Kuyerekeza kwa kumvetsetsa za kugonana kwachikazi kuchokera ku Freudian ndi mawonedwe omwe alipo.
Mu 1976 Foucault anatsutsa, mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, kuti panalibe kugonana kofunikira kwaumunthu komwe kungakhoze kuponderezedwa mu nthawi imodzi ndikumasulidwa mu ina, koma kuti pali kuthekera kokha kwa chidziwitso, khalidwe ndi zochitika zomwe zingathe kupangidwa kapena kusonkhezeredwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mphamvu zakutanthauzira, kuwongolera dongosolo ndi magawo (Foucault, 1976). Pano pali maziko a mkangano uliwonse wokhudzana ndi kugonana. Mkangano pakati pa olimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi otsimikiza mtima ukupitilirabe mkokomo ndi zofalitsa zatsopano zomwe zikuwonjezera moto pamikangano yomwe idakalipo kale. Chitsanzo chaposachedwa ndi buku loyamba la Louann Brizendine, The Female Brain (2006), lomwe lidayambitsa mkuntho wankhani pomwe lidatsutsa omenyera ufulu wachikazi kuti aganizirenso za 'kusiyana' akukangana (kwa ambiri osachita bwino) kuti mahomoni ndi kusiyana kwakukulu muubongo kumapanga zenizeni komanso zofunika. kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi koma kusiyana kumeneko sikunatanthauze kunyozeka.
Person and Ovesey (1983) amayamikira Freud pozindikira kuti kukhalapo kwa kusiyana kwa umunthu pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumafuna kufotokozera ndipo mwina ndi olondola kutero. Koma mafunso ambiri atsala ndipo mwa omwe ali ofunikira kwambiri ndi amtengo wanji omwe amafunidwa kwambiri? Nkhaniyi iwunika malingaliro a Freud okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa akazi kuchokera pamalingaliro ochulukirapo ndikupereka zotsutsa ndi kufananiza pakati pa chitsanzo cha Freudian ndi malingaliro omwe alipo.
Pakatikati pakuyerekeza kulikonse kwamalingaliro am'malingaliro ndi mafilosofi okhudzana ndi kugonana ndikufufuza mkangano wotsimikiza malinga ndi mphamvu zachilengedwe komanso zachikhalidwe. Nthawi zonse ndizofunikira pakumvetsetsa kulikonse kwa zitsanzo za kugonana, lingaliro la determinism komanso zolephera zake zotsutsana zimakwezedwa pamene munthu akuyandikira phunzirolo kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zilipo. Mawu a Sartre omwe amatchulidwa kawirikawiri akuti "kukhalapo kumatsogolera chiyambi" (Sartre, 1943) akuwunikira chifukwa chake izi zili choncho. Pachimake cha njira yopezekapo (kwa chirichonse, koma mu nkhani iyi kwa kugonana kwa akazi) ndi chikhulupiliro chakuti m'dziko lopanda tanthauzo timayesetsa kupanga tanthauzo koma potsirizira pake zikhalidwe, matanthauzo ndi "zinthu" za Plato zomwe timadzikongoletsa tokha, zathu. zinthu ndi dziko lathu zinalengedwa ndi ife, pambuyo pa kukhalapo, ndipo ndithudi sizinakonzedweretu. โSi chikhalidwe chimene chimatanthauzira mkazi; ndi iye amene amadzifotokozera yekha pochita ndi chilengedwe mu nkhani yake mu moyo wake wamalingaliro "(de Beauvoir, 1949). Kupyolera mu maso a determinist ngati dziko lidasinthidwa likanakhalanso chimodzimodzi koma kupyolera mu maso a existentialist likhoza kusinthidwa ndi othandizira omwe akufotokozedwa (ndi kwa Sartre wotsutsidwa) ndi ufulu wawo.
Kubwereranso ku Freud, kugonana kwa akazi ndi kukhalapo, nkhani iyi iyamba ndi kufotokoza maganizo a Freud pa kugonana, makamaka kugonana kwa akazi. Idzaperekanso kutsutsa kokhalapo musanabwererenso ku psychoanalytical critique ya mfundo za existentialists. Pamapeto pake idzamaliza ndi kufotokoza zopambana ndi zolephera za njira ziwiri zokhuza kugonana kwa akazi musanayambe kufotokoza mwachidule kumene mkangano uwu ukhoza kutenga psychology ndi filosofi yotsatira.
