Kodi boma lingakhalepo mu parecon losiyana ndi chuma?

Zomwe timatcha mabungwe andale masiku ano - maboma am'deralo, maboma ndi mayiko - amachitadi ntchito zandale komanso zachuma. Chifukwa chuma chathu chimakhala ndi dongosolo la msika, ndipo misika ipangitsa kupanga zinthu zochepa ngati zili zaboma, ndipo pali zinthu zina zaboma zomwe kusapanga kwawo sikuvomerezeka kotero kuti msika uliwonse uyenera kulowa m'malo mwa njira zina zopangira zisankho. njira ya msika yokhudzana ndi katundu wa boma, mu chuma chathu maboma am'deralo, maboma, ndi mayiko akuyeneranso kuwirikiza kawiri ngati mabungwe azachuma kuti agule zinthu zochepa zapagulu - zomwe amatolera misonkho.

Koma monga momwe zisankho zachuma za mabungwe athu "zandale" zimalamulira nthawi yawo komanso chidwi chathu mwa iwo, amatsutsana ndikusankha zinthu zina "zandale", monga nkhondo ndi mtendere, kaya mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ovomerezeka kapena ayi, zomwe zimatsutsana malamulo ndi ndondomeko za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka milandu zidzakhala, kaya America Wokongola kapena Star Spangled Banner idzakhala nyimbo ya fuko, ndondomeko ya anthu olowa m'dziko, ndi zina zotero. zisankho zimayendera limodzi ndi demokalase.

Uku ndi kukambitsirana kowonjezereka: Kodi mabungwe omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri ndi ati ndipo chifukwa chiyani? Koma mabungwe am'deralo, aboma, ndi mayiko ogula angatengenso ntchito zachuma zomwe zagwa mosakhazikika ku mabungwe omwe timawatcha ndale - mwachisawawa chifukwa chuma chamsika sichimapereka katundu wa boma.

Chabwino, ndiye ndi boma lamtundu wanji lomwe lingayende bwino ndi parecon?

Pofuna kuthana bwino ndi symbiosis yothandiza pakati pa chuma chofunikira ndi ndale, munthu angakonde kufotokoza masomphenya atsopano a ndale ndiyeno ayang'ane momwe amagwirizanirana ndi chuma chotenga nawo mbali.

Ngakhale kuti masomphenya abwino a ndale sanafotokozedwe mofanana ndi momwe chuma chogwirizanirana chachitira, Stephen Shalom, mwa ena, adagwira ntchitoyi pofotokozera zake zoyamba za Parpolity, zomwe zikupezeka pa intaneti kudzera pa tsamba la Participatory Society la ZNet.

Parpolity ndi ndale yomwe ikufuna kupititsa patsogolo mfundo zofanana ndi za parecon ndikugwirizana nazo. Imawonetsa bwino zinthu zambiri zomwe dongosolo labwino la ndale lingakhale nalo.

Kodi ili ndi cholowa chilichonse, chinayambira kale?

Mizu ya parpolity mwachidziwikire ndi ya anarchist koma idayenera kupanga zidziwitso zake, komanso.

Michael Bakunin, wa Russia anarchist yemwe ambiri mwazinthu zodziwikiratu za anarchism adayamba, analemba,

“Boma ndi ulamuliro; ndi mphamvu; ndiko kudzionetsera ndi kutengeka mtima kwa mphamvu: sikudzipangitsa; sichikufuna kutembenuza…. Ngakhale pamene lilamula chabwino, limachitsekereza ndi kuchiwononga, chifukwa chakuti lichilamulira, ndiponso chifukwa chakuti lamulo lililonse limaputa ndi kusonkhezera kupanduka koyenera kwaufulu; ndipo chifukwa chabwino, kuyambira nthawi yomwe ikulamulidwa, chimakhala choipa kuchokera ku malingaliro a makhalidwe enieni, a makhalidwe abwino aumunthu (mosakayikira osati aumulungu), kuchokera kumalingaliro a ulemu waumunthu ndi ufulu. Ufulu, makhalidwe abwino, ndi ulemu waumunthu wa munthu zimagwirizana ndendende ndi zimenezi, kuti iye amachita zabwino, osati chifukwa chakuti walamulidwa, koma chifukwa chakuti amachiyembekezera, amachifuna, ndi kuchikonda.”

Ndipo momwemonso, wolemba anarchist wa ku France Proudhon analemba kuti,

"Kulamulidwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa, kuyang'aniridwa, kuziwona, kutsogoleredwa, kukhazikitsidwa, kukhazikitsidwa, kutsekedwa, kuphunzitsidwa, kulalikidwa, kulamulidwa, kuyesedwa, kuyesedwa, kufufuzidwa, kulamulidwa, zonse ndi zolengedwa zomwe zilibe ufulu kapena nzeru kapena nzeru. ubwino… Kulamuliridwa kumatanthauza kuti pazochitika zilizonse, pochita ntchito, kapena pakuchita zinthu, munthu amalembedwa, kulembedwa, kulembedwa, kulembedwa, kulembedwa, kusindikizidwa, kuvomerezedwa, kuvomerezedwa, kulangizidwa, kuletsedwa, kusinthidwa, kukonzedwa, kukonzedwa. Boma litanthauza kupatsidwa msonkho, kuphunzitsidwa, kuwomboledwa, kudyeredwa masuku pamutu, kulamuliridwa, kulandidwa, kukakamizidwa, kubisidwa, kubedwa; zonse m'dzina lothandizira anthu onse komanso zabwino zonse. Pambuyo pa chizindikiro choyamba cha kukana kapena kudandaula, munthu amaponderezedwa, kulipiritsidwa chindapusa, kunyozedwa, kuzunzidwa, kuthamangitsidwa, kumenyedwa, kumenyedwa, kuponyedwa m'ndende, kuwomberedwa, kuwomberedwa ndi mfuti, kuweruzidwa, kuweruzidwa, kuthamangitsidwa, kuperekedwa nsembe, kugulitsidwa, kuperekedwa. kuphimba zonse, kunyozedwa, kunyozedwa, kukwiyitsidwa, ndi kunyozedwa. Limenelo ndi Boma. Umenewo ndiye chilungamo chake ndi makhalidwe ake!”

