ZOYAMBIRA ZAMBIRI ZA NKHANI
Uku ndi kuyankha ku gawo 2 la magawo atatu a Inshuwaransi ya mbewu (ndalama) mu bilu ya Famu. Idalembedwa poyambirira ngati imelo kwa wina yemwe amandifunsa mafunso okhudza pepalalo. Ndi kuyankha kofulumira, ndipo chifukwa chake kuli ndi ukoma wachifupi. Choyambirira ndi:
Pulojekiti Yoyang'anira Malo, Inshuwalansi Yokolola - Momwe Chitetezo chinakhalira Tsoka la Ndondomeko ya Mafamu, Lipoti Lapadera la Ntchito Yoyang'anira Malo:
"White Paper 2: Inshuwalansi Yokolola Imatsimikizira Kuti Zazikulu Zikukula," (http://landstewardshipproject.org/repository/1/1400/white_paper_2.pdf). Lumikizani ku Series: http://landstewardshipproject.org/organizingforchange/cropinsurance/cropinsuranceensutesthebiggetbigger.
Onani gawo 1, Brad Wilson, "Makampani ndi Inshuwalansi Yokolola: Kubweza White Paper 1 ya LSP,” Malo, 1/3/15, https://znetwork.org/zblogs/corporations-and-crop-insurance-rebutting-lsps-white-paper-1/.
LSP ndi amodzi mwa magulu akulu omwe amagwira ntchito mkati mwa lingaliro la Sustainable Agriculture Movement, lomwe tsopano likutsogozedwa ndi National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. Chifukwa chake, LSP nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito yabwino pakupanga zisathe komanso zovuta zokhudzana ndi ndalama zaulimi, kuphatikiza nkhani zingapo zaboma, monga kulimbana ndi ma CAFO.
Ndemanga yanga apa imachokera ku lingaliro lokulirapo, lophatikizana lomwe ndimatcha "chilungamo chaulimi," momwe ndalama zogulira zinthu zaulimi ndi gawo laling'ono, koma pomwe zovuta zazikulu ndizomwe zimayendetsa msika wosagwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Ndichifukwa ndikulemba kuchokera pamalingaliro akuluwa kuti malingaliro anga amasiyana ndi a LSP.
LSP idalembapo kale pamutuwu pamapepala angapo, ndipo ndalembanso pang'ono za mapepalawo.
ZOCHITIKA
Pepala loyera lachiwiri la LSP likunena kuti "zambiri zimakulirakulira" pamene thandizo liperekedwa kudzera mu inshuwaransi ya mbewu. Ndikutsutsa, mosiyana, kuti ngakhale ndi "kusintha" komwe LSP imalimbikitsa, ma CAFO akuluakulu ndi mabungwe ena ogula zinthu "amathandizidwa" mwachinsinsi "osagwiritsidwa ntchito" m'mabuku, komanso pamiyeso yoposa yomwe alimi akuluakulu amapeza. . Chifukwa chake ngakhale ndikuchirikiza zolinga za LSP zosintha momwe kulima kumagwirira ntchito komanso kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwabwinoko, ndikutsutsa kuti zolingazo sizingakwaniritsidwe ngati nkhani zazikulu zoyendetsera msika siziyankhidwa.
Ndikuyamba ndi kufotokoza magulu atatu a inshuwaransi ya mbewu ndi inshuwaransi ya mbewu (ndalama). Izi ndi:
1. inshuwalansi ya zinthu monga matalala ndi kuwonongeka kwa mphepo,
2. mapulogalamu a masoka amtundu waukulu wa zowonongeka, ndi
3. inshuwaransi ya ndalama, ngati mtundu watsopano wa subsidy ya famu.
M'njira ndimadzutsa mfundo zingapo zomwe LSP sizifotokoza.
Kenako ndimayang'ana momwe LSP imagwiritsira ntchito nthano zofala zokhuza chithandizo, (kuphatikiza ndalama zothandizira inshuwaransi). Izi zikutisocheretsa pa nkhani.
Pomaliza, ndimapereka malingaliro a LSP, okhudzana ndi mbiri yake komanso gawo lake pokhudzana ndi magawo akuluakulu a Food and Farm Movement.
KODI INSURANCE YA COP KHALANI NDI CHIYANI?