Freudian psychoanalysis imatsindika kufunikira kwa kugonana kwa ana akhanda pakukula bwino kwamaganizidwe. Magawo atatu oyambirira a chitukuko, kwa Freud, anali pakamwa, anal-sadistic ndi maliseche koma pambuyo pake siteji ya maliseche yotchedwa phallic stage idawonjezedwa ndi Freud kukankhira siteji ya maliseche mpaka kutha msinkhu (Jacobs, 1992). Pa m`kamwa siteji kugonana si amasiyanitsidwa kudyetsa. Gawo la anal-sadistic limawulula chibadwa chakuchita bwino kudzera mu bungwe; kudzera muzochita zolimbitsa thupi zokondweretsa kugonana zimapindula koma ntchito zotulutsa maliseche sizimangokhalira zonyansa. Ndipotu iwo ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ubale wa khanda ndi makolo ake - mphatso yochokera ku thupi la khanda; gawo lake lonse. Mwa kubereka khanda angasonyeze kumvera ndi kukana, kusamvera. Gawo la maliseche, loyamba lolimbikitsidwa pakusamba, linapangitsa Freud kulingalira ngati mayiyo ndiye anali munthu woyamba kudzutsa mwanayo motero amaika malingaliro okopa pambuyo pake kuti awonekere mu zovuta za Oedipus (Freud, 1931). Kumayambiriro onsewa a chitukuko, mu ntchito zambiri za Freud, kusiyana pakati pa kukula kwa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi sikugogomezeredwa komabe zanenedwa ndi otsutsa (mwachitsanzo de Beauvoir, 1949) kuti chiphunzitso chake cha chitukuko choyambirira chimachokera ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha kugonana. mwana wamwamuna.
Pakuwunika kwathu lingaliro lomwe linapangidwa pambuyo pake la gawo la phallic kusiyana pakati pa kukula kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso kugonana kumawonekera kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti maganizo a Freud amasintha pakapita nthawi, kufunikira kwa amuna kumakhalabe kosasintha. Mu 1905, Freud akulemba kuti anyamata amakana kuti atsikana ndi osiyana akuwona clitoris m'malo mwa mbolo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziopa kuthedwa (Freud, 1905). Mwa mwana wamkazi izi zimawonetseredwa ngati nsanje ya mbolo, yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa zolemba za Freud makamaka pankhani ya kugonana kwa akazi komanso chifukwa mu dichotomy iyi ya kuthedwa mantha ndi nsanje ya mbolo kukhazikika kwa amuna ndi pakati pa phallus kumawululidwa. kusiyana ndi kusowa kutsindika pa mawonekedwe aakazi. Monga momwe de Beauvoir akulembera: "Iye amaganiza kuti mkazi amamva kuti ndi mwamuna wodulidwa" (de Beauvoir, 1949).
Ndi chifukwa chozindikira kuti alibe mbolo kuti zovuta za Oedipus zimabadwa mwa mkazi, malinga ndi nkhani ya Freudian (Jacobs, 1992). Pre-Oedipus complex, khanda lachikazi limanenedwa kuti limakonda kwambiri mayi ake, koma nsanje ya mbolo imabala kutsika komwe kumamupangitsa kuti aziimba mlandu amayi ake chifukwa chomutumiza kudziko opanda zida. Choyamba amalakalaka mbolo ya abambo ake, koma chilakolakochi chidzasintha kukhala chikhumbo chofuna kukhala ndi mwana wake ndipo amayi adzakhala mdani wake wachikondi. Chiphunzitsochi chikusonyeza kuti sadzagwira ntchito kupyolera mu zovuta za Oedipus mofanana ndi mwamuna wake wamwamuna. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndikuti nsanje ya mbolo imayambitsa zovuta za Oedipus mwa atsikana koma mwa anyamata ndikuopa kuthedwa komwe kumamupangitsa kukana amayi ake (omwe poyamba ankafuna) ndikuyang'ana kwa abambo ovomerezeka. kamodzi wokondana naye) motero kuthetsa zovuta za Oedipus.
