Tamin’ny enina ora maraina, tamin’ny 15 Jona 2000, dia nisy lehilahy iray nahatsikaritra ny fakantsarinay tamin’ny televizionay ary nanondro teny ampitan’ny arabe. Ao amin'ity faritra misy trano fonenan'i Ciudad Juarez ity, vehivavy iray nandry tsy nihetsika teo amin'ny arabe. Rehefa naka sary an-tsary ny endriny tsy misy dikany izahay dia tonga ihany koa ny polisy teo an-toerana sy ny fitsarana (manam-pahefana federaly mpanao famotorana). Efa nanomboka nisakafo teo amin’ny masony sy ny orony ary ny rà nandriaka teo amin’ny takolany ny lalitra. Nisy mangana manga-mainty teo amin’ny masony ary misy marika mena teo amin’ny tendany. Noheverin'ny polisy fa ekipan'ny fahitalavitra El Paso izahay rehefa nopotehiny tamin'ny pensilihazo ny vatan'ilay faty. Ny iray dia nilaza hoe: "vehivavy misy fery sy hematoma amin'ny tarehy sy ny vatana." Nisy iray hafa nanoratra. Avy eo dia nofonosiny plastika ny fatin’ilay ramatoa ary nariany tao anaty sarety hena. Nilaza ny polisy teny an-toerana, tao anaty fiaran’izy ireo, fa “sarotra tratra ireo jiolahy. Tena mahay izy ireo.”
Hatramin'ny 1993, tsy nisy nanakana ny famonoana vehivavy tao Juarez ny manampahefana Meksikana. Tonga hamonjy izao i Hollywood. Ao amin'ny “Bordertown”, Jennifer Lopez, mpanao gazety malaza, dia manadihady momba ny famonoana vehivavy mahantra maherin'ny 400 – ary, eny, tsy hanambara ny fiafarany izahay. Ho vitan'i J.Lo ao anatin'ny adiny roa amin'ny efijery mampientam-po izay tsy vitan'ny polisy Meksikana tao anatin'ny 14 taona tena polisy tany Meksika? Imbetsaka ny manampahefana Juarez no “nisambotra ilay olon-dratsy”.
In late February 2007, Chihuahua state police arrested a man who said he witnessed the kidnapping, rape, and murder of at least 17 women from 1993 to 2003. He identified the killers as a childhood friend and his accomplice. During the trial, however, Alejandro Delgado recanted and told the court that police had pressured him to lie about witnessing the gruesome events. If he didn’t testify, he said, he feared authorities would send both he and his wife to prison. (Associated Press Feb 2, 2007)
Four years earlier, Juarez officials arrested two bus drivers, who confessed to committing the Juarez murders. Photos of the two in local newspapers showed men with heavily swollen faces. According to police, the drivers had picked up young maquila workers from industrial areas and driven them to remote desert areas where they raped and mutilated them. The two subsequently claimed police had tortured them; they too recanted.
Nahoana no lasa paradisan'ny mpamono olona ny pueblito natory taloha izay nampiasain'i Pancho Villa sy ny olony ho foibe indraindray nandritra ny Revolisiona Meksikana?
Mety ho hita ao amin'ny dingan'ny indostrian'ny indostria haingana sy mikorontana ny Ciudad Juarez. Miaraka amin'ny sary sy lahatsoratra, i Charles Bowden dia nanoritsoritra ny metamorphose an'ny tanàna avy amin'ny toerana misy fifamatorana ara-pianakaviana sy ara-tsosialy akaiky mankany amin'ny toeram-piompiana ho an'ny ambanin'ny tany maizina, izay nahitana ireo mpanao trafikana rongony mahery setra nivarotra ny entany manerana ny sisintany mankany Texas sy New Mexico, ary tamin'izany fotoana izany. , orinasa transnational dia nanokatra maquilas na maquiladoras, orinasa sy orinasa assemblée.
Nanolotra karama kely i Meksika nefa mpiasa manana fitsipi-pifehezana sy salama, hetra kely ary lalàna mifehy ny tontolo iainana. (Laboratory of our Future. Aperture Press, 1998) Rehefa nanao an'i Meksika ho mpiara-miombon'antoka NAFTA i Etazonia sy Kanada tamin'ny 1994 ary nanafoana ny sarany, dia nahasarika vehivavy ambanivohitra an-tapitrisany maro kokoa ny “maquila” efa miroborobo mba hanatevin-daharana ny mpiasa an-drenivohitra. Saingy ny mpanao propagandy NAFTA dia tsy niresaka momba ny vatana vehivavy nopotehina tany an-tany efitra manodidina.
Nandritra ny taompolo 1990, ny polisy Meksikana dia nirona hanilika ny famonoana miaraka amin'ny fanondroana ny fivarotana zava-mahadomelina tsy nety, na ny fivarotan-tena milaza famaizana. Saingy maro amin'ireo mponina eo amin'ny 2 tapitrisa eo ho eo ao Juarez no tsy nanaiky izany fikorontanana izany. Noheverin'izy ireo ho toerana fitehirizana ireo niharam-boina ny Tany Efitr'i Juarez, fa tsy mpivaro-tena toa an'i Jack the Ripper no kendren'i Jack the Ripper, fa vehivavy, izay vao 15 taona sy XNUMX taona, no tonga vao haingana avy any ambanivohitra. Tonga hitady asa amin'ny orinasa ireo tovovavy ireo. Namoy ny asa fambolena ambany karamany izy ireo rehefa nanampy ny orinasam-pambolena amerikana hamongotra ireo tantsaha Meksikana kely tamin'ny alàlan'ny fanamaivanana azy ireo ny “varotana malalaka”, dia nitady ny hany asa azo tany Meksika izy ireo.
