Na May 2008, Barack Obama kwuru okwu na Miami ebe ọ rụrụ ụka na amụma mba ofesi na-ezighi ezi nke President Bush na Middle East ewepụla anya anyị pụọ na ihe nrite Latin America, na-eme ka US "enweghị ike ịkwalite ọdịmma anyị na mpaghara ahụ."
Ọ gara n'ihu kwuo, "Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ndị mmụọ ọjọọ dịka Hugo Chavez abanyela na oghere a. Ngwakọta nkwuwa okwu megidere ndị America, ọchịchị aka ike, na akwụkwọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a na-atụ anya amụma, na-enye otu nkwa ụgha ahụ dị ka echiche ndị a nwalere na nke dara ada nke oge gara aga. "[I]
Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị na Mgbakọ Mba Republican, Mitt Romney kwuputara site na rostrum na ndị Republican, "ga-ewusi akụ na ụba anyị ike ma mee ka anyị ghara ijide [Vladimir] Putin, [Hugo] Chavez na [Mahmoud] Ahmadinejad. Ma anyị agaghị ekwe ka America laghachi azụ n'ihu ajọ extremism!"[Ii]
Ntụle siri ike dị otú ahụ nke Hugo Chavez—dị ka a demagogue na nnukwu onye ọchịchị aka ike quotient, onye akụ na ụba mmanụ ya na-enye ya ohere itinye aka na mpaghara ahụ na onye a kpọtụrụ aha n'otu ume ahụ dịka ndị e chere na ha na-akwado "ihe ọjọọ" abụrụla ihe a na-ahụkarị na mmachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị US. Bashing Hugo Chavez, ọ dị ka ọ ghọwo akụkụ nke abụọ dịka nnukwu mkpọsa mkpọsa na-ekwe nkwa ịgbanwe Washington.
Ma ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-abụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ajụjụ kachasị emetụta bụ ma ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na United States anabatala otu echiche nlelị ahụ. Dị ka ndị na-ekpe ikpe nke eziokwu, mgbasa ozi na-esetịpụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọha na eze maka otú anyị si ele ụwa anya ma na-ebute ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze karịa ndị ọzọ. Ụzọ mgbasa ozi si ewepụta akụkọ na-eduga anyị n'ịghọta ụfọdụ okwu dị ka nsogbu, ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe ike dị ka ndị na-akpata nsogbu, ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ dị ka scalawags.
Ndị ọkà mmụta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi mata “frames,” ma ọ bụ, usoro nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide yana mesie ike na nhazi ahụ ọ bụghị naanị ihe na-aghọ akụkọ, kamakwa ọ bụ isi anyị maka otu anyị ga-esi chee maka akụkọ ahụ. Site n'ịhọrọ ụfọdụ atụmatụ nke mgbagwoju anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ ma na-ewere na njirimara ndị a dị mkpa, mgbasa ozi na-arụ ọrụ dị egwu na njedebe nke ike ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
Venezuela Mavens ogologo oge na-enyo enyo na enyerela Chavez obere njedebe nke mkpanaka mgbasa ozi US. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Mark Weisbrot nke Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) dere na gọọmentị US agbalịsiwo ike "ime ka Chavez mee mmụọ na imebi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke Venezuela" nakwa na "ndị mgbasa ozi US na mba ụwa ejiriwo ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nabata nke a. agenda."[iii] N'ime edemede ndị ọkà mmụta edere m—“Ekwensu ka ọ bụ Democrat?: Hugo Chávez na US Prestige Press” - nke ahụ na-abịa n'akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha ndị ọgbọ. Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ (March 2009), M na-anwale usoro nke Weisbrot hunch. Na nyocha a, achọpụtara m na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi US prestige - nke pụtara na New York Times, na Wall Street Journal, Na Washington Post— nakweere okpokolo agba anọ kachasị mgbe ọ na-akọ akụkọ na Chávez: Frame Dictator, Frame na-eso ụzọ Castro, Frame Economy Declining, na Meddler-in-the-Region Frame. Ọmụmụ ihe a tụlere isiokwu 979 ndị pụtara n’akwụkwọ ndị a n’ime afọ iri n’agbata afọ 1998, bụ́ afọ mbụ a họpụtara ya ịbụ onyeisi oche, na December 2007.
“Maazị Akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke Chavez"
Hugo Chávez emeriela ntuli aka onye isi ala atọ (na 1998, 2000, 2006) wee kpalie iwu ọhụrụ ka ọ bụrụ enyemaka nke Mgbakọ Mgbakọ (na 1999). Ka o sina dị, ndị nta akụkọ US na-egosipụtakarị ya dị ka onye ọchịchị aka ike ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike nke nwere “ọchịchọ ikike.”[iv] The Dictator Frame bụ usoro kachasị na ma akụkọ siri ike na mpempe echiche, yana 53.4% nke akụkọ niile na-akọwapụta Chávez dị ka onye ọchịchị aka ike ma ọ bụ demagogue. Nke Washington Post Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ atọ n'ime akụkọ ise ọ bụla o bipụtara (59.8%) sochiri ya. Wall Street Journal (52.4%) na New York Times (50.5%).