Zomwe zimatchedwa "inshuwaransi ya mbewu" zimatanthawuza zinthu zitatu.
1. inshuwaransi ya zinthu monga MTIMA ndi kuwonongeka kwa WIND, zomwe zitha kuchitidwa m'mabungwe apadera. Kupanga kukhala pulogalamu ya boma ndi njira imodzi yokha yolipirira alimi pang'ono pamitengo yotsika, ngakhale palibe amene akutchula izi. Ngati zikanapita kumagulu achinsinsi, ndiye kuti mafunso okhudza kukula kwa famu ingakhale nkhani yosankha makampani. Zikatero, ngati asankha kutsimikizira ntchito zing'onozing'ono m'madera ambiri, ndi mbeu zambiri, sichingakhale chigamulo cha boma, pokhapokha ngati chikayendetsedwa ndi malamulo. Kotero kudzakhala ndewu yamakampani. Koma boma likhoza kuthandiza kuti lizigwira ntchito m'njira zokhazikika pazakudya zambiri, ndi zina zotero, monga LSP ndi ena akhala akunena. Chifukwa chake iyi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zitatu zosiyana: mitundu ndi makulidwe a minda (ndi kukula kwa magulu a minda), omwe ali ndi inshuwaransi ya inshuwaransi yoyambira mbewu.
2. Mapologalamu a masoka ndi amavuto akulu, okhalitsa ngati CHIlala chazaka zambiri. Iwo akhoza kutsitsa kampani ya inshuwaransi, kotero pali vuto lalikulu kuti boma lichitepo kanthu (kuphatikiza alimi, ndi zina zotero). Nthawi zambiri takhala ndi malamulo adzidzidzi, omwe Congress sakonda, chifukwa muyenera kumenya nkhondo, mobwerezabwereza, kuti atsogoleri a Congression alole kuti zichitike. Kumeneko kumatchedwa njira ya “ad hoc”. Zikatero, mamembala a Congress ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zandale zomwe angakonde kugwiritsa ntchito kwina. Safuna kuti azigwiritsa ntchito, motero amakonda mapulogalamu angozi omwe amalowa m'malo mwamwadzidzi wamavuto akuluwa.
3. Gulu lachitatu ndi inshuwaransi ya REVENUE, ndipo ndiye nkhani yeniyeni, MEGA ISSUE. Inshuwaransi ya ndalama ndi komwe mitundu ina ya sabuside imasinthidwa kukhala inshuwaransi. Inshuwaransi ya Revenue ndiye ingathe kulowa m'malo ena, zothandizira zotsutsana. Chofunika kwambiri, monga mapulogalamu onse a subsidiy, amatha kuwongolera maso a aliyense kutali ndi nkhani yobisika ya MEGA, zomwe ndazitcha WHALE m'chipinda chodzaza MADZI. Ili ndiye funso lakubwezeretsa Mitengo yamitengo pomwe mabungwe amalipira mitengo yabwino, (Kumwamba sikuletsedwa!).
Thandizo la Counter-Cyclical subsidies limene alimi amangopeza akafunika, (kupatulapo silinakwanitse kubweza kuchotseratu mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndi ndalama zomwe amapeza,) ndi njira zabwino kwambiri zolowa m'malo mwa mapulogalamu okwanira (osagwiritsa ntchito Market Management).
Bungwe la Congress, mothandizidwa ndi a Daniel Amstutz a Cargill, linayambitsa chiphunzitso chakuti ngati mutalandira thandizo pamene sakufunikira, sizimayambitsa kutaya (musasokoneze misika).[1] Kupatula izo sizinayambe zakhala zoona. Ma subsidies sayambitsa mitengo yotsika mtengo. Zinthu zimachitika, monga amanenera. Mitengo yotsika mtengo ya pafamu imangochitika yokha m'misika yaulere komanso 'yaulere' ndipo izi zimachitika nthawi zonse pakakhala pulogalamu ya Price Floor & Supply Management komanso mapangano aulere. Ndiko kuti, vuto lalikulu lazachuma la mitengo yotsika mtengo, (kulephera kwa msika 'waulere' wa mbewu zapafamu) nthawi zambiri zimachitika palokha, pokhapokha ngati US, wogulitsa kunja kwambiri, kapena gulu lalikulu, limayang'anira mitengo. ndi kupereka.