The women made an urban life change, which initially produced a feeling of independence unknown in their tightly knit, traditionally male dominated rural families. Some women became primary breadwinners. The transformation from rural to urban, field to factory, broke the social fabric of traditional Mexican society. The change in gender roles, which empowered some women, made others more vulnerable.
Ny sarimihetsika Hollywood, mazava ho azy, dia misoroka ny fahatapahana akademika toy izany izay mety hanakana ny fanarahana ny script mampientam-po. Victor Quintana, kandidà PRD (Antoko Revolisionera Demokraty) tamin'ny 2006 ary Profesora momba ny Fifandraisana ara-tsosialy ao amin'ny Anjerimanontolon'i Juarez, dia nilaza ny herisetra tamin'ny toeram-pambolena noho ny fifindrana amin'ny orinasa. Rehefa lasa mpikarama ny zatovovavy dia lasa mpamatsy voalohany ny zanany ihany koa izy ireo. Matetika izy ireo no tsy nila vady, indrindra fa ny tsy an’asa sy ny fanararaotana.
This phenomenon became common in the newly industrialized towns along the US border, Juarez being the largest. When women began earning wages almost as high as men’s, mass marital crisis erupted. Divorce and separation rates in Mexico skyrocketed in the years following the entrance of women into the maquila job sector. Zona Latina, which produces family statistics for Latin America, found that while divorce rates grew significantly, separation rates almost doubled. Separation does not entail the costly procedures involved in divorce. (zonalatina.com/zldata) Women’s increased earning capacity led them to demand greater, if not equal participation in family decisions, thereby threatening customary male roles. Because women spent less time at home and depended less on men’s household salaries, some actually chose to live alone. Even those that remained married had greater sexual mobility than farm wives, even under the watchful eye of husband or father.
Socially progressive Mexican women welcomed the change; it weakened “machismo.” The Catholic Church and conservative political groups, however, feared such developments would contribute to the deterioration of the fabric that held together Mexican families. Some traditionalist Catholics accused working women of abandoning their families.
Raha ny marina, nisy vehivavy sasany nanao sy nandao ny zanany irery rehefa nandeha niasa; matetika izy ireo dia tsy afaka miverina ara-potoana mba hanomana sakafo hariva ho an’ny vadiny. Ireo zava-misy ireo dia mamaritra ny tontolo an-tanàn-dehibe vaovao. An'izao tontolo izao tsy misy intsony ny “fitondran-tena” an'ireo mpitsikera. Raha tokony hanome tsiny ireo orinasa iraisam-pirenena ho nanafika an'i Meksika sy nanangona tovovavy an-tapitrisa ho amin'ny sehatry ny famokarana (fanatontoloana) izy ireo, dia manondro ny fiampangana ireo vehivavy tsirairay izay niharan'ny fahadisoam-pitondran-tena ary nisafidy ny hiasa tao amin'ny orinasa fa tsy ho faty mosary. Urban Juarez tamin'ny 2007 dia midika hoe famonoana vehivavy toy ny hoe toeram-pivarotana eny rehetra eny.
Invoking “moral” explanations or indicting “Mexican machismo” as the culprit of 400 actual murders become acts of avoidance. Yes, men have traditionally played breadwinner roles; with women at home with children. This status quo has “required” men to sometimes use violence to maintain control of women. Indeed, physical force or the threat of it, served as a means of household governance, a pillar in the establishment of the society itself.
But this behavior is a far cry from mass murder. It does, however, contribute to an attitude among some men of all classes. They revert to the “who cares: it’s only slutty women getting killed” excuse for police inaction. Even in the film, a woman reporter fights such disgusting displays of male weakness to unearth the slimy plotters. In the cantinas conversation often assumes that working women are “easy” — promiscuous — and thus deserving of abuse. We observed men driving around the industrial parks just as women finished their shifts. Some made provocative remarks, honked horns and offered rides.
The maquila culture has changed Mexican culture in several ways. It has made poor women into consumers. Advertisers encourage the young factory workers to spend their paychecks on personal items. Ads promote social life with friends from the factory – where they can all have drinks. If they choose a pastime that involves drinking or drug consumption it puts them at a greater risk for criminals and predators seeking to take advantage of them. Women with little education and lacking in urban experience can easily get lost – not only emotionally — in mass consumption lifestyle. Almost a decade and a half after the first mutilated women’s bodies were found in the Juarez desert, a new threat to justice emerges; if the murderers are not brought to trial very soon, they will go free since Mexico’s statute of limitations for murder is 14 years. On June 14, 1993 Guadalupe Salas’ mutilated and decomposing body was discovered. The Salas family now has no hope of seeing their daughter’s killer brought to trial.
“If a rich girl got murdered,” said the mother of Sagrario Gonzalez Flores, murdered and mutilated in 1999, “the police would stop at nothing to find the killer. But we’re poor people. What have we got to offer them? Only our pestering.” Did gang initiations, narco-trafficking or prostitution cause mass deaths? Or do the killers of the mutilated women sell their organs? Are the police involved in this macabre affair? Will J. Lo provide the answers? At least, millions of filmgoers will become aware of this tragedy. Some will take away vicarious satisfaction as they do from most films. That’s better than what the Mexican police, with FBI help, have offered.
Saul Landau and Sonia Angulo Chaidez made “Maquila,” a 60 minute film shot in Juarez in 2000, available on DVD from roundworldproductions@gmail.com.
