Ụfọdụ akụkụ nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi ebutewo nnukwu ihe mgbochi nye mbibi nke ike ụlọ ọrụ na ndị nlekọta alaeze ukwu ha na-ebibi ndụ. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, akụkụ ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta na mgbasa ozi nke ọma nke mmegharị ahụ arụwokwa ọrụ dị egwu n'imebi ikike nnwere onwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi iji meju ọdịmma ndị eze. Otu gburugburu ebe obibi dabara nke ọma n'ime ụdị ikpeazụ a nke "ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi" gụnyere ndị a na-akpọkọta ọnụ dị ka Big Green, ma ọ bụ otu nke iri, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ naanị ọrụ nke otu onye n'ime otu ndị a ma ama, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) , a ga-enyocha n'isiokwu a. (Maka nkọwa zuru oke nke atụmatụ enyi na enyi WWF, lee edemede m na nso nso a "Mgbọrọgwụ Philanthropic nke gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ, " Swans, Nọvemba 3, 2008.)
Nkwenye nke ọdịdị nke alaeze ukwu nke ọtụtụ ndị a na-akpọ òtù na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, n'ụzọ na-emegiderịta onwe ha, akwalitela nke ọma site n'aka ndị na-akọwa mgbanwe. Ya mere bi ọkà mmụta na Center for Defence of Free Enterprise, Paul Nwokocha, bipụtara akwụkwọ na-ese okwu na nso nso a aha ya Eco-Imperialism: Green Power Black Death (Meril Press, 2003). Ọ bụ ya dere okwu mmalite nke akwụkwọ Driessen Niger Innis, onye nkwuchite ọnụ mba nke otu ndị na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ maka ikike obodo Congress of Racial Equality - otu nzukọ nke dabara ugbu a n'ime "wayo"ụlọ ọrụ n'ihu otu. N'okwu mmeghe ya, Innis kwuru otú:
"Mgbagharị echiche gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ụlọ ọrụ US dị ike nke na-eme ijeri $ 4 kwa afọ, gorilla mba ụwa na-adị ijeri $8 kwa afọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu ya nwere oke gburugburu ebe obibi, na-etinyekwa uru dị elu karịa anụ ọhịa na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi karịa na ọganihu mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna ndụ mmadụ. Ha nwere egwu miri emi na ịkpọasị nke nnukwu azụmahịa, teknụzụ, kemịkalụ, plastik, mmanụ ọkụ na biotechnology - ha na-ekwusi ike na ụwa ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ịnakwere ma na-ebi ndụ dịka egwu na echiche ha siri dị. Ha bụ ndị nna ukwu n'iji sayensị junk, ụzọ egwu egwu, iyi egwu, na ebubo akụ na ụba na ahụike adịgboroja iji nweta ike ka ukwuu. " (pdf)
Innis ziri ezi n'ịhụ na mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ọtụtụ ijeri dollar, ma dị ka Driessen, ọ kpachapụrụ anya akọwapụta otú ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi kacha ike na nke ọma kwadoro na-akwọ ụlọ ọrụ a aka aka na nnukwu azụmahịa na eze ukwu. ọchịchị. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi na-ama aka siri ike maka ikike ụlọ ọrụ na-enweta obere ego sitere n'aka ọha ma ọ bụ ọbụna maka nke ahụ site na ntọala liberal na-aga n'ihu. N'ihi ya, ekwenyere m na Innis na Driessen na akụkụ kacha mma na-enweta ego nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ekwukarị na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-akwalite eco-imperialism, mana nke a abụghị n'ihi na ha na-ama mmasị ndị ọkachamara siri ike, kama n'ihi na ha na-ejere ha ozi otú ahụ. nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2007 ego WWF Global Networks bụ ijeri US $ 0.8; ya mere, o kwesịghị iju gị anya na otu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ dị ike na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị tọrọ ntọala, ma ndị otu ndị ahụ na-akwado ego ugbu a, kwesịrị ibu ụzọ kwalite ọdịmma ndị isi obodo n'okpuru mkpuchi nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Maka ihe ndị ọzọ na nke a, lee Elaine Dewar dere akwụkwọ ala ala Cloak of Green: Njikọ dị n'etiti otu igodo gburugburu ebe obibi, gọọmentị na nnukwu azụmahịa (Lorimer, 1995).