Chabwino, perekani ndalama zothandizira ngati sizikufunika. Kumatchedwa "de-coupling." Izi zidapangitsa kuti asinthe kupita ku Direct Payments ("kuchotsedwa" & "zogwirizana ndi WTO,") chiyembekezo chabodza chothetsa kutayidwa kwazinthu zapafamu pamitengo yotsika mtengo, (popeza sizokhazikika pazachuma ndi ndale). Izi zidapangitsa kuti US asokonezedwe kwambiri, chifukwa chake, idagwira ntchito ngati spin kwakanthawi, idalephera, monga chimanga, soya ndi mitengo ya mpunga zidakwera, ndipo zothandizira zidapitilira, zomwe zidakwiyitsa. Inde, Malipiro Olunjika, "zabwino" zothandizira, mothandizidwa ndi Gulu Logwira Ntchito Zachipembedzo pa Famu Bill ndi ena ambiri, zinaperekedwa ngakhale kuti chimanga, mpunga ndi mitengo ya soya zidakwera pamwamba pa ndalama zonse kwa zaka pafupifupi 7, kotero kuti zinakhala zotsutsana, ndipo gawo (labodza) "labwino" lidaiwalika nthawi zonse.
Inshuwaransi ya Revenue ndiyoyipitsitsa. Alimi AMAGWIRITSA NTCHITO POSAFUNIKA, NDIPONSO SAMAIPEZA pamene ikufunika.[2] Mwachitsanzo, mitengo yagweranso, chimanga chikutsika pansi pa $3 nthawi zina ndi soya pansi pa $8 kugwa uku kwakanthawi. Ndizofanananso ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa mpaka 2023, (pazolinga zilizonse zomwe zili zoyenera). Ngati izi zitachitika, ndiye (mbewu) Inshuwalansi ya Revenue idzauma, popeza ilibe muyezo wamtengo wokwanira. M'malo mwake, zimatsata msika, kulola msika waulere kudziwa mtengo wabwino, (zomwe wakhala ukulephera kuchita, pafupifupi nthawi zonse, kwa zaka 150, mpaka zaka za zana la 21).
Tikuwona ndiye kuti boma likhoza kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ikhoza kupanga pulogalamu yopanda nzeru kwathunthu ndikutsanulira ndalama kuti ikhale "yogwira ntchito" mulimonse (ngakhale tanthauzo la "ntchito" ndilosamvekanso). Kotero ndiye tikhoza kukhala ndi mayankho opanda pake omwe amapempha boma kuti lichite zopanda pake m'njira yosiyana kwambiri, yomwe ili yabwinoko kuti ikhale yokhazikika pang'onopang'ono (ngakhale imasunga chinsinsi chachikulu cha 'free' market 'subsidies' kwa CAFOs nthawi yomweyo, motero kupititsa patsogolo kuchotsedwa kwa ziweto ndi kasinthasintha wa mbewu m’minda).
Kukonzekera kwenikweni kulikonse, komabe, kuyenera kuphatikizapo nkhani zazikulu za kusowa kwa kukhudzidwa kwa mtengo, ndi kufunikira kwa kayendetsedwe ka msika. Apo ayi, ndi njira yatsopano, yolondola pazandale, yopusa.
ZIMENE LSP SIKUFOTOKOZA
LSP simatiuza kuti Inshuwaransi ya Crop (REVENUE) sichitha kuchitika m'mabungwe abizinesi, chifukwa ingakhale inshuwaransi, osati motsutsana ndi mvula yamkuntho yomwe imachitika kawirikawiri kwa alimi ochepa, koma motsutsana ndi mitengo yotsika kwambiri yamafamu amagulu akulu akulu. Tinali ndi mitengo yomwe inali yotsika mtengo, chaka chilichonse 1981-2006 (kupatula 1996) pamtengo wa mbewu zazikulu 8, mpaka 2013, (pafupifupi zaka 6 mwa 7, pa 5 mwa mbewu izi). Tidali ndi zomwezo paza mkaka, chaka chilichonse 1993-2013, (kupatula 2007, pomwe tidangopanga ndalama zochepa pa galoni kupitilira ziro).