Ọbụna tupu a họpụta Chavez onyeisi oche, ndị nta akụkọ US nọ na-atọ ntọala maka Frame Dictator, na-ekwe ka ndị na-akparị Chavez kọwaa ya. Na a Washington Post Akụkọ sitere n'okporo ụzọ mkpọsa ahụ, e nyere ndị mmegide Chavez ohere maka trashtalk: "Ndị na-akparị ya akpọrọ ya dị ka onye ọchịchị aka ike nke na-echeghị echiche nke na-echere ndị aka ekpe, Chavez, 44, ewepụtala echiche nke enweghị ahụ iru ala na atụmatụ ya na nkwubi okwu ya, ụdị mkpọsa voltaji dị elu. " Mgbasa ozi "elu voltaji" dị otú ahụ bụ n'ezie nkwa iji gbochie nrụrụ aka ịtụ vootu site n'ichebe ndị nlekota ntuli aka bụ ndị nwere ike hụ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ịtụ vootu.[v]Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị nta akụkọ na-adabere kpamkpam na nzọrọ nke ndị otu mmegide ahụ na-ewe iwe na-amaghị ama. Nke a "o kwuru" ewu (mgbe na-enweghị "o kwuru" na-akwado nke Chávez si atumatu) ugboro ugboro na-akwadoghị na-akwadoghị mmegide ebubo center ogbo.
Mgbe Chávez rịgoro na onye isi ala, ndị mgbasa ozi malitere iji Frame Dictator n'ime ihe dị elu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'isiokwu akpọrọ, "Na Latin America, Onye siri ike na-akpali n'ili Ya," nke New York Times dere, “N'ofe Latin America niile, ndị isi ala na ndị isi pati na-ele anya n'ubu ha. Site na mmeri o meriri na ntuli aka onye isi ala Venezuela na Dec. 6, Hugo Chavez emelitela onye na-ekiri ihe niile maara nke ọma na ndị isi ọchịchị mpaghara ahụ chere na ha etinyela aka n'enweghị nsogbu: nke populist demagogue, onye ọchịchị na-agba ịnyịnya nke a maara dị ka caudillo. "[vi] N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, a na-akpọkarị Chávez “onye siri ike,” akara a na-edokarị maka ndị ọchịchị aka ike a na-ahọpụtaghị.
Ibe echiche ndị ahụ metụtakwara Frame Dictator, bụ nke a na-emekarị n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ echiche ikpe ọmụma sitere na mkpakọrịta. Na-atụgharị okwu Mitt Romney n'elu, a Wall Street Journal nchịkọta akụkọ dere, "Venezuelan siri ike Hugo Chavez bụ onye mmekọ nke Iranian mullahs, onye na-akwado North Korea, ezigbo enyi Fidel Castro na ezigbo onye ahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ ngwá agha Vladimir Putin."[vii] Mary Anastasia O'Grady dere Wall Street Journal dere ọtụtụ diatribes nke kpọrọ Chavez onye ọchịchị aka ike, na-ebo ebubo oke"Mmebi iwu ruuru mmadụ nke ndị agha Venezuelan mere” nakwa na “otu onye a hapụrụ ịtụgharị uche n’ihe mere ọtụtụ òtù na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ bụ́ ndị na-eleba anya n’ihe ndị agha Latin America na-eme kemgbe na-ejizi nnọọ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe n’ebe jackboot Mr. Chavez nọ.”[viii] O mechara tụọ aka “Ọchịchọ ọchịchị aka ike” nke Chavez ma kwue na ọchịchị ya “na-ewepụ nnwere onwe ikpeazụ na obodo Venezuelan."[ix]
The New York Times sochiri ya na nchịkọta akụkọ 2005 nke mere ka ọ pụta ìhè "Ntụkwasị obi nke ike dị ize ndụ" n'okpuru Chávez, "onye ọchịchị aka ike" nke na-etinye aka na "nzuzu na-adịghị mma." O kwubiri, sị, "United States ekwesịghị ịga n'ihu na-azụta ego Mr. Chavez na-enye ya ihe ngọpụ maka ịda mbà n'obi site n'imeso ya anya dị ka ọ na-emeso dike ya na onye nlereanya ya, Fidel Castro, n'ime afọ anọ na ọkara gara aga."[X]
Njikọ Castro
Ndị nta akụkọ mgbasa ozi nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ bụ Castro Frame: na-ejikọta Chávez na onye isi ala Cuba na Cuba n'ozuzu ya. A kọwapụtara Chávez ugboro ugboro dị ka onye na-eso ụzọ Castro, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi, ma ọ bụ onye nkwado. N'otu aka, nke a bụ eziokwu-Chávez nwere mmekọrịta dị mma na onye ndu Cuba. Mana ndị mgbasa ozi na-akpọku Castro ugboro ugboro ọbụlagodi na o nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na isiokwu nke isiokwu ahụ. Iji tinye nke a n'ọnọdụ ntụnyere, ugboro ole ka mgbasa ozi na-ewebata onye isi ala United States dabere na ndị mmekọ nke onye isi ala ahụ (sị, Pervez Musharraf) mgbe ha na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ụlọ (kwuo, ite ime)? Nke a na-eme naanị mgbe onye mmekọ mba ụwa ahụ metụtara akụkọ ahụ. Igosipụta mmekọrịta a na Castro na-abanyekwa na ajọ mbunobi America na-adịte aka, ebe ọ bụ na Castro nwere-site na mmalite 1960s-bụ mara mma nke gọọmentị US. N'ime ntuli aka ọha na-ele anya dị ka "adịghị mma," dị ka ọ dị na 2006 USA Today / Gallup ntuli aka nke chọpụtara na 82% nke ndị a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ nwere echiche "adịghị mma" nke onye isi ala Cuba.