93.
[14] Ibid, 102.
[15] Ibid, 111.
[16] Ibid, 121.
[17] Ibid, 117.
[18] Ibid, 117, 120.
[19] Ibid, 124.
[20] Ibid, 130.
[21] Ibid, 134, 137.
[22] Ibid, 161.
[23] Ibid, 153.
[24] Ibid, 163-4.
[25] Ibid, 176.
[26] Ibid, 190-1, 234.
[27] Ibid, 179, 182-3.
[28] Ibid, 228.
[29] Ibid, 239-40.
[30] Ibid, 245.
[31] Ibid, 277.
[32] Zikomo, Stephen. 2002. Ufumu: Mawu Oyamba Aafupi Kwambiri. 24. New York: Oxford University Press.
[33] Ibid, 30.
[34] Etherington, 278.
[35] Blum, William. 2000. Boma la Rogue: Chitsogozo champhamvu zokhazokha padziko lapansi. 25. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press.
[36] Kumadzulo, Cornel. 2004. Demokalase Nkhani: Kupambana Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Imperialism. 3, 8, 40. New York: Mabuku a Penguin.
[37] Ibid, 51.
[38] Ibid, 58.
[39] Ibid, 9.
[40] Johnson, Chalmers. 2004. Phokoso: Zopindulitsa ndi Zotsatira za Ufumu wa America. 19-20. New York: Mabuku a Metropolitan.
[41] Howe, 30.
[42] Ibid, 114.
[43] Ibid, 117.
[44] Wolin, 209.
[45] Ibid, 193.
[46] Ibid, 192.
[47] Ibid, 191.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
1 Comment
Nkhani yabwino yokhudza imperialism yomwe mlembiyo adalongosola mwachidule mfundo za kardinali zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi olemba angapo akale ndi atsopano pa funso la imperialism. Sizingakhale zophweka kuyika chizindikiro chofotokozera pazandale monga imperialism yomwe imakhudzana ndi zinthu zambiri zandale zamphamvu, ulamuliro ndi zankhondo, ndi zina zotero. zaka zamakono zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri.