Argentina nọ n'ime nnukwu nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. N'ihe ndekọ niile, obodo ahụ enweghị ego: n'ịbụ onye ji ụgwọ mba ọzọ 150 ijeri dollar, nke na-ewepụ 30% nke GDP na ịkwụ ụgwọ ọmụrụ nwa naanị, ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ amụbaala karịa 20% na ọnụ ọgụgụ akụ na ụba agbadala site na 8% ruo ihe na-erughị 1% n'ime afọ ise gara aga. Usoro austerity - ihe dị mkpa maka IMF na ego mgbazinye ego nke mba ụwa nke mba ofesi - ka ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu, bụ ndị hụtụrụla ike ịzụrụ ya ọkara kemgbe 1997. Na-eche ihu na ụtụ isi na-ebelata mgbe niile na akụ na ụba na-ebelata, Gọọmenti ndị na-adịbeghị anya adaberewo na mbelata ụgwọ ọrụ na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị na ịnara ego nchekwa ọha iji gboo mkpa mmefu ego ha. Mbelata 13% na ụgwọ ọrụ na ụgwọ ezumike nka, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ onye bụbu onye isi ala de la Rua mebere na Ọktoba 2001, yana nbibi nke akaụntụ ụlọ akụ nkeonwe niile, na-amachi mwepu ego kwa ọnwa na-erughị $ 1000, sochiri ya na mbido Disemba. Nnukwu mkpesa ọha na eze megide usoro ndị a, a chụpụrụ Mr. de la Rua n'ọchịchị onye isi ala, site na ọchịchọ ndị mmadụ, na December 20h, 2001.
Cacerolazo nke Disemba 19th 2001 (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Ọtụtụ puku ndị ngagharị iwe udo, gbakọtara n'ihu Pink House (isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị), na-achọ arụkwaghịm nke onye isi ala de la Rua.
N'ebe ndị ọzọ nọ n'ụwa, ihe omume ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị apụta nke ọma. A sị ka e kwuwe, ọ bụghị mba niile na-eche ihe isi ike ndị yiri nke ahụ ihu, n'ókè dị nta ma ọ bụ karịa? Nke ahụ bụ eziokwu n'ezie. Agbanyeghị, enwere ihe ịtụnanya na ọgbaghara a na Argentina nke kwesịrị nlebara anya pụrụ iche: ọ bụ akụkọ nke ndị mmadụ na-achọ ka a nụ olu ha, na ịchọpụta na ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ezie ịme mgbanwe. Achụpụrụ onye isi ala nke mba ahụ na-enweghị mmasị na ya, ọ bụghị site na mbuso agha ma ọ bụ iwu nzuko, ma ọ bụ site n'aka ndị nnupụisi ji egbe ma ọ bụ ọbụna site na plebiscite ma ọ bụ votu, kama site na mwụpụ nke ọtụtụ puku ụmụ amaala na-adịghị eme ihe ike, na-akụ ite na ite n'ihu ụlọ gọọmentị. n'ofe mba ahụ, na-achọ ka a kwụsị ngwa ngwa nke onye isi ala ha na-akparị ọchịchị. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ!
N'ọnụ ahịa ihu ya, nke a nwere ike ịdị ka ihe a ga-akatọ, ọ bụghị omume kwesịrị ịja mma - mkpali na-emebi emebi, na-emebi emebi. Otú ọ dị, ntakịrị ịmara banyere akụkọ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Argentina ga-eme ka o doo anya na ihe omume a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya chọrọ obi ike dị ukwuu, nakwa na ọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na mkpebi siri ike ịchọta ngwọta na-arụ ọrụ ọhụrụ maka nsogbu ndị dị na mba ahụ. Cacerolazo nke Disemba 19th (aha ya bụ ite esi nri, ma ọ bụ cacerolas, bụ nke a na-akụ n'esepụghị aka n'oge ngagharị iwe udo) doro anya na ọ na-enwe nkụda mmụọ nke ndị mmadụ juputara na nrụgide akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu, na oke iwe zuru oke na nke miri emi na nrụrụ aka na enweghị ntaramahụhụ. nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. Mana ọ rụkwara ọrụ iji kpalite mgbanwe dị ịtụnanya na ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke obodo: o meela ka ndị mmadụ nweta ikike na ịchịkwa ndụ ha, ma na-enye okwu ahụ bụ “ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya” pụtara ọhụrụ.