Ndi chifukwa cha kulephera kwake kugonjetsa zovuta za Oedipus ndikugonjetsa mbolo-nsanje yochititsa kuti ikhale yotsika kwambiri kuti ego yapamwamba imakhala yochepa kwambiri mwa mkazi. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo adafuna kukulitsa lingaliroli poyesa kuwonetsa kuti amayi amakonda kuyang'ana zofuna za anthu, zosowa ndi zofuna za anthu m'malo moganizira za amuna pa chilungamo, malamulo ndi ufulu (Gilligan, 1982). Malingana ndi Freud, khanda lachikazi lidzanyozanso amayi ake chifukwa chosamuyamwitsa mokwanira. Ngakhale kuti palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti amayi amayamwitsa makanda aakazi mocheperapo poyerekeza ndi amuna, pali umboni wosonyeza kusiyana pakati pa kasamalidwe ka ana aakazi ndi anyamata. khala wodzipatula pamene amayi amapereka chidziwitso chotsimikizika kwa ana awo aamuna kuposa kwa ana awo aakazi (Chodorow, 1978).
Ntchito ya Freud ikuwonetseratu zovuta zowonjezera zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa chitukuko cha akazi (kugonana) ndi thanzi labwino. Ali wachinyamata amalemba zovuta zawo pakudzipatula kwaulamuliro wa makolo kuti apangitse maubwenzi okhudzidwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti ayambe kunena kuti amawonetsa "chikondi chaubwana kuposa kutha msinkhu" (Freud, 1905). Mu 1908, adavomereza kuti kuwirikiza kawiri kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi kunali cholepheretsa chitukuko cha amayi chomwe chimayambitsa kuponderezedwa kwa amayi omwe sankatha kusonyeza kugonana kwawo momasuka monga amuna awo. Freud amadzudzula kukhumudwa kwauzimu ndi kuperewera kwa thupi muukwati chifukwa cha kubwereranso kwa amayi akuluakulu omwe abwerera ku chikhalidwe chisanayambe. De Beauvoir akuwonjezera mndandanda wa Freud wa zovuta zazikulu pakukula kwa kugonana kwa akazi potsutsa kuti chifukwa mkazi ayenera kukhala ndi maliseche ndi maliseche siteji yake yoberekera imakhala yovuta kwambiri ndipo motero ndizotheka kuti mtsikanayo adzalephera kumaliza gawo ili la chitukuko ( de Beauvoir, 1949). Komabe Freud adasungabe chenjezo lake polemba za chitukuko cha akazi ponena kuti m'derali ntchito yake inali "yobisika komanso yodzaza ndi mipata" (Freud, 1924).
Lingaliro la Freudian limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zopotoza za achikulire ndi ma neuroses, zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa poyang'ana mmbuyo ku magawo oyambilira a chitukuko ndikuzindikira magawo omwe sanamalizidwe bwino. Apa pali gawo laling'ono lachidziwitso chokhazikika cha kugonana kwa akazi a Freudian: "Phenomenologically butterfly ndi yosiyana koma osati yoposa mbozi" (Cohn, 1997). Chitsanzo cha Freudian chimachokera pa chidziwitso chotsatira cha kukhalapo kwakanthawi pomwe mu lingaliro lokhalapo zakale nthawi zonse ndi gawo la luso lathu lamakono. Kubwerera m'mbuyo sikumagwirizana ndi lingaliro ili lomwe m'malo mwake likuwonetsa momwe timapangira ndikutanthauzira zokumbukira zathu ndi zakale zathu molingana ndi momwe tilili pano m'malingaliro, zolinga, ndi zomwe timapanga payekhapayekha. Cholinga chodziwika bwino cha Freudian chopangitsa anthu kukhala okhazikika powatenga bwino pazigawo zodziwikiratu komanso zofunikira zachitukuko ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zilipo chifukwa chakuti tanthauzo lililonse lomwe timagwirizanitsa ndi kugonana kwachikazi kapena kusokonezeka kumapangidwa ndipo tikhoza kusinthidwa ndi ife. Monga momwe Cohn (1997) amafotokozera, kusiyana kwa umunthu kumabweretsa malingaliro a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe m'malo mopereka maudindo otsimikizirika a amuna ndi akazi kuti ayesetse ndi kuteteza monga momwe amachitira.