Vuto lomwe limakhalapo kwa anthu okhwima omwe amayankha izi ndi zina zambiri za anarchist, ndikuti mawu olimbikitsa safotokoza momwe timathawira kulamulira ndi kugonjera monga momwe boma ndi boma. Samatiuza momwe angapangire nzika iliyonse komanso dera lililonse kuti lisankhe zochita ndi zochitika zake momasuka komanso popanda kukakamiza kunja. Kodi timakwaniritsa bwanji malamulo a zikhalidwe zogawana, kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ophatikizana, ndi kuweruza mikangano kuti anthu asamangokhalira kukangana ndi kunjenjemera koma m'malo mwake apange gulu lomwe zochita za munthu aliyense pamodzi zimapindulira ena onse?

Mwina ayi, koma nchifukwa ninji timafunikira masomphenya andale atsatanetsatane kuposa zokhumba zotsutsana ndi aulamuliro?

Chigawenga chimodzi chokhala ndi chibonga chikhoza kusokoneza ndikuyamba kutsika mozungulira ngakhale msonkhano wachifundo kwambiri. Ndipo, zomvetsa chisoni, nthawi zonse padzakhala anthu ena omwe chifukwa cha zakumwa zoledzeretsa, kaduka, chikhulupiriro chodzikuza, kudzikonda, malingaliro osokonekera, kapena china chilichonse amakhala achiwembu, nthawi zina.

Mofananamo, mkangano umene ulibe njira zothetsera kaŵirikaŵiri udzakula kukhala nkhondo imene imaposa ukulu wa zifukwa zake, kaya mkangano womwe ukukula uchitika pakati pa anthu, mabanja, madera, kapena mayiko.

Nthawi zambiri, kuyambitsa mapulojekiti athu ndi zochitika zathu mobwerezabwereza popanda kunyalanyaza maudindo ndi machitidwe omwe tinagwirizana kale kungapangitse aliyense kukambitsirana kosatha koma kukhazikitsa pang'ono. Kodi ndili ndi maudindo odziwika omwe sindingathe kuwathetsa, kapena zonse zomwe ndimachita kuti ndizipeza tsiku lililonse latsopano? Ndi momwemonso kwa inu?

Kunena mosiyana, ngakhale zili zowona kuti ngakhale maudindo ogwirizana omwe agwirizana ndi maudindo angachepetse zosankha zathu, atha kupanganso mndandanda wa zosankha zonse zomwe titha kuzitsata kukhala zazikulu kuposa momwe zidaliri kulibe.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tikufuna kukhala omasuka ku kuphwanya zokhumba zathu, koma tikufuna izi kokha kwa zilakolako zathu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ena omwe ali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi ife komanso kusunga maudindo omwe tinagwirizana kale omwe amalola kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ikhale yosiyana. moyo wathu wapano ndi wamtsogolo.

Lingaliro loti aliyense azitha kuchita chilichonse chomwe angafune mosasamala kanthu za mapangano akale, motere ndi njira yotsimikizika ya anthu omwe amachita zinthu zomwe zimachepetsa zosankha za anthu ena mopanda nzeru. Ngati ndikana maudindo omwe ndidagwirizana kale ndi maudindo anga, Willy nilly, zitha kukhala zokayikitsa ndipo mwina zimasokonezanso zosankha za anthu ena. Sindiyenera kukhala nawo ufulu umenewo.

Choncho tiyenera kukwaniritsa ntchito za ndale mogwirizana ndi mfundo zathu kudzera m'mabungwe omwe amagwirizana. Funso la masomphenya a ndale ndiloti mabungwe amenewo ndi ati?

Kwa Economics, parecon amakana zambiri asanayambe china chatsopano. Kodi parpolity ndi yofanana, kapena imagwiritsa ntchito mabungwe omwe amadziwika kale?

Parpolity ndi yofanana ndi parecon pakupanga zinthu momvetsa chisoni m'malo mophatikizana…iyenera kupanga masomphenya atsopano, osati kungosintha njira zakale. Yankho limodzi lolephera ku masomphenya andale, mwachitsanzo, limachokera ku lingaliro lotchedwa Marxism Leninism. Stalinism inali yonyanyira komanso yowonjezereka ya Leninism. Zomwe zimachitikira zipani za ndale za Marxist-Leninist zomwe zatuluka muulamuliro zimagwirizana bwino ndi kuponderezedwa mwadongosolo kwa moyo wademokalase komwe kumachitidwa ndi zipani za Marxist-Leninist omwe ali muulamuliro.

“Ulamuliro wa proletariat” umatanthauziridwa mosadukiza muulamuliro wa chipani ndi politburo ndipo poipa kwambiri ngakhale wokhawokha nthawi zina wolamulira wankhanza wa megalomaniacal. Kuti izi zikanatha kufananizidwa ndi mtundu wofunika wa ndale zidzakhala zodetsa mbiri ya ndale za "Kumanzere." Kuletsa chipani chonse kupatula chipani chimodzi cholamulidwa ndi “demokalase pakati pa anthu” sikukhudzana ndi kupititsa patsogolo demokalase koma m'malo mwake kumatsimikizira kugwa kwa demokalase.

Mabungwe a ndale apakati pa demokalase amalepheretsa zikhumbo zotenga nawo mbali, amalimbikitsa kusakonda anthu, kukulitsa mantha, ndikukulitsa ulamuliro waulamuliro, utsogoleri, ndi katangale, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zomwe a Leninists ambiri amafuna. Ndi chiyaninso chomwe tingayembekezere pamene otsutsa akunja akuletsedwa nthawi zonse ndipo utsogoleri wa chipani ukhoza kupondereza ndi kusokoneza otsutsa amkati mwa kusamutsa mamembala pakati pa nthambi kuti adzipatse okha ambiri mu nthambi ndi selo iliyonse? Mchitidwe ndi malamulo a Leninism alibe chochita pang'ono ndi kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chabwinoko kuposa kukhala ndi ndale mogwirizana ndi zokhumba zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mawu oyamba a anarchists. Mafunsowa akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo pake m'bukuli, m'mitu yokhudzana ndi njira zosinthira.