[xi] Yabụ, ijikọ Chávez na Castro na Cuba pụtara ịkụda akara “adịghị mma” na onye isi ala Venezuelan site na ikpe ọmụma site na mkpakọrịta.
Oghere ndị na-eso ụzọ Castro pụtara na 31.4% nke akụkọ niile, yana ndị Washington Post iji etiti kacha (40.6% nke isiokwu), sochiri ya Wall Street Journal (35.6%) na New York Times (23.3%). Ma akụkọ akụkọ siri ike na mpempe echiche na-egosipụtakarị Chávez na Castro dị ka chummier karịa chummy.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, covering nraranye nke Chavez, nke New York Times kọrọ, "Onye isi ala Castro mere ọtụtụ ndetu n'ime okwu Mr. Chavez. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye ndu Cuba makụrụ Mazị Chavez n'agbụ n'ememe n'okporo ámá ma duzie ekele dị mma nye ndị isi ndị agha Venezuelan, ndị ụfọdụ n'ime ha lụsoro ndị agha okpuru ọchịchị ego ma zụọ ha n'afọ 35 gara aga."[xii] A tụleghịkwa ọdịnaya dị n'okwu ahụ. Kama nke Times họrọ ilekwasị anya na njikọ Castro. "Mkpa nwoke na nwanyị Fidel Castro," dị ka ndị Times tinye ya n'akwụkwọ a kpọrọ "Venezuela's New Leader: Democrat ka ọ bụ Dictator?,' welitere uzuoku uzuoku ka afọ na-aga.[xiii]
Ọbụna mgbe Castro adịghị mkpa na akụkọ ahụ, ndị mgbasa ozi na-ezo aka mgbe nile na ọchịchọ Chavez chere na ọ bụ ịmanye "ọchịchị ndị Cuban" na Venezuela.[xiv] Ebubo a na-apụtakarị site n'aka ndị mmegide a na-amaghị aha na-enyeghị ndị na-akwado Chávez ohere ikwu okwu na nkwupụta dị otú ahụ. A ihu ihu Wall Street Journal isiokwu akpọrọ Chávez a “Fidel Castro wannabe,” na-ekwusi ike nke ya "Mmehie kacha njọ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ na-arụ ụka, bụ mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na onye ọchịchị aka ike Cuba bụ Fidel Castro."[xv].
Na op-ed Jackson Diehl nke Washington Post kwenyere: "N'ime njikọ ya na nchekwa nchekwa na ngwa ọgụgụ isi nke Havana, agbamume ya siri ike nke ọgba aghara na Bolivia na ebe ndị ọzọ, yana ịgbagide Latin America mgbe niile, Venezuelan ahọpụtara ma na-enwewanye ikike na-apụta dị ka onye ga-anọchi anya Fidel na-ada ada. Castro - naanị Chavez adịghị agbaji ma ọ bụ jikọta ya na echiche Soviet oge ochie. "[xvi]
"Ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere akụ na ụba na-ata Mr. Chávez ụta": The Declining Economy Frame
Mgbe Chavez weghaara onye isi ala na 1999, akụ na ụba Venezuelan nwere nsogbu. Emebere ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ụdị neoliberal, na ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 1998, ọnụego ịda ogbenye arịgoro karịa 50%, ebe ihe karịrị otu onye n'ime ndị Venezuela ise bi na oke ịda ogbenye.[xvii] Tinyere nkeonwe, gọọmentị Venezuelan ewepụtala ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala -Petroleo de Venezuela, ma ọ bụ PDVSA—na-enweta ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ na Europe na United States. Nke a tụgharịrị ọtụtụ narị nde dollar na ndị enyemaka mba ọzọ. N'ime Ịgbanwe Venezuela site n'inwe ike, Gregory Wilpert na-arụ ụka na nke a rụpụtara "nnukwu ụgwọ PDVSA dị na mpụga Venezuela" yana "'bubata' na ngalaba mba nke PDVSA, si otú a na-ebelata uru na mbufe na gọọmentị."[xviii] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke steeti Venezuela adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma enyeghị aka n'okwu ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, nsogbu ndị a belatara ikike gọọmentị inye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na uru agụmakwụkwọ.