Kutsutsa kwa De Beauvoir za chitsanzo cha Freudian cha kugonana kwa akazi ndi mafotokozedwe ake ena omwe alipo mu The Second Sex (1949) amayamikira zomwe Cohn adawona mwanzeru. Poyamba, pofufuza kaduka ka mbolo mwanzeru, amakayikira chiyambi cha kunyada ndi kaduka komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chili kale pa mbolo ndi mwamuna. Mbolo kwa mwana wamwamuna ndizochitika koma kwa mwana wamkazi zonse zimadziwika ndi maonekedwe akunja, ndipo kwa ambiri ngakhale kupeza kumeneko kumachedwa. Mphukira iyi, ndodo yaying'ono yofooka iyi yokha imatha kuwalimbikitsa ndi mphwayi, kapena ngakhale kunyansidwa. akuti de Beauvoir pamene akufotokoza kuti kutsika kwa akazi, kaduka ndi chikhumbo cha atate siziri zachibadwa koma mbali ya dongosolo la makhalidwe abwino, chiyambi chake amadzudzula Freud chifukwa cholephera kufunafuna. N'chifukwa chiyani bambo ndi wolamulira? Nโchifukwa chiyani mkazi ayenera kuchita manyazi pokodza ali mโmalo ogwedera โ manyazi amenewa amachokera kuti? akufunsa de Beauvoir. N'chifukwa chiyani chikhalidwe cha makolo?
Ntchito ya De Beauvoir ikufuna kuyankha funso lomaliza koma lofunikira. Malingaliro a Freudian otsika, kuopa kutaya ndi nsanje ya mbolo - chitsanzo ichi cha phallic-centric - chimatumikira kwa Freudians monga maziko a thanzi lonse lamaganizo ndikuwonetsa zofunikira zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa mwamuna. De Beauvoir amafuna za psychology ya Freudian chiyambi. Kulimbana kwakukulu komwe kulipo ndi kukhalapo kwadzidzidzi (ndili pano, koma mwina sindinakhalepo, ndipo chowonadi chokha ndichakuti ndifa) chimapereka chidziwitso chotheka.
Nkhawa ya kukhalapo makamaka yozikidwa pazochitika zathu ndi ufulu wathu wosankha zimatitsogolera ku chizolowezi cholekana ndi kudziona tokha mu "zinthu"; chogwirika, chokhazikika, โzinthuโ zatanthauzo. Kuyambira pamitengo ya totem m'mbiri, mpaka makanda amayang'ana pagalasi mpaka mbolo ya mwana wakhanda, de Beauvoir akuwonetsa chikhumbo chaumunthu ichi. Mbolo imatengedwa ngati munthu ndi mayi ndi mwana, ndipo mnyamata amatha kuyeza mtengo wake kupyolera mu kukula, mphamvu ya mkodzo ndi kutulutsa umuna ndipo kupyolera mu izi amawona kufunika kwake. Mtsikanayo, wopanda kusinthika koyenera kumeneku, amadzipangira yekha chinthu chokhazikika pamutu wamunthu (de Beauvoir, 1949). Komabe, de Beauvoir akuwonetsanso kuti alter-ego ikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku chidole ndikulongosola magulu a matriarchal momwe akazi amasungira masks apadera ndipo mbolo imataya ulemerero wake. Chifukwa chiyani gulu lina lingakhale lachibadwidwe ndipo lina si funso la nkhani ina, koma ndikwanira kunena kuti "psychoanalysis ikhoza kutsimikizira chowonadi chake m'mbiri yakale" (de Beauvoir, 1949).
Pakatikati pa malingaliro omwe alipo a (akazi) kugonana ndi chikhalidwe cha 'kukhala-padziko lapansi'. Kwa de Beauvoir izi ndizofunikira chifukwa amakana kutsindika kwa zizindikiro za kugonana ndikuwona zenizeni zenizeni zomwe zimakhala ndi chidwi kwa mwamuna zomwe sizimalamulidwa ndi libido. Mwachitsanzo, akuwonetsa kuti kukumba dzenje ndi gawo lalikulu la moyo wamunthu komanso chikhumbo chofuna kukhala limodzi ndi dziko lapansi monga kukumbatirana. Sartre nayenso amatenga izi ponena kuti kugonana sikudziwika ndi chibadwa chachilengedwe koma ndi "kukwera kudziko komwe kuli ena" (Sartre, 1943). Merleau-Ponty amavomereza kufotokoza kuti kugonana ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la moyo komanso kuti 'kukhala-mu-dziko' kumatanthauza 'kukhala ndi ena', 'kukhala pafupi ndi imfa', 'kukhala m'thupi', ndi 'kugonana' (Merleau-Ponty, 1962).
