Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of mass resistance movements in third world countries today. The landless peoples’ movement in Brazil, the anti-dam movement in India, the Zapatistas in Mexico, the Anti-Privatization Forum in South Africa, and hundreds of others, are fighting their own sovereign governments, which have become agents of the neo-liberal project. Most of these are radical struggles, fighting to change the structure and chosen model of development of their own societies. Then there are those fighting formal and brutal neocolonial occupations in contested territories whose boundaries and fault lines were often arbitrarily drawn last century by the imperialist powers. In Palestine, Tibet, Chechnya, Kashmir, and several states in India’s northeast provinces, people are waging struggles for self-determination. Several of these struggles might have been radical, even revolutionary when they began, but often the brutality of the repression they face pushes them into conservative, even retrogressive spaces in which they use the same violent strategies and the same language of religious and cultural nationalism used by the states they seek to replace. Many of the foot soldiers in these struggles will find, like those who fought apartheid in South Africa, that once they overcome overt occupation, they will be left with another battle on their hands – a battle against covert economic colonialism.
B'mod ġenerali, illum hemm żewġ tipi ta 'movimenti ta' reżistenza tal-massa fil-pajjiżi tat-tielet dinja. Th…
Arundhati Roy (imwieled fl-24 ta' Novembru, 1961) huwa rumanzier Indjan, attivist u ċittadin dinji. Hija rebħet il-Premju Booker fl-1997 għall-ewwel rumanz tagħha The God of Small Things. Roy twieled fi Shillong, Meghalaya minn omm Kristjana Sirjana Keralite u missier Hindu Bengali, li jħawwel it-te bi professjoni. Hija qattgħet tfulitha f'Aymanam, f'Kerala, tagħmel skola f'Corpus Christi. Ħalqet minn Kerala lejn Delhi fl-eta’ ta’ 16-il sena, u daħlet għal stil ta’ ħajja bla dar, toqgħod f’għarix żgħira b’saqaf tal-landa fil-ħitan ta’ Feroz Shah Kotla ta’ Delhi u għajxien billi tbiegħ fliexken vojta. Imbagħad kompliet tistudja l-arkitettura fl-Iskola tal-Arkitettura ta’ Delhi, fejn iltaqgħet mal-ewwel żewġha, il-perit Gerard Da Cunha.The God of Small Things huwa l-uniku rumanz miktub minn Roy. Minn mindu rebħet il-Premju Booker, hija kkonċentrat il-kitba tagħha fuq kwistjonijiet politiċi. Dawn jinkludu l-proġett Narmada Dam, l-Armi Nukleari tal-Indja, l-attivitajiet tal-kumpanija tal-enerġija korrotta Enron fl-Indja. Hija figura-kap tal-moviment kontra l-globalizzazzjoni/alter-globalizzazzjoni u kritika vehement tan-neo-imperialiżmu. Bi tweġiba għall-ittestjar tal-armi nukleari tal-Indja f'Pokhran, Rajasthan, Roy kiteb The End of Imagination, kritika tal-Indjan. politiki nukleari tal-gvern. Ġie ppubblikat fil-kollezzjoni tagħha L-Għoli tal-Ħajja, li fiha wkoll għamlet kruċjati kontra l-proġetti ta’ digi idroelettriċi massivi tal-Indja fl-istati ċentrali u tal-punent ta’ Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh u Gujarat. Minn dakinhar iddedikat ruħha biss għan-nonfiction u l-politika, u ppubblikat żewġ kollezzjonijiet oħra ta’ esejs kif ukoll ħadmet għal kawżi soċjali. 2004 ħadet sehem fit-Tribunal Dinji dwar l-Iraq. F'Jannar 2005 hija ngħatat il-premju Sahitya Akademi għall-kollezzjoni tagħha ta' esejs, 'The Algebra of Infinite Justice', iżda rrifjutat li taċċettah.