Koma "demokalase" yachisankho yachizungu, lomwe ndi yankho lina ku funso la masomphenya a ndale, ngakhale kuti ndilobwino kuposa dziko la Leninist la chipani chimodzi, lidakali kutali kwambiri ndi demokalase yogawana nawo. Kugawidwa kosagwirizana kwambiri kwachuma kumadzaza masewerawa masewera amakhadi andale asanayambe. Nzika zimasankha kuchokera kwa anthu “osankhidwa kale” omwe amawunikiridwa bwino kuti agwirizane ndi akuluakulu akampani. Ndipo ngakhale mavutowa mu demokalase ya azungu adathetsedwa pochotsa umwini wazinthu zopindulitsa-demokalase yotenga nawo mbali imafuna zambiri kuposa kuvotera woyimira kuti achite ntchito zathu zandale zomwe zimatisiya komanso nthawi zambiri pomwe amatinyenga.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngakhale kuti chisankho cha oyimilira ndi chomveka ndipo nthawi zina ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la demokalase yotenga nawo mbali, kuvotera pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi pamalingaliro ndi mfundo zofunika zandale pamagawo onse aboma motsatizana ndi kuwulutsa kwathunthu kwa malingaliro opikisana. kofunika monga kuvota kwa ofuna. Funso likubuka, ndi njira ziti zomwe zingalole ndikulimbikitsa kuyanjana, kukambirana, ndikuchita zisankho kuti onse ochita nawo masewerawa athe kunena momveka bwino kapena kudzera mwa oyimilira, komanso kuti ufulu wofunikira usungidwe nthawi zonse ndi chilungamo?

Chabwino, ndiye tikufuna chiyani kuti pakhale gulu?

Pambuyo pokana Leninism ndi demokalase ya nyumba yamalamulo, mosakayikira chinthu choyamba kuzindikira za dongosolo labwino la ndale ndikuti sitiyenera kuyembekezera kuti moyo wa ndale udzatha m'gulu lofunika. M'malo mwake tiyembekezere kuwona momwe moyo wa ndale usinthidwa komanso kufunika kwake kwa nzika kukukulirakulira.

Ndale sizidzaimiranso njira imene magulu amwayi adzapititsira patsogolo ulamuliro wawo. Komanso zigawo zoponderezedwa sizidzalimbana ndi zikhalidwe za ndale zomwe zimasunga mkhalidwe wopanda chilungamo pomwe zikugwira ntchito mosaganizira za ndale, kaya monyoza kapena ngati otsutsa. Koma mfundo yakuti chikhalidwe chofunidwa sichingaphatikize kusagwirizana kosalekeza komanso kosalekeza sizitanthauza kuti padzakhala kusowa kwa mikangano yokhudzana ndi zosankha zamagulu.

Ngakhale kuti cholinga cha kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu chimanena kuti malingaliro opikisana ayenera kutsatiridwa ndi otsatira awo ngati kuli kotheka, padzakhala nthawi zambiri pamene pulogalamu imodzi iyenera kukhazikitsidwa mowonongera ena. Vuto la "kusankha kwa anthu" kotero silidzatha, ndipo popeza gulu lofunika lidzayatsa zikhumbo zathu zotenga nawo mbali, pali zifukwa zomveka zoyembekezera kuti mikangano ya ndale nthawi zina itenthe m'malo motsitsa.

Ganizirani zomwe Shalom akunena pamitundu yamitundu yomwe ingalimbikitse mikangano ndi mikangano:

“Pali nkhani zoŵerengeka chabe zimene zidzapitiriza kutivutitsa: ufulu wa zinyama (kodi kudya nyama kuyenera kukhala koletsedwa?), zithunzi zolaula (kodi n’zopondereza akazi mwachibadwa kapena kusonyeza kudziimira paokha?), uhule (m’chitaganya chopanda anthu opanda ungwiro?) kugwiritsa ntchito chuma ndi kotheka kuti wina 'asankhe' kukhala wogonana?), Zachilengedwe zakuya (kodi tikuyenera kuchitira chilengedwe osati ngati chinthu choti tipulumutsidwe kuti chipitilize kutichirikiza mtsogolo, koma monga chinthu chamtengo wapatali chopanda phindu lililonse laumunthu?), kulembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zinenero zambiri, ufulu wa ana, kugawira chithandizo chamankhwala chodula kapena chosowa, monga kuika mtima, kupanga, kuberekera mwana, kulira, kusukulu za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi ufulu wachipembedzo pamene zipembedzo zikuphwanya mfundo zina zofunika kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha anthu, monga kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi."

Ngati mndandandawo sunamveke bwino, Shalom akupitiliza:

"Pamwamba pa izi, pali nkhani zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi Kumanzere, koma osati konsekonse, ndipo zomwe ndingaganizire kupitiliza kukangana pakati pa anthu abwino: mwachitsanzo, momwe tiyenera kuzindikira ufulu wochotsa mimba kapena ndondomeko zosankhidwa. kwa mamembala amagulu omwe anali oponderezedwa kale. Ndiyeno pali nkhani zomwe zingabwere chifukwa chakuti dziko lonse lapansi silingakhale 'gulu labwino' nthawi imodzi ... kodi tidzathana bwanji ndi mfundo za maiko akunja, malonda, kapena kusamuka?"

Kenako Shalom akufotokoza mwachidule,

“Mwachidule, ngakhale m’chitaganya chimene chinathetsa vuto la kudyera masuku pamutu ndi kuthetsa mikangano ya mafuko, kalasi, ndi jenda, mikangano yambiri—mikangano yaikulu yambiri—idzakhalabe. Chifukwa chake, gulu lililonse labwino liyenera kuthana ndi nkhani za ndale ndipo lidzafunika dongosolo la ndale, ndale.”