Ngati lingaliro lokhalapo limagwirizana ndi zomwe munthu adakumana nazo pamoyo wake, munthu amatha kutsimikizira kuti moyo umagwirizana ndi dziko lapansi ndikuti munthuyo amadzifotokozera yekha popanga zosankha kudzera m'dziko lozungulira. Kwa de Beauvoir kufooka kwenikweni kwa chitsanzo cha Freudian cha kugonana ndikuti zimasonyeza kuti sewero la munthu limawonekera mwa iye osati kupyolera mu moyo wamadzimadzi wopangidwa ndi ubale wathu ndi dziko lapansi ndi ena. Momwemonso, mkazi sangatanthauzidwe ndi ukazi wake kuposa kunena kuti ndi wamkazi chifukwa amapeza chidziwitso ichi pansi pamikhalidwe yodalira anthu komanso ubale wake. Kwa de Beauvoir mkazi aliyense si mkazi monga momwe kukhalira mkazi kumatanthauza kugawana nawo mu ukazi wodabwitsa komanso wosadziwika bwino wofotokozedwa kunja kwa umunthu wake. Ndi m'lingaliro limeneli kuti kuyerekezera kwanyengo pakati pa chitsanzo cha Freud cha kugonana kwa akazi ndi lingaliro lokhalapo likhoza kuchitika. Kugonana kwachikazi kwa Freudian kumakhazikika pamaudindo apadera a jenda ozikidwa mu physiology ndipo amakula kudzera munjira yodziwikiratu komanso yofunika yomwe ikapatuka kapena ikalephera imayambitsa matenda. Kugonana kwachikazi komwe kulipo poyerekeza, kumawonedwa ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudzana ndi anthu padziko lapansi osati pachimake cha thanzi ndi chitukuko chonse. Kuphatikiza apo, zimawonedwa ngati zofotokozedwa m'makhalidwe a anthu ndipo motsimikizika osati zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kugonana kwachikazi kumapangidwa ndi mkazi komanso dziko limene amadzipeza yekha; nkhani ndi yofunika kwambiri. Chitsanzo cha Freud, chikhalidwe cha sayansi, chikuyembekezeka kuphwanya chikhalidwe ndi nthawi. Chitsanzo chopezekapo chimati izi sizingatheke; Freud's phallus-centric model ndi ngongole kwa nthawi yake komanso zochitika zake zapadziko lapansi. Monga Nietzsche analembera "Nzeru zazikulu zilizonse mpaka pano zakhala chivomerezo cha mwiniwake wa wolemba wake ndi mtundu wa kukumbukira kosadziwika komanso kosadziwika." (Nietzsche, 1886).
Zotsutsa za Existentialist za chiphunzitso cha Freudian zakhala zikutsutsidwa, kuphatikizapo yankho lodziwika bwino pa zokambirana za de Beauvoir kuchokera ku Mitchell (1974). Mitchell akutsutsa kuti de Beauvoir samamvetsetsa mfundo zazikulu za Freud zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa akazi. De Beauvoir amadzudzula Freud chifukwa chotengera chitsanzo chake pakukula kwa kugonana kwa amuna komanso kulephera kulingalira za mkazi kunja kwa template yomwe idapangidwira komanso yoyenera kwambiri kuphunzira za amuna. Mitchell komabe akunena kuti Freud adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha akazi ndipo adavomereza moona mtima mu ntchito yake kuti asakhale ndi zovuta kusiyana ndi kulephera kuvomereza kufunika kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, Mitchell akudzudzula de Beauvoir chifukwa chodzudzula psychoanalysis yonse osati Freud chabe, kulephera kusiyanitsa malingaliro a Jungian ndi Adlerian omwe iye kapena Freud sanawalemekeze. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya Mitchell ndi yakuti pali zambiri mu psychoanalysis zomwe zingayamikire udindo wa Beauvoir ndi zina zomwe sizikanatero, koma kuti de Beauvoir akuwoneka kuti Mitchell amangofanizira zomwe amatsutsana nazo kusiyana ndi kufanizitsa zonse za psychoanalysis kapena basi. Freudian psychoanalysis. Mwachitsanzo, akutero Mitchell, onse a Freud ndi de Beauvoir anapeza kuti lingaliro la kukhala ndi libido lachikazi kukhala lopanda nzeru komabe de Beauvoir amatsutsa Freud chifukwa chonena kuti akazi alibe chidwi. M'malo mwake adavomereza kuti kusasamala kwa mkazi kunali kukakamizidwa kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu m'malo mwachilengedwe (Mitchell, 1974).