Ọgbaghara na ndị isi a họpụtara ahọpụta bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke psyche Argentine. Otú ọ dị, n'ime narị afọ anọ gara aga, mkpasu iwe a abawanyela ma jiri nke nta nke nta gbanwee ghọọ enweghị ikike ikike. Nke a bụkwa ihe mgbagwoju anya ọzọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Argentine, ebe ọ bụ na oge ahụ kwekọrọ na mgbanwe site n'ọchịchị ndị agha, na n'ebe ọchịchị ndị nkịtị ahọpụtara. Otú ọ dị, isi mmiri abụọ dị mkpa enyewo aka n'ịmepụta mmetụta nke enweghị enyemaka na enweghị olileanya na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndụ Argentine nke afọ 25 gara aga. Ha abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na enweghị ntaramahụhụ nke ndị otu ọchịchị.
Ihe mbụ dị mkpa, na-adịgide adịgide, mmetụta nke mebiela mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke Argentina n'oge na-adịbeghị anya bụ ahụmahụ nke ọchịchị ndị agha ikpeazụ ya - oge kachasị njọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Argentine (1976-1983). Ebe ọ bụ n’aha ha na-eme mkpọsa zuru oke iji kpochapụ ndị omekome aka ekpe na-eji ngwa agha, ọchịchị ndị agha guzobere usoro ụjọ ma kpatara ọtụtụ iri puku ọnwụ na mwepu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke mmekpa ahụ, ndọrọ n’agha na mkpọrọ. N'ezie, ọbụna tupu 1976 ọchịchị mgbagha, ndị agha n'ọkwa nke ndị agha hapụrụ (Montoneros na ERP, People's Revolutionary Army) ekpochapụlarị ma gụọ ihe na-erughị 1,000 - n'ụzọ dị iche na ndị agha 200,000 nke ndị agha mba. Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru agha a na-ebuso òtù nnupụisi a agha, ndị agha ahụ hiwere ọchịchị aka ike na-enweghị obi ebere n'ebumnobi imenyụ onye ọ bụla na-emegideghị atumatu ya na echiche mba ya. Ọchịchị ahụ nwere obi ọjọọ karịsịa na mmegide ya nke ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na nke ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị ma ndị otu ahụ na-eme ihe ike, ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị (nke ikpeazụ na-abụkarị ikpe). Naanị nkatọ nke ndị ọchịchị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ ihe zuru oke maka ịma ndị mmadụ ikpe ọnwụ, na-enweghị usoro ziri ezi, n'okpuru nkà ihe ọmụma izugbe nke "Ọ bụrụ na ị na-anọghị na anyị, ị na-emegide anyị." N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a, e guzobere omenala egwu na ịgbachi nkịtị; e liri ọchịchọ onye kwuo uche ya n'ime akọnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ahụ.
In the early 1980s, mounting economic difficulties (severe hyperinflation) and the lack of any further left-wing terrorist threats resulted in a growing national sentiment in favour of a return to civilian rule. However, it was only after the tragic fiasco of the 1982 Falklands (Malvinas) Islands War that the country was emboldened enough to demand the military abdication of power and a return to democracy. This took place in 1983, with the election of Raul Alfonsin to the presidency. An important element of his platform, strongly backed by the general public, was a promise to bring the military officers and leaders of the previous regime to justice, trying them for the human rights abuses perpetrated during their administration. This process was indeed undertaken, and hundreds of cases of brutal repressive acts were exposed and published in a book called Nunca Mas (“Never Again”) – a testimony to a national conscience determined never to allow such excesses to occur again. Five members of the Argentine military Juntas of 1976-83 were convicted and given jail sentences, ranging from four and a half years to life imprisonment, as a result of these trials. Hundreds of lower-ranking officers were also scheduled to appear in court following the Junta leaders’ trial, but intense pressure from the military establishment suspended this process and ultimately contributed to President Alfonsin’s stepping down from power early, in 1989. Alfonsin was succeeded by another civilian president, Carlos Saul Menem, marking the first time in 60 years that Argentina experienced two consecutive constitutionally-elected presidents. During his first year in office, however, Menem issued a presidential pardon granting complete amnesty to all military personnel involved in the 1976-83 regime, including all convicted members of the leading Juntas – thereby releasing them from prison. His rationale was to foment a spirit of reconciliation and national unity, to help the country face and overcome its socio-economic troubles. However, a solid majority of the Argentine people were opposed to the pardons and saw them as an affront to the country’s judicial system.