Zolinga zokulirapo, ngati sizikhala njira zokhazikitsira chikhalidwe chatsopano, zamveka bwino komanso kutchulidwa. M'mawu a Noam Chomsky,

"Gulu lenileni la demokalase ndi lomwe anthu onse ali ndi mwayi wotengapo mbali momveka bwino komanso moyenera popanga mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu…. Gulu lomwe limapatula mbali zazikulu zopangira zisankho kuti zisamayendetsedwe ndi boma, kapena dongosolo laulamuliro lomwe limangopereka mwayi kwa anthu onse kuti avomereze zisankho zomwe magulu osankhika amasankha ....

 

Makhalidwe abwino, nanga bwanji mabungwe?

Funso lalikulu ndilakuti, ndi magalimoto ati omwe angakwanitse komanso amatsimikizira anthu mwayi wotero?

Pamapeto pake, mikangano ya ndale iyenera kuthetsedwa ndi mitundu ina ya zokonda za anthu. Ndipo mwachiwonekere ziwerengero zotere zidzadziwitsidwa bwino momwe ovota ali ndi mwayi wodziwa zambiri. Mkhalidwe umodzi wa demokalase yeniyeni ndiye kuti magulu omwe ali ndi malingaliro opikisana onse ali ndi mwayi wopeza njira zolumikizirana malingaliro awo. Ulamuliro wa demokalase wa moyo wa ndale uyenera kuphatikizirapo kutsata zidziwitso ndi ndemanga kudzera pawailesi yakanema yamtundu wamtunduwu womwe takambirana pambuyo pake m'bukuli.

Demokalase yotenga mbali imafuna kuti anthu asamangotengera njira zoulutsira nkhani zosinthidwa komanso kuti anthu azitha kupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito magulu andale omwe ali ndi nkhani imodzi kuti adziwitse malingaliro awo, komanso, mwinanso, kugawanika kwa zipani za ndale zosiyanasiyana. ndondomeko zamagulu. Palibe chifukwa choganizira, mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuti kukhala ndi chuma chabwino kapena chitaganya kumatanthauza kuti anthu sangatsutsane pa nkhani zazikulu m'njira zamaganizo.

Mfundo yakuti palibe utsogoleri wa mphamvu kapena ndalama sizilepheretsa kusiyana kwa maganizo ndi anthu omwe akufuna kusonkhana ndi ena amalingaliro ofanana kuti alimbikitse zomwe amakonda. Ngati tilingalira mwachidule mbiri ya moyo wa ndale mkati mwa kumanzere ndi zotsatira za kuyesa kuletsa zipani, magulu, kapena mtundu uliwonse wa ndale womwe anthu akufuna kupindula nawo, ziyenera kuonekeratu kuti zoletsedwa ndi zonyansa kwa demokalase, kapena moyenerera, ndi zinthu za kuponderezana ndi aulamuliro.

Koma kodi tingapitirire kupitirira zomwe zili pamwambazi zotambasuka komanso zodziwika bwino za mbali zofunikila za chikhalidwe? Chabwino, titha kubwerezanso malingaliro a Stephen Shalom okhudza masomphenya andale, omwe amawoneka ngati ophunzitsa komanso ofunika.

Mudzayambanso ndi makhalidwe, sichoncho?

Mukubetchera. Inde, tiyeni tiyambire ndi zikhalidwe, ndipo, kutipulumutsa nthawi yochuluka, zikhulupiriro zachuma za parecon sizimangopanga malingaliro abwino azachuma, komanso ndikusintha pang'ono malingaliro abwino andale, kuti tichite izi mwachangu.

Zowonadi, ndale iyenera kubweretsa mgwirizano osati kudana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo iyenera kuyamikira ndikupanga zosiyana m'malo mosankha zosankha.

Equity ndi lingaliro lachuma lomwe limayang'anira kugawa kwa mphotho. Kwa ndale, kufanana kwa chilungamo ndi chilungamo chomwe chimakhudza kugawidwa kwa ufulu ndi maudindo, kuphatikizapo kubwezera chifukwa cha kuphwanyidwa kwa ubwino wa anthu zomwe zingaphatikizepo malipiro azinthu.

Kudzilamulira nokha ndikofunika kwambiri pazandale kuposa chuma, m'mayambiriro ake ndi malingaliro ake ndipo ndi cholinga chotheka komanso choyenera ndale.

Chifukwa chake kubwereka ndikusintha kuchokera ku parecon, chifukwa cha ndale tili ndi mgwirizano, kusiyanasiyana, chilungamo, ndi kudziwongolera zomwe zimatengera palimodzi zikutanthawuzanso zikhalidwe zina zodziwika bwino monga ufulu, kutenga nawo mbali, ndi kulolerana popanda zomwe kukwaniritsa zofunikira zinayi sikungakhale kosatheka.

Ndipo mabungwe andale, nanga bwanji iwo?

Mu lingaliro la Shalom la mabungwe abwino a ndale pali nkhani za malamulo, kuweruza, ndi kukhazikitsa pamodzi. Pamalamulo Shalom amalimbikitsa "makhonsolo okhala ndi zisa" pomwe "makhonsolo apamwamba adzaphatikiza wamkulu aliyense mdera. Chiŵerengero cha mamembala m’makhonsolo akuluakulu ameneŵa [mwinamwake] angakhale pakati pa 25 ndi 50.”

Chifukwa chake aliyense ali m'gulu limodzi la magulu andale awa, omwe ali pansi kwambiri pomwe anthu amakhala, mwina. Anthu ena amasankhidwa kukhala makhonsolo apamwamba komanso chifukwa mu masomphenya a Shalom, "khonsolo iliyonse yamapulaimale imasankha nthumwi ku khonsolo yachigawo chachiwiri" pomwe "khonsolo iliyonse yachigawo chachiwiri [idzakhalanso] ndi 20-50. nthumwi.” Ndipo izi zitha kupitiliranso, gawo lina, ndi lina, "mpaka patakhala bungwe limodzi lapamwamba la anthu onse." Nthumwi za ku khonsolo iliyonse yapamwamba “zikanaimbidwa mlandu woyesa kusonyeza malingaliro enieni a bungwe limene anachokerako.” Kumbali ina, “sanauzidwe kuti ‘umu ndi mmene muyenera kuvota,’ chifukwa akanakhala kuti anali pabwalo lalikulu limene anali kupitako silikanakhala bungwe lokambirana.”