Mgbe Chávez weghaara ọchịchị, Venezuela nwere nnukwu nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị—gụnyere mgbaghara n'April 2002 na ogbugbu mmanụ mebiri emebi site na Disemba 2002 ruo February 2003—nke a sụgharịrị ịbụ nrọ akụ na ụba. Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2002, ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye arịgoro karịa 55% ebe oke ịda ogbenye eruola 25% nke ndị bi na ya.[xix] Ma mgbe ọ na-atachi obi na mmanụ mmanụ, Chávez na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu, na-eme ka akụkụ ya dịkwuo elu nke ọnụ ahịa mmanụ. Dị ka Mark Weisbrot na Luis Sandoval nke CEPR si kwuo, "Kemgbe nkeji iri na ise nke mbụ nke 2003, akụ na ụba ejiriwo pasent 87.3 toro n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama."[xx] N'otu oge ahụ, gọọmentị Chávez amalitela mmefu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mmemme mmụta na ịgụ akwụkwọ yana nlekọta ahụike, ụlọ, na enyemaka nri maka ndị ogbenye, site na 8.2% nke GDP na 1998 ruo 13.6% na 2006.[xxi]
N'agbanyeghị nke a, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi US na-asọpụrụ na-eleghara ọganihu akụ na ụba a anya, nke na-ekwukarị na akụ na ụba Venezuela na-agbada nke ọma n'ihi atumatu na àgwà nke Chávez. Okpokoro akụ na ụba na-adalata pụtara n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke akụkọ niile (32.0%). Nke Wall Street Journal jiri etiti na ọnụego kachasị elu (43.8%), nke na-ekwesịghị iju ya anya kemgbe Akwụkwọ akụkọIsi ihe lekwasịrị anya bụ akụ na ụba. Nke New York Times na-arụ ọrụ 28.5% nke oge na-esote Washington Post bụ 24.1%. Ka oge na-aga, ojiji nke etiti ahụ kwụsịrị ka edozichara ọrụ mmanụ na mbido 2003 na mmepụta mmanụ maliteghachiri nke ọma. Ọnụ ahịa mmanụ na-arị elu nyekwara aka na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata ojiji nke etiti a.
Okpokoro akụ na ụba na-adalata ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe ijuanya ebe ọ bụ na, opekata mpe site na mmamịrị mmanụ na mmachi ya, akụ na ụba na-afụ ụfụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọtụtụ mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ na-eme ka ọnọdụ mgbagwoju anya ghọọ egwuregwu ụta ebe Chávez bụ nanị ihe kpatara nsogbu akụ na ụba. Iji mee nke a, ndị nta akụkọ a ma ama na-ejikarị ndị ọrụ akụ na ụba na-amaghị aha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge ọrụ mmanụ, ndị Wall Street Journal kọrọ, "Ndị ọkachamara n’ihe banyere akụ̀ na ụba na-ata Mazị Chavez—bụ onye nwere mmasị n’ịnụ okwu mgbanwe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-aṅụrị ọṅụ na ọbụbụenyi ya na Fidel Castro na Moammar Gadhafi—maka ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke rikpuworo onye na-ebupụ mmanụ n’ụzọ ise n’ụwa wee weta akụ na ụba ahụ kwụsịtụ. Ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere akụ na ụba na-ekwu na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba Venezuela ga-aga n'ihu na-akawanye njọ ma ọ bụrụhaala na Mr. Chavez jụrụ arịrịọ site n'aka nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọha Venezuelan maka ịtụ vootu na ọchịchị ya, ma ọ bụ site na referendum ma ọ bụ ntuli aka mbụ."[xxii]