WWF nwere ụlọ ọrụ ugbu a n'ihe karịrị mba 90 gburugburu ụwa, yabụ iji kọwaa nkenke ọdịdị alaeze ukwu nke mbọ "nchekwa" ha isiokwu a na-elekwasị anya naanị n'ụdị esemokwu nke ọnụnọ ha na Mongolia bara ọgaranya.
Maka ndị na-amaghị, Mongolia bụ ebe ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-egwuputa ihe na-eri anụ ebumnobi n'ịkwakọrọ akụ ndị sitere n'okike na ọnụ ahịa dị nta, nke na-adịkarị nhata na ọnụ ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba. Ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịpụta site n'ịgbapụta akụ na Mongolia pụtara ìhè karịsịa n'ihi ọnụnọ nke aha ọjọọ Robert "Toxic Bob" Friedland na Board of Directors nke North America-Mongolia Business Council - otu nke n'afọ 1992 nwetara onyinye n'atụghị egwu site na National Endowment for Democracy, afọ nke WWF malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Mongolia.
Webụsaịtị WWF kwuru na "isi iyi egwu" n'ihe gbasara nchekwa nchekwa ha kwuru na Mongolia gụnyere:
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Ịchụ nta na ịzụ ahịa anụ ọhịa na-akwadoghị
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Mmiri mmiri na owuwe ihe ubi nke mmiri na-adịghị adịgide adịgide
N'ezie, owuwe ihe ubi nke mmiri na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, itinye kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu, na mmebi ala bụ ihe omume niile na-ejikọta ya na Ngwuputa, n'ihi ya, ọ dabara na "WWF siri ike na-akwado omume ngwuputa ihe maka uto ziri ezi na Mongolia. " Na nke a, webụsaịtị WWF na-ekwu na ọrụ ha kacha ọhụrụ iji kwalite Ngwuputa Ngwuputa bụ
nke haNleba anya nrụrụ aka ọha na ngalaba Ngwuputa Ngwuputa Mongolian” (pdf) oru ngo, nke emere n’etiti Disemba 2006 na Disemba 2007 (lee. akụkọ ikpeazụ, pdf). Ngosipụta oru ngo WWF na-ekwu ka otu abụọ siri kwado ọrụ a, ndị Developmentlọ Ego Ego Asia, na nke kacha mara amara Partnership for Transparency Fund. Ya mere, iji nweta echiche nke ụdị otu ndị WWF na-arụkọ ọrụ ugbu a iji kwado nsonaazụ ngwuputa "na-adigide" na Mongolia ngalaba na-esote ga-ewebata nkenke nke Partnership for Transparency Fund.
Dabere na US, ndị Mmekọrịta maka ego nghọta e hiwere na 2000 site na nkwado ego sitere na ntọala philanthropic nke Britain na-amaghị aha; ya na ndị na-esote ego nke ọrụ ha gụnyere United Nations Development Programme, Swedish Agency for International Development Cooperation, na World Bank. Dị ka mmadụ nwere ike ịtụ anya site na mmekọrita ego ndị a, ego a na-akpachi anya n'ime ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-achịkwa nguzobe. Onye isi oche na onye isi nchịkwa nke Fund, Pierre Landell-Mills, jere ozi na World Bank maka afọ 26; ebe onye isi oche ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Fund bụ Kumi Naidoo, onye na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke CIVICUS. Ọzọkwa, onye isi oche nke Fund, Anabel Cruz, na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke CIVICUS; Onye na-echekwa ego nke bọọdụ, Randolph Andersen, rụrụ ọrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka onye isi ngalaba nbinye ego nke ụlọ akụ ụwa; ebe Gerry van der Linden, onye bụbu osote onye isi oche nke Asia Development Bank ka a na-agụta dị ka onye otu ndị isi ego.