Shalom akuganiza choncho

“chiŵerengero cha mamembala pa khonsolo iliyonse chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa pamaziko a chigamulo cha anthu onse, ndipo mwina kuunikanso malinga ndi zimene wakumana nazo, kuti akwaniritse mfundo zotsatirazi: zochepa zokwanira kutsimikizira kuti anthu angathe kutenga nawo mbali m’mabungwe okambirana. , kumene onse angathe kutengamo mbali m’kukambitsirana pamasom’pamaso; koma zazikulu mokwanira kotero kuti (1) pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana ophatikizidwa; ndipo (2) chiwerengero cha magulu a makhonsolo ofunikira kuti asamalire anthu onse chikuchepa.”

Iye akufotokoza momvekera bwino, mwinamwake mosiyana ndi malingaliro a anthu ambiri, kuti “bwalo lalikulu la 25, lokhala ndi zigawo 5, kulingalira kuti theka la chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi anthu achikulire, lingathe kuloŵa chitaganya cha anthu 19 miliyoni; khonsolo yokwana 40, idzafunikanso zigawo zisanu kuti zizikhala anthu 5 miliyoni; khonsolo ya anthu 200 ikhoza kukhala ndi anthu 50 miliyoni pofika gawo lachisanu. Ndi gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ngakhale bungwe la anthu 625 litha kukhala ndi anthu pafupifupi theka la biliyoni,” motero akupereka mlandu kuti makhonsolo ake osayanjanitsika sakhala ndi magulu ambiri kotero kuti aletsedwe pachifukwa chimenecho.

Chimachitika ndi chiyani m'mabwalo andale awa? Malamulo amakhazikitsidwa kutanthauza kuti kuvota pazikhalidwe ndi magulu amagulu kumachitika. Makhonsolo amakambirana komanso agulu. Lingaliro ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito kuyerekeza momwe kungathekere, m'malire akugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru nthawi, kufunikira kwazinthu zinazake, komanso kuchuluka kwa zovuta zomwe zingakhudzidwe, kudziyang'anira nokha popanga zisankho. Nthawi zina makhonsolo apamwamba amavota ndikusankha, nthawi zina amachita dala ndikupereka lipoti ndipo otsika amavota ndikusankha, ndi zina zotero.

Kuphatikizika kapena kusakanizikana kwa mavoti m'munsi ndi makhonsolo apamwamba ndi njira zowonetsera, kukangana, ndi kuwerengera malingaliro ndi gawo lazandale zomwe sitiyenera kuvomerezana nazo m'buku ngati ili. Shalom wayamba kuganizira za mavuto omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo mosakayikira pali zambiri zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika. Apa ndi zokwanira kunena kuti nthambi yamalamulo imamangidwa moyang'anizana ndi makhonsolo omwe ali ndi zisa ndikukambirana momasuka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotumizira uthenga, kukangana, ndi kuwerengera zokonda zomwe cholinga chake ndi kupereka onse omwe amadzilamulira okha pazosankha zomwe zimawakhudza.

Zokambirana za Shalom za udindo osati kungowerengera mavoti okha komanso kupereka nthawi, mphamvu, ndi ndalama pazovuta zandale monga gawo la njira yodzitsimikizira kudzilamulira, komanso mphamvu zoyimira ndi kulingalira zonse ndizophunzitsa kwambiri, koma kupitirira zomwe. tiyenera kuphatikiza apa.

Nanga bwanji za ntchito zogawana?

Kumbali imodzi, parecon amasamalira zambiri za izi ndipo, potero, amatithandiza kuona chomwe chiri chenicheni cha ndale pazochitika zoterezi. Ganizirani zotumiza makalata kumbali imodzi, ndikufufuza ndikuyesera kuletsa matenda omwe afalikira, kapena ganizirani ntchito zoteteza chilengedwe, ngati mukufuna.

Zonsezi zimaphatikizapo kupanga ndi kugawa zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe azachuma omwe akutenga nawo mbali, kuphatikiza malo ogwirira ntchito, malipiro olimbikira ndi kudzipereka, komanso kupanga zisankho zogawana nawo. Khonsolo ya ogwira ntchito yotumiza makalata ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi bungwe la ogwira ntchito yopangira njinga, komanso likulu la khonsolo ya ogwira ntchito yolimbana ndi matenda silili losiyana kwambiri pankhani yazachuma ndi chipatala chodziwika bwino, chimodzimodzinso bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency ndi kafukufuku wanthawi zonse.

Koma mwanjira ina zitsanzo zitatuzi ndizosiyana ndi anzawo a parecon, makamaka awiri omaliza. Post Office, CDC, ndi EPA imagwira ntchito movomerezeka ndi ndale ndikuchita ntchito zomwe ndale zimalamula. Makamaka pankhani ziwiri zomalizazi, mabungwe akuluakulu amagwira ntchito ndi ulamuliro wandale zomwe zimawalola kufufuza ndi kulanga ena pomwe magulu azachuma sangakhale ndi ufulu ndi udindo wotere.

Chifukwa chake nthambi yayikulu imayang'anira kukhazikitsa ntchito ndi maudindo omwe amalamulidwa ndi ndale zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika mkati ndi mwadongosolo lachuma chotenga nawo mbali, koma ndi ndale zofotokozera zolinga zawo komanso kupereka mphamvu zowonjezera. Ngati zikuthandizira kumvetsetsa, izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mfundo yakuti mipingo idzagwira ntchito pazachuma chifukwa cha zolowa zawo ndipo mwina zina mwazotsatira zawo, koma makamaka ndi tanthawuzo la chikhalidwe / chipembedzo, komanso mofanana ndi mabungwe ena omwe ali ndi chuma chowonjezera. logic.