Tikuwona, ndiye, kuti makampani a inshuwaransi azikhala akutsimikizira kulephera kwa msika kwanthawi yayitali, (zachuma,) komanso motsutsana ndi Congress kusakhala ndi Mitengo Yokwanira, (ndale). Pakadali pano Congress sinakhalebe ndi mtengo uliwonse kuyambira 1996, (kukonza vuto lazachuma la kulephera kwamisika yaulere). Ngakhale mitengo ya famuyi isanakhale yotsika kwambiri tinali ndi “vuto laulimi” kuyambira 1981.
Inshuwaransi ya Revenue ndiye Malipiro Achindunji atsopano, koma, kuposa DP, imatha kusinthidwa mosavuta ngati "bizinesi" yabwino, monga "kuwongolera zoopsa." LSP imalowetsedwa muchinyengo chimenecho, kunena kuti pulogalamuyo ndi "kuwongolera zoopsa," ili bwino. Sizili choncho! Iwo amati izi zichitike m'mabungwe apadera (osati ndi ndalama zothandizira alimi, osati ndi ndalama zothandizira makampani a inshuwalansi). Kunena zoona, zimenezo n’zachabechabe. Pulogalamuyi, (yopereka inshuwaransi kwazaka zambiri zamitengo yotsika kwambiri komanso motsutsana ndi Congress osachitapo kanthu,) ilibe ntchito zabizinesi konse. Ndi pulogalamu yachabechabe yomwe ingagwire ntchito ngati ikulimbikitsidwa ndi Congress.
Pamapeto pake, inshuwaransi ya mbewu (ndalama) ndiyo njira yaposachedwa yopangitsa kuti bilu yaulimi ikhale yoipitsitsa. Za zabwino zokhazokha ndikuti ndi bwino kuposa kubwerera kwathunthu ku Hooverism (kumene alimi ali ndi mtengo wotsika mtengo wamtengo wapatali, monga lero, koma popanda thandizo lililonse).
NKHANIZO ZA SUBSIDY PA FARM ZIMENE ZILI PAKUTI KUSANGALALA
Mu pepala loyera ili, LSP imagweranso m'nthano zoyambira zothandizira pafamu.[3] Amadzudzula minda ikuluikulu, 10% yapamwamba ya omwe amalandila. Sawona kuti mafamu anthawi zonse ONSE amagwera m'gulu la 10% la "olandira," ndikuti ambiri mwa awa ndi am'mabanja kapena ang'onoang'ono, kapena okulirapo. (Zindikirani: alimi ambiri ataya ziweto zawo, choncho ayenera kukhala aakulu 40% kuti akhalebe kukula kofanana pazachuma, kuphatikizapo iwo amayenera kukhala aakulu kuti akhale ofanana ndi momwe mitengo yagwera pansi kwambiri m'mbiri, mobwerezabwereza, monga 1997-2005 za mbewu zonse zazikulu, mpaka 2013 za zina mwazo, ndi zina zotero.)
Chifukwa chake LSP imawona 10% yapamwamba ngati minda yayikulu, monganso pafupifupi aliyense. Palibe chidziwitso chovomerezeka chochirikiza zonenazo. LSP imawonanso "olandira" ang'onoang'ono ngati "opanga". Koma kwenikweni, 80% pansi ndi osachepera 10% ya kukula kwa famu yaing'ono "yanthawi zonse" ya banja. Theka la pansi ndi pafupifupi 4% ya kukula kwa famu yanthawi zonse, ndipo pansi 1/3 ndi pafupifupi 1%. Chifukwa chake sizowona konse, komanso osatengera kusanthula koyenera.
Choncho, tikuwona kuti 48,000 premium subsidy olandira 2011 mu lipoti kwenikweni makamaka makamaka mabanja mabanja nthawi zonse, m'malo mwa "opanga" okha 10% kapena 4% kapena 1% kapena zochepa "full- nthawi” kukula. Chotero si kupanda chilungamo kumene timachititsidwa kukhulupirira kuti kulidi.
Zonsezi za 10% zapamwamba zimatengera kusanthula kosavomerezeka kwa Gulu Logwira Ntchito Zachilengedwe ndi ena ambiri.