Isiokwu ọzọ a na-ahụkarị nke pụtara bụ ikike mgbasa ozi nwere mmasị n'ịdọ aka ná ntị Chávez maka ịghara ịgbaso usoro mkpọchi na ụkpụrụ na omume nke neoliberal capitalism. Ọbụna n'ihe na-aga n'ihu na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 1998, ndị nta akụkọ nọ na-ajụ ajụjụ gbasara akụ na ụba ya. Nke New York Times kọrọ, "Nye ndị isi azụmaahịa na ndị na-etinye ego na mba ụwa, Mr. Chavez bụ ihe egwu na-acha ọbara ọbara akpọlitere n'ọnwụ. Nke Times kọkwara na ohere nke atụmatụ akụ na ụba na-abụghị nke neoliberal-na njikọta ya na "ọnụ okwu vitriolic na nkwado ya maka Cuba" - "na-atụ egwu ndị Venezuelan dị elu, bụ ndị na-ezipụ ego ha na ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ na mba ahụ n'ihi egwu egwu. mmeri Chavez." Nke Times wee tụgharịa gaa na ndị nkatọ na-enweghị isi bụ ndị "na-atụkwa egwu na ọ ga-ebuli ihe mgbochi nchebe na - n'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ - ụlọ ọrụ mgbanwe mgbanwe na njikwa ọnụahịa."[xxiii] Ozugbo Chávez kwagara na Miraflores Obí (ebe obibi onye isi ala), wee malite ịmalite mmemme akụ na ụba ya, nke na-emeghị ka privatization dị ka e nyere ya, ezigbo ajụjụ malitere ịpụta banyere onye isi ya.. N'ihi ọdachi na-agbawa obi na-agbawa obi na 2000, ndị Washington Post kọrọ, "Ihe ịrịba ama na-enye nsogbu… na-apụta maka ịdị ogologo oge nke atụmatụ Chavez." Isiokwu ahụ zoro aka na Jose Errada, onye ọrụ chọọchị, onye kwuru, sị, "Ọ ga-ekwe omume na ihe Chavez ga-eme bụ ịmepụta obodo ebe ndị mmadụ ga-esi na ogbenye na-adabawanye n'oge."[xxiv] N'oge na-adịghị ezu, ndị Wall Street Journal bụ mgbe niile na-ezo aka na "ọchịchị ya na-etinye aka na akụ na ụba mgbe niile"[xxv]
Dị ka ndị nche nke neoliberalism, ndị Akwụkwọ akụkọ enwetere nhụsianya nghọta mgbe Chavez siri na nkuzi “ahịa efu” pụọ. N'okwu op-ed Mary Anastasia O'Grady kwuru, "Amụma akụ na ụba Statist nwere ndekọ arụpụtaghị ihe nwute na n'ọnọdụ a enweghị ike imelite ndekọ ahụ. Nnukwu nsogbu bụ na Chavez etinyela Venezuela n'okporo ụzọ akụ na ụba a na-eme atụmatụ nke na-adịchaghị iche na nnwale ndị dara ada nke narị afọ nke 20. "[xxvi] Ebuliri omume a na Jenụwarị 2005 mgbe Chávez kwupụtara atụmatụ maka ihe ọ kpọrọ “21st socialism narị afọ." Ndị nta akụkọ a na-akwanyere ùgwù wụbatara, na-eji “ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba”—ya bụ, ndị na-akwado ikeketa ọchịchị neoliberal—wakpo mmemme na amụma akụ na ụba ya. Nke New York Times kọrọ, "Ndị nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na-adọ aka ná ntị maka nlaazu ma dourly rịba ama na itinye ego na mba ofesi bụ ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe ọ bụ afọ ise gara aga. Ha na-ekwu na nnukwu uru mmanụ nke Venezuela na-enye echiche nke ịba ọgaranya—ọnụego akụ na ụba nke akụ na ụba bụ pasent 9.3—ma na ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ahịa daa, ma ọ bụ mmefu ego Venezuela na-eto eto na-enweta, akụ na ụba nwere ike ịmalite.”