Zikutheka kuti njira zopangira nthambi yoyang'anira ntchito kuti izitha kulamulira zolinga zake ndikukhazikitsa njira zosatha zoyang'anira ndikuzikwaniritsa zitha kukhala za nthambi yamalamulo, mbali imodzi, ndi parecon mbali inayo, komanso kukhazikitsa mabungwe ngati CDC. , ndi zina.

Koma nanga bwanji bwalo lamilandu?

Monga momwe Shalom akunenera, “Nthawi zambiri makhoti amayang’anizana ndi mitundu itatu ya nkhaŵa: kubwereza makhoti (kodi malamulowo ali olungama?), chilungamo chaupandu (kodi pali anthu enaake amene anaswa malamulowo?), ndi chiweruzo cha anthu (motani mmene mikangano pakati pa anthu imathetsedwa?).”

Kwa Shalom woyamba amapereka makhothi mochulukirapo kapena mochepera monga momwe khothi lalikulu limagwirira ntchito pano, ndi magawo m'makhonsolo omwe amaweruza mikangano yomwe imabwera pazisankho za khonsolo. Kodi iyi ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri kapena yokhayo ndipo ingapangidwe kuti ipititse patsogolo kudziwongolera? Sindikudziwa. Ndithudi, m’pofunika kuganiziridwa mosamala kwambiri.

Pantchito yachiwiri kuphatikiza nkhani zaupandu komanso kuweruza anthu, a Shalom akufunsira makhothi modzichepetsa mosiyana ndi zomwe tili nazo pano kuphatikiza apolisi omwe ali ndi malo ogwirira ntchito, amasangalala ndi malipiro chifukwa cha khama ndi kudzipereka, ndi zina zotero.

Zokhudza kukhala ndi ntchito yapolisi ndi mphamvu m'dera labwino-zomwe zimakhala zotsutsana kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri kuposa nkhani za makhothi, ndi zina zotero.-Ndimagwirizana ndi Shalom, ndipo sindikuwona njira ina iliyonse kapena vuto lililonse lomwe silingatheke. Padzakhala umbanda pakati pa anthu abwino, nthawi zina zachiwawa komanso zoipa kwambiri, ndipo kufufuza ndi kulanda olakwa kudzakhala nkhani zazikulu zomwe zimafuna luso lapadera. Choncho, zikuwoneka zoonekeratu kuti anthu ena adzachita ntchito yotereyi ndi malamulo apadera ndi mawonekedwe, mosakayikira, kuti atsimikizire kuti azichita bwino komanso mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, monga momwe anthu ena amathera nthawi yawo yogwira ntchito poyendetsa ndege kapena ndege. kugwira ntchito zina zovuta ndi zovuta ndi malamulo apadera ndi mawonekedwe, mosakayikira, chifukwa cha makhalidwe apadera a ntchito ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda bwino.

Lingaliro losiyana loti apolisi sangakhale ofunikira amangochotsa umbanda popanda chifukwa chilichonse chochitira zimenezo. Zoonadi, m’chitaganya chabwino chokhala ndi anthu ambiri zifukwa zambiri zaupandu zapita ndipo zigawenga zikuoneka kukhala zocheperapo, koma sizikutanthauza kuti sipadzakhala konse. Ndipo lingaliro lakuti apolisi adzafunika koma akhoza kuchitidwa mwaufulu kwathunthu sapanga nzeru kuposa kunena kuti ndege zowuluka zidzafunika koma zikhoza kuchitika mwaufulu. Zimalephera kuzindikira kuti upolisi, makamaka upolisi wofunika, umaphatikizapo luso lapadera ndi chidziwitso. Ikulephera kuzindikira kufunika kophunzitsidwa kuti apewe zoyipa zogwiritsa ntchito molakwika udindo wa apolisi. Ndipo imawonjezera kuopsa kwa apolisi omwe ali ndi ntchito yapadera, kuiwala kuti ali ndi ntchito zoyenerera, malipiro ochita khama ndi kudzipereka, ndi njira zodzipangira okha zisankho, komanso zopinga zambiri pazantchito zawo, monga momwe oyendetsa ndege amachitira, kapena madokotala, ndi zina.

Chifukwa chake si apolisi, koma makhothi ndi oyimira milandu ndi oweruza ndi gawo limodzi lamilandu yomwe ndimadzipeza kuti sindikutsimikiza.

Kumbali imodzi, chitsanzo cha advocate chimamveka. Sitikufuna kuti anthu azidzitchinjiriza kuti amene amachita bwino apindule kwambiri ndi amene sali bwino. Chifukwa chake tikufuna maloya ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso ozenga milandu omwe akupezeka kwa onse omwe akutsutsana nawo. Tikufunanso olimbikitsawa kuti ayesetse, ndithudi. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo lamulo loti ozenga milandu ndi oimira milandu akuyenera kufunafuna chigamulo chabwino mosasamala kanthu kuti akuganiza kuti ndi wolakwa kapena wosalakwa wa woimbidwa mlanduyo ndipo mwanjira ina iliyonse yomwe angapereke chifukwa izi zidzapereka mwayi waukulu wa zotsatira zoona. zimandichititsa chidwi, mwanjira zina, monga lamulo loti wochita zachuma aliyense azifunafuna kudzikonda payekha chifukwa izi zidzabweretsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Koma ponena za momwe ndingasinthire kapena kusintha kuphatikiza kwa makhothi, oweruza, oweruza milandu, ndi kuimira mwaukali, kupatula pa nkhani zomwe matanthauzidwe azachuma amawonetsa, ndilibe malingaliro abwino.

 

Kodi parpolity iyi idzagwira ntchito ndi parecon, ndi vice vera?