A lachiwiri nthano ndi chabe kuti, ndi mitengo yochepetsedwa kwambiri, (1953-2006, -2013, -2018? -2023?), Mafamu akuluakulu amalipidwa pang'ono ndi ndalama zazikulu, chifukwa chake amapeza chithandizo chachikulu. LSP satchulapo za kuchepetsedwa uku, (monga momwe ndawonera m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana, komanso powerenga izi). M'malo mwake amanena zabodza (mogwirizana ndi nthano zomwe zafalikira pa intaneti komanso m'manyuzipepala,) kuti alimi akhala ndi mitengo yokwera kwambiri[4] ndi/kapena ndalama posachedwapa.[5] (Mwina tinali ndi theka la mitengo yamtengo wapatali, ndi chaka chaposachedwa cha ndalama zopezeka pafamu zomwe zidakwera mpaka 1942-1952 [pamene tinali ndi zokolola za chimanga zokha 1/4]).
ZOYENERA KUKHALA ZA LSP M'KUKHALIDWERA KWAKUKULU
Kawirikawiri, maganizo anga ndi akuti, ndi kuchepetsa (1953-1995) ndi kutha (1996-2018) kwa Price Floors ndi kuwonjezera kwa subsidies (1961-2018), bilu ya famu yafika poipa kwambiri mu gawo la subsidy, zaulimi wokhazikika. Ndiko kuti, zothandizira zoyamba zinali zoipitsitsa pa ulimi wokhazikika, ndipo sizinayende bwino. Izi zidasokoneza alimi ambiri okhazikika, popeza adapeza zochepa, pansi pa mapologalamu osalungama omwe akuchulukirachulukira, chifukwa chosintha mbewu.
Zomwe zidachitika ndikuti gulu lokhazikika lafamu yabanja lidagawanika ndikupanga gulu lawo. Gawo ili loyendetsa siligwirizana ndi nkhani zazikulu za chilungamo chogawa chuma. Iwo samatsutsa zotsika mtengo zambewu zotsika mtengo za CAFOs zosakhazikika ku NSAC ndi magulu am'mbuyo ambulera, mwachitsanzo.
Monga ndikukumbukira, poyambirira LSP idalimbana ndi magawano ndi zosinthazo, koma posachedwa asiya kuchita izi. Magulu ena, monga Iowa CCI komwe ndinagwira ntchito panthawi yogawanika, ndipo IATP inamenyana ndi LSP pa nkhanizi, mwachitsanzo, mu Midwest Sustainable Agriculture Working Group (MSAWG) ndi National Dialogue on Sustainable Agriculture (1990s) Ndinali m'modzi yemwe adalankhula izi, ndikuyitanitsa mbali ziwirizo kuti zibwere pamodzi pa Price Floor pa bilu ya famu ya 1996. Mipingo idakhalanso ndi msonkhano waukulu wokhudza kugawa pakati pa mabungwe achilungamo ndi okhazikika, omwe adawoneka kuti athetsa izi, koma magulu ena aulimi okhazikika adayiyika pansi.
Tikuwona, ndiye, kuti, pongoyang'ana ndalama za Farm Bill, mlandu umapangidwira kukonza inshuwaransi ya mbewu (ndalama). Ndizomveka mkati mwa chimangochi, koma nthawi zambiri sizikhala zomveka pakukula kwa bilu yonse yafamu, ya Market Management yosagwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kenako magawo osiyanasiyana a ndalama.
zolemba
[1] Mark Ritchie, "The 'De-Coupled' Approach to Agriculture: History and Analysis of "De-Coupling" Policy Proposals," Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, September 1988, http://www.iatp.org/ zolemba/zophatikiza-njira-zaulimi.
[2] Onani mndandanda wamagwero pamfundoyi mu “Kuti Muwerenge Mowonjezera,” pansipa.
[3] Pamfundoyi onani, Brad Wilson, "Nthano Yothandizira Pamafamu: Zosavomerezeka Mwasayansi, Tsiku Losokoneza Chakudya," ZSpace, 8/18/14, https://znetwork.org/zblogs/the-farm-subsidy-myth -tsiku lazakudya-losavomerezeka-mwasayansi/.
[4] Pa zonena zabodza za "mbiri yamitengo yokwera," onani Brian DeVore, "Crop Insurance: A Safety Net Becomes A Threat, Land Stewardship Project, 4/12/12, http://landstewardshipproject.org/posts/blog /281.