A chụrụkwa izi ezi n'àjà n'ọtụtụ Akụkọ kwuru na ịda ogbenye na-abawanye na Venezuela, bụ nke na-ezighi ezi. O'Grady mara ezighi ezi nke a ihe karịrị otu ugboro, na-ede na Nọvemba 2005 na "Ugbenye Venezuela na-eto eto"[xxvii] na na Jenụwarị 2006 na "Mgbe afọ isii nke Chavez gasịrị, ndị Venezuelan, bụbu ndị nwere obi ụtọ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe Bolivarian ha, na-emikpu n'ime ịda ogbenye."[xxviii] The Wall Street JournalAkụkọ akụkọ siri ike kwupụtakwara "Venezuela ahụbeghị ọganihu dị nta n'okwu ndị dị ka ibelata ịda ogbenye"[xxix] mgbe n'ezie ọ belatara ọnụego ịda ogbenye ya site na 62% na 2003 ruo 33% na 2007.[xxx]
Enwere onye na-eme njem na mpaghara…
Akụkụ nke anọ na nke ikpeazụ nke mgbasa ozi ejiri kpuchie Chávez bụ Meddler-in-the-Region Frame. Nke a were ụdị atọ bụ isi: (1) Chávez dị ka aku na uba counterweight nye otu mba dị iche iche dị ka World Bank na International Monetary Fund, (2) Chávez dị ka onye na-etinye aka n'ime ihe gbasara Colombia site na nkwado nke òtù ndị agha ekpe ekpe, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. FARC), na (3) Chavez dị ka onye na-akwadoghị na "Agha na ọgwụ ọjọọ." Kama ịkọwa mbọ Chavez na-agba iji jikọta Latin America-dịka site na Bank of South-dị ka atụmatụ yiri njikọ Europe n'akụkụ nke European Union, ndị nta akụkọ na-asọpụrụ na-akatọ, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ doro anya ma ọ bụ n'ezoghị ọnụ, mgbalị ya. N'ịkọkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ ahụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime akụkọ atọ (31.3%) gosipụtara mgbanwe nke Meddler-in-the-Region Frame a, yana Washington Post na-eji ya ọtụtụ mgbe (35.3%), sochiri ya Wall Street Journal (30.5%) na New York Times (29.5%). Okpokoro ahụ juru ebe niile n'etiti 2003 na 2007.
N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2005, ndị New York Times dere, “Nkwenye gọọmentị Venezuelan n'ịkwụsị ọgwụ apụtala na ọkọlọtọ. "[xxxi] Kedu ihe kpatara na mgbe mba Latin America na-ama United States n'ihu ọha, ha nọ na tit-for-tat diplomatic nke akpọrọ enweghị nkwado na "Agha na Ọgwụ"?
Mgbalị Chavez na-eme iji kpalite a counterweight na ike nke US e gosiri dị ka aghụghọ, conniving ngụkọta oge na na ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ya mba ọzọ enyemaka-ma ọ na-ebelata mmanụ ahịa ma ọ bụ mbinye ego-si na ndị ọzọ, ọzọ eltruistic, nchegbu. Nke a bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya ebe ọ bụ na Chávez kwusiri ike na ọ na-agbalị ịrụ ọrụ Bolivarian - nke aha ya bụ onye ndu South America Simón Bolívar - nke na-eme ka njikọ akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta enyi na enyi nke Latin America dịkwuo mma. Chavez gara n'ihu n'ịgbanwe aha obodo na Iwu 1999 ya, site na Republic of Venezuela ruo Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. O kere ọtụtụ atụmatụ ndị gbanarịrị mkpali-ịkwalite uru na-akpata n'ịkwalite ịdị n'otu Latin America, na-ahọrọ imekọ ihe ọnụ karịa asọmpi.
Ka o sina dị, a na-akparịkarị atụmatụ Bolivaria nke Chávez na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ama ama. N'ime New York Times, Juan Forero kọwara ihunanya mba ụwa nke Chavez dị ka “iji ọtụtụ ijeri dollar nke ikuku mmanụ obodo ya na-ada n’ọrụ anụ ụlọ ná mba ọzọ.”[xxxii]The Wall Street Akwụkwọ akụkọ kọwara mbọ nkwado nke Chavez dị ka onye na-agba mbọ ịzụrụ onwe ya ndị enyi geopolitical: “Mr. Chavez na-eji ijeri mmanụ ya zụta ndị enyi na mmetụta mba dị iche iche, site na mpaghara Caribbean ruo Patagonia. N'afọ gara aga, Venezuela apụtala dị ka ụdị okpomọkụ nke International Monetary Fund, na-enye ndị na-ebubata mmanụ ọnụ ahịa na ịzụta ọtụtụ narị nde dollar nke agbụ site na mba ndị nwere nsogbu ego dị ka Argentina na Ecuador.[xxxiii]
Ibe echiche ndị ahụ na-eme ka etiti ahụ pụta ìhè ozugbo. Na-ede na New York Times, Moses Naim, onye bụbu minista azụmahịa nke Venezuela na onye nkatọ Chavez ugbu a dere, "Venezuela adịghịzi na-agwụ ike. Ọ ghọọla ndị ya ihe nro na ihe iyi egwu ọ bụghị nanị nye ndị agbata obi ya kamakwa United States na ọbụna Europe. "[xxxiv] The Washington Post bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ dere na Chavez bụ "itinye aka n'ihe gbasara ndị agbata obi ya na ịkpalite mmegharị megide ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya."[xxxv]
Obi abụọ adịghị ya na otu n'ime "mmegide ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya" nke Post na-ekwu maka onye isi ọchịchị Bolivia a ga-emerịrị n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, Evo Morales, onye mechara merie ntuli aka Disemba 2005. Ndị nta akụkọ a na-akwanyere ùgwù na-akatọ nke ukwuu maka ịrị elu Morales n'ọchịchị na nke a nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na njikọ dị elu ya na Chávez. Ka ihe atụ, na mmalite 2006, ndị Wall Street Journal dere, "Ebe Evo Morales weere ọkwa dịka onye isi ala ebe a na Jenụwarị, onye na-akụ coca tụgharịrị onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-akwado obodo ya na Venezuela nke Hugo Chavez na ọ na-esiri ike mgbe ụfọdụ ịkọ ebe otu gọọmentị na-amalite na nke ọzọ ga-akwụsị."[xxxvi]
Demon du Jour na-esote?