Milton Friedman, wa mbali yakumanja ya yunivesite ya Chicago yochokera ku yunivesite ya Chicago yochokera ku Noble wopeza mphotho ya Noble katswiri wazachuma wotchuka kwambiri, akunena kuti "zowoneka ngati njira yofikitsira ufulu wandale, makonzedwe azachuma ndi ofunikira chifukwa chakukhudzidwa kwake pakuyika kapena kufalikira kwa mphamvu." Ndipo izi ndi zoona mokwanira. Ndipo zowonadi mabungwe azachuma ndiwofunikiranso momwe amatiphunzitsira kuti titenge nawo mbali pazisankho ngati ofanana kapena kukhala odekha ngati ogonjera komanso momwe amatithandizira kuti tipeze maluso ndi zizolowezi zakukhudzidwa ndi kupanga zisankho kapena m'malo mwa njira. amachepetsa luso ndi zizolowezi zimenezo.

Friedman anawonjezera kuti “mtundu wa bungwe lazachuma limene limapereka ufulu wachuma mwachindunji, ndiko kuti, ukapitalizimu wopikisana, umalimbikitsanso ufulu wa ndale zadziko chifukwa chakuti umalekanitsa mphamvu yazachuma ndi mphamvu zandale ndipo mwa njira imeneyi umatheketsa wina kutsutsa winayo.”

Izi, komabe, mosiyana ndi zomwe Friedman adaziwona kale, ndi amodzi mwamawu opusa kwambiri pazandale kapena zachuma. Motsutsana ndi lingaliro la Friedman, chowonadi nchakuti chuma cha chikapitalist chimatulutsa malo akuluakulu amphamvu zokhazikika m'mabungwe ake ndi zigawo zawo zolamulira. Zowonadi, zimapanganso zisudzo zofooka za atomized mwa mawonekedwe a ogwira ntchito osakhazikika komanso osalumikizidwa ndi ogula. Kuphatikiza apo, imapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zomasulira mphamvu zamabizinesi kukhala zandale kudzera pakuwongolera kulumikizana, zambiri, ndindalama zopangira zisankho komanso zofuna zamakampani zopangidwa ndi akuluakulu andale komanso mothandizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha kulanda chuma. Pomaliza, imatsimikiziranso kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa atomization ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ogwira ntchito kumalimbikitsidwanso ndi kusokoneza atolankhani komanso kulekanitsa zandale zomwe zidakonzedweratu.

Chotsatira cha zonsezi ndi chakuti makampani okopa alendo ndi anthu osankhika amasankha kwambiri zolinga za ndale ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zisankho zisankhe pakati pa olamulira osankhika omwe amasiyana m'mene angasungire mwayi wawo wosankhika komanso ubwino wake. Anthu ambiri satenga nawo mbali paziwonetserozi ndipo mwa omwe amatenga nawo mbali ambiri alibe mwayi wina kupatula kungosankha mobwerezabwereza zoipa.

Parpolity, mosiyana ndi zikhalidwe za capitalism, imafuna chuma chomwe sichikweza ochita masewera ena ku maudindo amphamvu kuposa ena koma chomwe m'malo mwake chimaphunzitsira anthu kutenga nawo mbali, kudzilamulira, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mgwirizano kuti asangalale ndi zipatso za zotheka zake zandale ndi zosankha zake pagulu.

Zofuna za Parpolity komanso zimathandizira kutulutsa nzika zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zofananira, zokonda kutengerapo mbali, komanso zizolowezi zofanana za chikhalidwe ndi mgwirizano - ndipo zomwezi zitha kunenedwanso parecon.

Momwemonso gulu limafunikira komanso limathandizira kutulutsa nzika zomwe zikuyembekezera komanso kuphunzira kupititsa patsogolo ndikupindula ndi njira zoyendetsera zinthu zawo mogwirizana ndi kupindula kwawo ndikulemekeza zosowa ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe ndi zoona kwa aparecon.

Parecon ndi parpolity ali ndi mapangidwe olandirika othandizana nawo pamabungwe ochezera. Mfundo yofananayi yofuna kupeza zotsatira zabwino komanso zochitika m'malo ogwirizana komanso osiyanasiyana mothandizidwa ndi anthu omwe akhudzidwawo ndi omwe akhudzidwawo, ndikukonza gulu lililonse la mabungwe.

Ngati tiganiza za parpolity kapena parecon ngati mtundu wa chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amatenga nawo mbali ndikutumiza ochita masewera tsiku lililonse kukhudza malingaliro awo, zizolowezi, magawo akukwaniritsidwa, maluso, chidziwitso, luso, ndi zomwe amakonda, tikuwona kuti chilichonse mwa izi. mbali za moyo zimafuna ndi kutulutsa zomwe gawo lina la moyo limapereka ndi zosowa.

Zowonadi, kudzera pamawonekedwe omwe aliyense amapereka kwa wina, gulu ndi parecon zimalumikizana mosavuta kuti zikhale "chuma chandale" popanda makalasi komanso opanda utsogoleri, kupereka mgwirizano, kusiyanasiyana, chilungamo / chilungamo, komanso kudzilamulira.

Nanga zotsatira zake pakali pano, kuchokera ku parpolity?

Monga momwe masomphenya a ndale alipo, tiyeni tinene kukonzedwa kokonzedwa bwino komanso komveka bwino kwa Parpolity, zikuyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zotani pazandale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pakali pano?

Tanthauzo lalikulu liyenera kukhala ndi magawo awiri omenyera ufulu - zomwe timafuna ndi momwe timadzipangira tokha. Pazimene timafuna, kukhala ndi masomphenya a ndale mwachiyembekezo kudzatiuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe tingafunike pakalipano.

Ndiko kuti, tingayesetse kupambana kusintha kwa maboma ndi ndale zomwe zikuwonetseratu ndikupita ku malingaliro a parpolity. Izi zingaphatikizepo kusintha kwa mavoti monga kuthamangitsidwa pompopompo, kusintha njira zoyankhulirana monga kuonjezeredwa kwa mawailesi owulutsa mawu ndi mikangano, kusintha kwa nthambi za akuluakulu okhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa mapologalamu kuphatikiza kuyang'anira anthu, ndi kusintha kwa makhothi komwe sindikudziwa momwe ndingachitire. ngakhale wapamtima.