Karịsịa, webụsaịtị nke Partnership for Transparency Fund rụtụrụ aka na ọ “na-edobe nso njikọ ọrụ" na Transparency International, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-atụ aro na Fund ahụ "bụ nzukọ dị iche nke nwere ozi dị iche, usoro ọrụ na ndị ọrụ." Otu esi ekewa ụlọ ọrụ abụọ a bụ n'ezie ghe oghe maka arụmụka ka Fund na-agụta n'etiti ndị isi ya, Peter Eigen, onye nchoputa na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Transparency International (ọ na-achịzi oche ndụmọdụ ha). Tupu ịmalite Transparency International, Eigen nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ maka World Bank, mana ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Carnegie Endowment maka Udo Mba Nile na Ntọala Ford (ntọala nke oche ya bụbu onye isi ala WWF-US ugbu a, Kathryn Fuller), na Eigen ka a na-ewere ugbu a dị ka onye okike okike. Club nke Budapest. N'elu nke a, onye ọzọ kwadoro Transparency International, Frank Vogl, na-eje ozi na Partnership for Transparency Fund's board. Ruo ugbu a, ọ nweghị ndị ode akwụkwọ katọrọ ọrụ nke Partnership for Transparency Fund, mana otu ahụ abụghị eziokwu maka Transparency International ama ama.
Dị ka Kevin Pina si kwuo, Transparency International "kemgbe nke ọtụtụ òtù Britain n'aka ekpe kọwara dị ka 'ngwaọrụ iji mebie ọchịchị maka ọdịmma ụlọ ọrụ n'okpuru mkpuchi nke ikpughe nrụrụ aka.'" Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọtụtụ òtù na-achịkwa ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, Transparency International nwere echiche dị iche iche nke ọrụ nke onwe ha, na ya mere. ha na-ede na weebụsaịtị ha na ha bụ "zuru ụwa ọnụ obodo otu ọha mmadụ na-eduga ọgụ megide nrụrụ aka”. Transparency International' onye nchoputa Michael Hershman bụ ọkachamara n'ịkọ iyi ọha egwu (ya mere ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Fairfax Group ma na-enyere aka iduga Civitas Group), ọ bụkwabu onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nyocha izugbe maka Mmemme Enyemaka Mba Ọzọ na US Agency for International Development (AID) - ebe ọ bụ "ọrụ maka ụwa niile. nchekwa na ọrụ enyemaka mba ofesi niile”. Transparency International osisi Ndị otu nwere njikọ aka n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya gụnyere ndị isi nwanyị Huguette Labelle (onye bụbu onye isi oche na Canadian International Development Agency, bụrụkwa onye kansụl mpaghara nke International Union for Conservation of Nature), Nancy Zucker Boswell (onye so na kọmitii Ndụmọdụ nke USAID maka enyemaka ndị mba ofesi afọ ofufo), na Laura Puertas Meyer (onye bụ ọkà mmụta akụ na ụba na onye nta akụkọ bụ onye tọrọ ntọala Instituto Prensa y Sociedad - otu nwere. natara enyemaka site n'aka onye ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya-mmapulator, National Endowment for Democracy).
Dabere na Transparency International's Akụkọ Afọ 2005 (pdf) ha na-enweta ego site na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepe gọọmentị (gụnyere USAID), sitere na Ford Foundation na Open Soros Development Foundation, yana ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ (dịka BP, Exxon, Rio Tinto, na Shell - onye bụbu onye isi ya, John Loudon, jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke WWF International site na 1976 ruo 1981), ndị Center for International Private Enterprise, na Ndị mmekọ America. N'ikpeazụ, Jermyn Brooks, onye bụbu Executive Director nke Transparency International (2000-03), na-eje ozi ugbu a n'akụkụ Onye isi oche nke National Endowment for Democracy na nchịkọta akụkọ ndụmọdụ nke magazin a na-akpọ. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Maka nkọwa zuru ezu nke nkatọ nke Transparency International, lee ọmarịcha akụkọ Julie Bajolle “Mmalite na mkpali nke agbasiri ike ugbu a na nrụrụ aka"(pdf).