Na 2005 Washington Post op-ed Jackson Diehl kwakọbara ntụmadị nwere okpokolo agba anọ: "Na Venezuela, Onye isi ala Hugo Chavez azaghachila mmeri ya na ntuli aka mgbagha mgbagha na-agbagha site na iji ike na-eme ihe iji kpochapụ nnwere onwe nke mgbasa ozi na ikpe ikpe, mebie mmegide, na guzobe njikwa steeti na akụ na ụba. Ọ na-ejikwa ego mmanụ na-arị elu nke obodo ya na-akwalite ọchịchị aka ike nke Cuba nke Fidel Castro, na-akwado ngagharị iwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba Latin ndị ọzọ ma zụta mmetụta gburugburu mpaghara ahụ. N'izu gara aga, ọ kwupụtara n'ezie agha megide ugbo ndị nwere onwe ya, na-ezigara ndị agha ka ha weghara otu n'ime nnukwu anụ ụlọ nke mba ahụ."[xxxvii] Usoro mgbasa ozi dị otú ahụ bụ ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ihe ọjọọ. Na mgbe Akụkọ anaghị adaba na okpokolo agba anọ a na-achị, ndị nta akụkọ na-alaghachi na fremu ha ma ọ bụ na-eleghara ozi ahụ anya.
Mkpuchi ọjọọ a niile nke Chavez na-egosipụta na ntuli aka ọha na United States. Na 2007, Pew Research Center wepụtara ya 47-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey, nke chọpụtara na 55% nke ndị polled na US nwere ntakịrị (17%) ma ọ bụ enweghị ntụkwasị obi (38%) na Chavez dị ka onye ndu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a naanị 18% kọrọ na ha nwere ma ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ nnukwu ntụkwasị obi na ya na 27% kwuru na ha amaghị.[xxxviii] Mgbe lebachara anya na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi US nke onye isi ala Venezuelan, ọnụọgụ ndị a ekwesịghị iju ya anya.
Mkpuchi nke nwere otu akụkụ nke ájá na-ewepụ n'akụkụ mgbagwoju anya geopolitical anaghị enyere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ aka nke ọma. Ọ na-ahapụ anyị ngwangwa na-enyo enyo na-ekwu banyere mmụọ ọjọọ ọzọ nke ụbọchị onye omume ndị e chere na ọ na-eyi egwu “chọrọ” mwakpo ndị agha US iji mee ka ụwa “chekwaa maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.”
[I] http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/05/renewing_us_leadership_in_the.html
[Ii] http://portal.gopconvention2008.com/speech/details.aspx?id=51
[iii] Mark Weisbrot, "Mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na Venezuela na Latin America," The Nation online, Disemba 6 2007, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20071224/weisbrot
[iv] Marc Lifsher, "Venezuela chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa ere mmanụ na US - Nkwekọrịta metụtara Jack Kemp na Strategic Reserve na-echegbu ụfọdụ na ụlọ ọrụ, " Wall Street Journal, 2 Juun 2003, A13.
[v]Serge F. Kovaleski, "Onye bụbu Onye Ndú Ọchịchị Na-eduga Ọsọ maka Onye isi ala Venezuela," Washington Post, 20 Septemba 1998, A27.
[vi] Larry Rohter, "Na Latin America, Onye siri ike na-akpali n'ili Ya," New York Times, 20 Disemba 1998, p.4.
[vii] "Kpọọ Joe-4-Chavez," Wall Street Journal, 28 Nọvemba 2006, p.A14.
[viii]Mary Anastasia O'Grady, "Chavez's Iwu: iti ihe ga-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe Morale ga-akawanye mma, " Wall Street Journal, 24 Jenụwarị 2003, p.A13.
[ix] Mary Anastasia O'grady, "Gụọ Ezi Mbipụta na Chavez Charm Offensive, " Wall Street Journal, 23 Mee 2003, p.A11.
[xi] Ntuli aka ndị a dị na PollingReport.com, http://www.pollingreport.com/cuba.htm.