Apa ndipamene munthu atha kuwona kufanana kocheperako mu malingaliro a Freudian komanso opezekapo okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa akazi. Ndithudi onse amaona udindo wa anthu monga mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kugonana ndi khalidwe. Komabe, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu mu kugonana kwa Freudian ndi zopinga panjira yopita pachimake chodziwikiratu cha kukhwima kwa kugonana, pamene anthu omwe alipo komanso maubwenzi aumwini kwa izo zimapanga ndi kufotokozera matanthauzo a chikhalidwe, kupotoza ndi chitukuko poyamba. Iwo ndi amadzimadzi ndipo amatha kusintha, kupyolera mu nthawi, chikhalidwe ndi bungwe.
Pomaliza, psychology ndi filosofi ya kugonana kwa akazi kumakhalabe mkangano wofunikira. Kaya tatsimikiza mtima kukhalapo m'njira yogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi kapena ayi, tikupitilizabe kulowa m'manyuzipepala ndi m'mabuku monga ochita kampeni ndi ndale akufuna yankho ku mikangano yambiri yomwe machitidwe ogonana amaloledwa ndi anthu. Ntchito ya Freud yokhudzana ndi kugonana, pamene kwa okhulupirira kuti alipo adagogomezedwa mopitirira muyeso ndipo analephera kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe chaufulu ndi chopanda tanthauzo cha kukhalapo kwaumunthu, osachepera anabweretsa kufunikira kwa chitukuko cha kugonana ndi nkhani za jenda patsogolo pa mkangano waluntha.
Malingaliro a Freud okhudza momwe ubwana amakhudzira ubwana ndi maziko a chithandizo chamankhwala chamakono chamakono, ndipo pamene okhulupirira kukhalapo samawona zakale ngati sitepe losasinthika panjira yokonzedweratu, makamaka iwo sangakhale otsutsa kukambirana nawo kasitomala kuti amvetsetse zomwe zingakhudze kapena zomwe sizingakhale nazo pakadali pano (Cohn, 1997). Kusiyana kwakukulu kudzakhala kuti cholinga cha kukhalapo sikungakhale kukonza zakale komanso pambuyo pake munthuyo, koma kumuthandiza munthuyo kumvetsetsa ndi kupanga malingaliro awo am'mbuyomu kuti athe kukhala ndi moyo momasuka panopa. Kwa de Beauvoir, kugonana kwachikazi kwa Freudian kumayang'ana kumbuyo pomwe kugonana kwachikazi komwe kulipo kumayang'ana kutsogolo. Ufulu wachisankho umalola anthu kuthana ndi zomwe zamoyo komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu zimaperekedwa m'njira yapadera komanso yopangira kupanga kuti azigonana ngati womanga tsogolo lawo (de Beauvoir, 1949).
Kwa ena, kutsimikiza kwachilengedwe ndi malingaliro a njira yokhazikika yachitukuko ya Freudian idzakopa ndipo kwa ena kukhala ndi moyo wodziwikiratu ndi njira ina yopeลตera udindo waukulu. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za filosofi yaumwini, malingaliro omwe alipo okhudzana ndi kugonana kwachikazi amafotokozera momwe zomwe zili bwino zimasintha kupyolera mu nthawi ndi chikhalidwe. Zimayika kwa amayi (ndi amuna) ufulu wosankha chiwerewere ndipo nthawi yomweyo amawatsutsa kuti ali ndi udindo - chifukwa cha malingaliro awo, chikhalidwe chawo, ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo dziko limene akudzipeza. Kuvomereza ufulu ndi udindo ndikuumirira kuti tiyang'ane kupyola nthawi yathu yachangu ku zomwe zingatheke kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kumakhala maziko odzaza ndi zokambirana za kugonana kwa akazi kuposa zomwe Sigmund Freud amapereka. Kupyolera mu ufulu ndi udindo komanso kumvetsetsa udindo wathu popanga matanthauzo ndi zikhalidwe zomwe timakhala nazo zingatheke njira yopita patsogolo ndi kusintha, mwa anthu ndi anthu.
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