Nyere njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ nke Transparency International na National Endowment for Democracy, ọ dabara na Partnership for Transparency Fund kwadoro ọtụtụ ọrụ na National Endowment for [Neoliberal] Democracy. Ya mere, ma ego abụọ dị iche iche dabeere na Argentina, na Ebe maka mmejuputa iwu ọha na-akwalite nha nhatanha na uto (nke bụ onye otu Center for International Private Enterprise Reform Network), na ndị Ndị otu obodo maka nha anya na ikpe ziri ezi. Agbanyeghị, ịlaghachi na Mongolia, na 2007 Partnership for Transparency Fund nyere Zorig Foundation ego, ka nyochaa mmejuputa iwu nke Gọọmenti Mongolian National Anti-Corruption Action Plan. Njikọ a dị mkpa karịsịa n'ihi na Ụlọ ọrụ Zorig Foundation - nke e guzobere na 1998 ka "n'ihu guzobe nke obodo onye kwuo uche ya na ịkwado mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mongolia" - ọ bụghị naanị natara onyinye site na National Endowment for Democracy (na 2004), ma gụkwara ya na mbụ Jack Buechner (onye bụbu onye isi oche nke International Republican Institute – onye bụ isi nyere National Endowment for Democracy) n'etiti ndị otu ya.
Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha dị nkenke a akatọbeghị nsonaazụ nke ọrụ WWF na Mongolia, ọ na-enyekwu nri maka iche echiche gbasara ndakọrịta nke mmemme nchekwa "nchekwa" ha na ndị ọchịchị onye isi ala.
"Zụrụ ewu, chekwaa agụ owuru"!
Dị ka nke a na ọmụmụ ihe mbụ gosiri, WWF na-ewe nnukwu ego ụlọ ọrụ na ego ntọala, yana obere ego sitere n'aka ọha na eze, iji kwado ụdị pụrụ iche nke imperialism gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ eco-imperialism. Ọnọdụ a bụ nsogbu na ọkwa dị iche iche, n'ihi na ọ bụghị nanị na ndị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị otú ahụ jisiri okwu banyere gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọma (na-etinye ya na atụmatụ ndị eze ukwu), ma ha na-ewepụkwa ego ọha na eze dị ukwuu site na obere mgbọrọgwụ ahịhịa. Mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-akwado nhụsianya a dị egwu site n'ịkwalite egwu maka ụlọ ọrụ dị ike na-abụghị nke gọọmentị dị ka WWF, na ileghara, ma ọ bụ na-eleda usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya anya na-anwa ịkwalite ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, ya bụ, ịkwalite ihe iyi egwu na ọnọdụ nke alaeze ukwu na-akpata.
Enwere ike ịdabere na mgbasa ozi bụ isi ikwughachi ozi ahịa dakọtara nke ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Big Green. Maka naanị maka US$66, ndetu WWF, ị nwere ike "Zụrụ ewu, Chekwa Agu” iji “nyere ndị mmadụ na agụ snoo na Mongolia aka ibi n'otu n'otu”; ma ọ bụ ọzọ, maka naanị US$9 ọzọ, ị nwere ike "mee ka ikuku carbon kwụsị" sitere na ịnya ụgbọ ala "nnukwu ụgbọ ala" 15,000 km. Ihe nzuzu na-adịghị agwụ agwụ site n'ikike nke nnukwu ndị na-enye onyinye. A na-emechi olu ndị ọzọ na/ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta maka mmiri mmiri na-aga n'ihu nke ụwa anyị n'aha nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ejide "mmepe na-adịgide adịgide."
Yabụ kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ime? Ọ dị mma maka mbido anyị nwere ike ịbawanye ụda olu ndị ahụ dị jụụ nke na-eweta ihe ịma aka kwa ụbọchị (ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ego) maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe na-eme. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mmadụ nwere ike na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọrụ nke otu dị otú ahụ, mana a na-anabata onyinye mgbe niile. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na ị na-enye ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi ego ọ bụla n'ime ego gị siri ike, ma ọ bụ nwee ndị enyi ọ bụla na-eme ya, nyere aka hụ na ebugharị ego a ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi ọ bụghị eco-imperialism.
Enwere ike ịchọta ọrụ Michael Barker ọzọ ebe a http://michaeljamesbarker.wordpress.com
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