[xii] Clifford Krauss, "Onye isi ọhụrụ ga-alụ ọgụ 'Cancer' nke Venezuela," New York Times, 3 February 1999, p.A8.
[xiii] Larry Rohter, "VenezuelaOnye ndu ọhụrụ: Democrat ka ọ bụ onye ọchịchị aka ike? " New York Times, 10 Eprel 1999, p.A3.
[xiv] Lee Ginger Thompson, "Mgbọ egbe na-egbu mmadụ 2 na Venezuela ka March tụgharịrị n'ọgụ okporo ụzọ, " New York Times, 4 Jenụwarị 2003, p.A3.
[xv]Marc Lifsher, "Dị ka mba na-eme mkpọtụ, onye ndu Venezuelan na-eme ka njide ya sie ike - Hugo Chavez Iwu site n'iwu, nnwere onwe nke telivishọn, " Wall Street Journal, 12 Jun 2003, p.A1.
[xvi]Jackson Diehl, "The Facade of Latin American Democracy," Washington Post, 6 Jun 2005, p.A19.
[xvii] Mark Weisbrot na Luis Sandoval, "Mmelite: Economy Venezuelan na Chavez Years," Center for Economic and Policy Research, February 2008, http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_update_2008_02.pdf, p.13.
[xviii] Wilpert, Ịgbanwe Venezuela Site na Inweta Ike, p.91.
[xix] Weisbrot na Sandoval, “Mmelite,” p.13.
[xx] Weisbrot na Sandoval, “Mmelite,” p.5.
[xxi] Weisbrot na Sandoval, “Mmelite,” p.12.
[xxii]Jose de Cordoba na Alexei Barrionuevo, "Venezuela na-akwụsị ịzụ ahịa ego - Njikwa isi obodo ga-agbaso nkwụsịtụ ụbọchị ise; Ụlọikpe jụrụ Feb. 2 Vote," Wall Street Journal, 23 Jenụwarị 2003, p.A12.
[xxiii] Diana Jean Schemo, "Onye ọrụ Renegade kwadoro na ntuli aka Venezuelan Taa, " New York Times, 6 Disemba 1998, p.3.
[xxiv] Serge F. Kovaleski, "Mgbe oké ifufe ahụ gasịrị, ndị Venezuela na-atụgharị n'ime ala, " Washington Post, 24 February 2000, p.A13.
[xxv] Raul Gallegos, "Chavez's Agenda na-ewere ọdịdị; 'Co-Management' na-enyere aka ịkwalite Socialism na Venezuela, "Wall Street Journal, 27 Disemba 2005, p.A12.
[xxvi]Mary Anastasia O'Grady, "Oil Wells jụrụ irube isi n'iwu Chavez," Wall Street Journal, 20 Mee 2005, p.A15.
[xxvii] Mary Anastasia O'grady, "Gịnị kpatara iwe Fox ji were? Chavez na-emekọrịta ihe na Mexico,” p.A17.
[xxviii] Mary Anastasia, O'Grady, "Axis nke Evo," Wall Street Journal, 27 Jenụwarị 2006, p.A9.
[xxix] David Luhnow, Bill Spindle, na Guy Chazan,"Mmanụ na-adịghị ike ga-eri Venezuela, Iran Clout? " Wall Street Journal,29 Jenụwarị 2007, p.A2.
[xxx] Weisbrot na Luis Sandoval, “Mmelite,” p.13.
[xxxi]Juan Forero, "US wepụrụ Visas maka ndị ọrụ Venezuelan 3 kachasị elu nke a na-enyo enyo maka ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ," New York Times, 13 Ọgọst 2005, p.A6.
[xxxii] Juan Forero, "Chavez na-eji enyemaka iji nweta nkwado na America," New York Times, 4 Eprel 2006, p.A1.
[xxxiii]David Luhnow na Jose de Cordoba, "Na mmanụ, Chavez na-egwu ya Safe; Onye isi ala Venezuela na-akwali ụlọ ọrụ si mba ofesi naanị ruo ugbu a, " Wall Street Journal, 29 Ọgọst 2005, pA7.
[xxxiv] Naim, “Hugo Chavez na oke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya,” p.A23.
[xxxvi] Jose de Cordoba na David Luhnow, "Ihu aka ekpe: Onye isi ala ọhụrụ nwere Bolivia na-eme njem gaa n'ịkụ Chavez; Venezuelan Populist Na-akwali Anti-US Latin Alliance; Ọ gara nke ukwuu?; Ndị dọkịta Cuban nọ n'ụlọ," Wall Street Journal, 25 Maachị 2006, p.A1.
[xxxvii] Jackson Diehl, "Nsogbu dị n'azụ azụ anyị: Na Latin America, ochichi onye kwuo uche na-akụda, " Washington Post 17 Jenụwarị 2005, p.A17.
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