Pamene mayendedwe akumenyera kusintha mu njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zomwe zikuyenera kudziwitsa kusankha kwa zolinga. Choyamba, ayenera kuyesetsa kupeza kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu. Chachiwiri, komabe, ayenera kuyesetsa kupambana kusintha komwe kumapatsa mphamvu anthu kuti apambane phindu lochulukirapo komanso zomwe zimaphunzitsa ndikulimbikitsa anthu kufuna kutero.

Pazigawo zonse ziwiri, poyang'ana mbali za masomphenya andale omwe akufuna, tiyenera kuzindikira kusintha kwamasiku ano komwe kungapindulitse anthu, kupatsa mphamvu anthu, kulimbikitsa anthu, komanso kutsogolera ku tsogolo la ndale lomwe tikufuna.

Koma gawo lachiwiri la tanthauzo la masomphenya a ndale pa zomwe zikuchitika pano ndi zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Ngati tikufuna kuti ndale zam'tsogolo zikhale ndi mbali zina ndi katundu, ndithudi tiyenera kuyesa ndi kuphatikizira mbalizo ndi katundu muzochitika zathu zamakono, momwe tingathere.

Mwanjira ina, mayendedwe athu akuyenera kukweza mgwirizano, kusiyanasiyana, chilungamo, ndi machitidwe awo andale. Mikhalidwe yomwe timagwira ntchito masiku ano ndi yovuta ndipo mosiyana ndi anthu amtsogolo, ndithudi. Komabe tanthauzo la masomphenya a ndale ndi loti tiyenera kuyesetsa kupanga magulu ogwirizana ndi anthu omwe amachokera ku udzu ndi kutenga nawo mbali, komanso kumanganso magulu a makhonsolo kuti apange zisankho, mwamsanga komanso momwe tingathere.

Pamene masomphenya a ndale akukhala okakamiza komanso ogawana nawo, zotsatira za momwe angaweruzire mikangano ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. mu zoyesayesa zathu.

Ndiroleni ndipereke phunziro limodzi lokha. Nthawi zambiri, mayendedwe amasiku ano amakhala ndi mitundu iwiri. Iwo mwina ndi nkhani imodzi ndipo amakhudza kwambiri bungwe lolimbana ndi malipiro kapena chisamaliro chaumoyo kapena ufulu wa amayi kusankha, ndi zina zotero. Kapena ndi migwirizano yopangidwa ndi mabungwe ambiri otere omwe amalumikizana pazokambirana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino. Koma mayendedwe athu nthawi zambiri sakhala magulu otakata komanso osiyanasiyana a anthu omwe amalemekeza malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndikugwira ntchito limodzi mogwira mtima ngakhale pokondwerera kusiyana kwawo.

Kugawika kwa kayendetsedwe kathu kukhala zoyeserera ndi migwirizano yomwe imabisa kusiyana ndi kubwera ndikupita ndi zochitika zimangofanana ndi anthu abwino kapena ndale. Sikuti m'tsogolomu sipadzakhala anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa imodzi, kapena mabungwe omwe akuyang'ana kwambiri, kapena mgwirizano, onse omwe akubwera ndi kutuluka m'mafashoni. Ndizoti chitaganya chabwino sichidzasinthidwa kwenikweni mwanjira yotereyi. M'malo mwake lidzakhala gulu la anthu onse omwe amalemekezedwa komanso ophatikizidwa.

Ngati gulu liyenera kukhala cholozera komanso sukulu ya anthu atsopano, ndiye kuti siliyenera kukhala lokhazikika monga momwe mayendedwe athu alili - koma ayenera kuphatikiza kusiyana, kuthana nawo ngati kuli kofunikira, ndipo potero zikhala zonse. champhamvu.

Nayi njira imodzi yotheka. Tiyerekeze kuti m'malo mongopanga migwirizano yomwe idapangidwa mozungulira mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zidagwirizana, gulu lophatikizana linapangidwanso, gulu losuntha, kapena mwina tinganene kuti gulu losintha (osati mgwirizano). Izi zitha kukhala mgwirizano wa mabungwe onse, mapulojekiti, magulu, ndi mamembala awo, ndipo mwinanso membala aliyense payekhapayekha, omwe amatsata zofunikira ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana komanso zikhalidwe zamabungwe, kuphatikiza ndikuphatikiza zosiyana zambiri.

Bloc idzatenga utsogoleri wake pazambiri zomwe ikuyang'ana kwambiri kuchokera kwa omwe akugwira ntchito mwachindunji m'madera-kuchokera kumagulu a amayi pa nkhani za jenda, kuchokera kumagulu akuda ndi a Latino okhudza mtundu, kuchokera kumagulu odana ndi nkhondo okhudza mtendere, kuchokera kuntchito komanso zachuma mwachindunji. mayendedwe okhudza nkhani zachuma, ndi zina zotero. M'malo moti gulu lonse likhale gawo laling'ono la gulu lirilonse, lonse lingakhale chiwerengero chonse cha magulu onse, zotsutsana ndi zonse (monga momwe gulu liliri). Gulu la gululi lingakhale gulu latsopano muubwana. Mabungwe ake amkati ndi ntchito zake zitha kuwonetsa zokhumba zathu za gulu latsopano lomwe tikufuna.

Mulimonsemo, ndemanga zina pazankhani zonsezi zidzawonekera m'mitu yamtsogolo yokhudzana ndi ndale. Koma pakadali pano, zonena zovuta, zomwe zikuyenera kuyesedwa kwathunthu, ndikuti ngakhale vuto lolingalira zandale zomwe zikuyenda bwino likupitilirabe ndipo sitingadziwe bwino mpaka titatsika, komabe zikuwoneka kuti titha kukhala. ndi chidaliro chokwanira kuti chuma chotenga nawo mbali chimabweretsa anthu ndi mikhalidwe yomwe ingathandize kuti chilungamo cha ndale chikhale chotsatira komanso kutsatira zofunikira zake.

Chotsatira Chotsatira: Wotsutsa