[5] Nkhani zokhuza ndalama zomwe amapeza m'mafamu zakhala zikuyenda bwino. Adam Warthesen mu "The (Kukula) Mtengo Wapamwamba wa Inshuwalansi Yosasinthika ya Crop," (Land Stewardship Project, 1/28/13, http://landstewardshipproject.org/posts/371) yatsindika nthano izi. Warthesen akulozera kuchuma chochuluka chaulimi mu 2012, kutengera zomwe adayerekeza koyambirira, akuchitcha "chachiwiri kwapamwamba kwambiri pazaka makumi atatu, ndipo chidangowoneka chaka chatha." Nkhani yayikulu ndiyakuti kuyambira 1953, pomwe Congress idatsitsa mitengo yamtengo wapatali, pakhala zaka 6 zokha kuposa $ 100 biliyoni, (ziwiri m'ma 1970s,) ngakhale zokolola zidachulukira, pomwe m'mbuyomu, ntchito isanachepetse komanso zokolola zochepa kwambiri, alimi adapeza ndalama zoposa $ 100 biliyoni kwa zaka 11 zotsatizana (zosinthidwa chifukwa cha inflation ndi GDP deflator mu 2013 madola). Mosiyana ndi izi, panali zaka 3 zaposachedwa kwambiri. M'malo mwake, avareji ya 1942-1952 inali yayikulu kuposa $ 123 biliyoni, ndipo, momwe zikuwonekera, pakhala chaka chimodzi chokha chaposachedwa kwambiri. Pakadali pano, avareji yaposachedwa ya zaka 1 mpaka 10 ndi yochepera $2023 biliyoni pachaka, kapena $79 biliyoni pachaka zocheperako kuposa nthawi ya 45-1942. Izi, ndiye, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe LSP yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito.
KUWERENGA ZAMBIRI
Brad Wilson, "Corporations and Crop Insurance: Rebutting LSP White Paper 1," ZSpace, 1/3/15, https://znetwork.org/zblogs/corporations-and-crop-insurance-rebutting-lsps-white-paper-1/.
Brad Wilson, "Chipinda chili Pansi pa Madzi: Kutsutsa 'Inshuwaransi ya Njovu' ya Alan Guebert," ZSpace, 1/3/15, https://znetwork.org/zblogs/the-room-is-underwater-rebutting-alan-gueberts-insuring-elephants/.
Daryll E. Ray, ".Inshuwaransi ya Zokolola ndi Masoka,” Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, University of Tennessee, September 27, 2002, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/112.html.
Daryll E. Ray, ".Kusintha kwa inshuwaransi ya mbewu,” Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, University of Tennessee, October 2, 2009, http://www.agpolicy.org/weekcol/479.html.
Daryll E. Ray, ".ACR: Chitetezo champhamvu mitengo ikakwera koma imadumpha mitengo ikatsika,” Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, University of Tennessee, November 2, 2007, http://www.agpolicy.org/weekcol/378.html.
IATP, "Ma Countercyclics Otengera Ndalama: Cholowa Chosauka,” Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, September 12, 2007, http://www.iatp.org/search/node/%22Revenue-Based%22.
Daryll E. Ray & Harwood D. Schaffer, "Purely privatized crop insurance Programme: Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani?,” Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, University of Tennessee, September 17, 2010, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/529.html.
Daryll E. Ray & Harwood D. Schaffer, "Ngozi zamtengo ndi zokolola (ndi ndalama): Kodi inshuwaransi ili ndi ntchito yothana nazo zonse?"Policy Pennings #617, Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, University of Tennessee, May 25, 2012, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/617.html.
Daryll E. Ray & Harwood D. Schaffer, Policy Pennings #616, Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, University of Tennessee, May 18, 2012, “Lucas ndi Peterson: Inshuwaransi ya mbewu sichitetezo pamene mitengo ikugwa, " http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/616.html.
Daryll E. Ray & Harwood D. Schaffer, “Palibe ndondomeko yosamalira mbewu zabwino kwa zaka zambiri ndi kukula kwapang’onopang’ono,” Policy Pennings #738, Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, University of Tennessee, 9/19/14, http://agpolicy.org/weekcol/738.html.
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