On the economic front, Menem fared well in the first few years of his administration. He pursued an aggressive program of privatization of major service and commodity industries (e.g., telephone, electricity, railroads, oil), bringing an influx of foreign investment which temporarily revitalized the ever-struggling Argentine economy. He also established a rigid monetary system, pegging the national currency (peso) to the dollar in order to cap any inflationary pressures. Menem was re-elected into office for a second term, but the lustre of his earlier policies gradually faded under pressure from a sluggish global economy and the country’s expanding foreign debt. Argentina’s severe indebtedness has its primary origins in the 1976-83 military regime, during which time the national debt increased sharply from US$ 8 billion to US$ 43 billion. This trend continued during the civilian presidencies that followed, with the foreign debt reaching over US$ 80 billion in Menem’s second term. It currently stands at US $ 150 billion.
Ọ bụ ezie na nsogbu akụ na ụba obodo ahụ gara n'ihu n'akwụsịghị akwụsị, ebubo nke nrụrụ aka siri ike nke ndị isi ọha - gụnyere ndị isi ala n'onwe ha - juru ebe niile n'oge ọchịchị Alfonsin na Menem. Ọgaranya na-ezighi ezi nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị juru ebe niile, a kpọchiri onye bụbu Onye isi ala Menem n'ụlọ na July 2001 n'okpuru ebubo irere Ecuador na Croatia ngwá agha n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Otu kọmitii Congressional, nke onye omebe iwu Elisa Carrio na-edu ya, wepụtara akụkọ na Nọvemba 2001 bụ nke tinyekwuru aka na Menem na ndị otu ya n'ihe omume mpụ ego metụtara ịzụ ahịa ngwá agha na-akwadoghị, ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ịzụ ahịa ọla edo. Otú ọ dị, n’otu ọnwa ahụ, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Argentine kagburu Menem n’ebubo e boro ya ma tọhapụ ya n’ụlọ mkpọrọ. Mkpebi ahụ atụghị ọtụtụ ndị Argentine anya: otu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ahụ ka Menem gbasaara ya, laa azụ na 1989, site na ndị òtù 5 ruo na ndị òtù 9, ma jupụta na ndị nnọchiteanya na-eguzosi ike n'ihe bụ ndị kwadoro ọtụtụ ndị pro-Menem. na mkpebi niile megide onye isi ala kemgbe ụbọchị ahụ.
Nke a bụ ọnọdụ, ya mere, nke mmadụ ga-emerịrị ọgba aghara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-eme ugbu a na Argentina. Ndi mmadu juputara na nrụrụ aka na-enweghị ihere na enweghị ntaramahụhụ zuru oke nke ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ ya, yana nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngafe ha na mkpa ndị bụ isi nke mba dị n'akụkụ ọdịda akụ na ụba. Obi nkoropụ, obi nkoropụ na agụụ na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee obi ike ka a nụ mkpesa ha, na ọnọdụ nhụsianya doro anya nke nnupụisi - maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na enweghị ntaramahụhụ - ejirila ndị mmadụ na-enweghị mgbagha. Enwere nghọta zuru oke na mba ahụ adaala "oke nkume", na ugbu a ọ nweghị ihe fọdụrụnụ. N'ime ikuku a, ndị Argentine na-awụpụ ihe fọdụrụ nke ikpeazụ nke ịgbachi nkịtị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na egwu nke afọ nke mmegide agha, ma na-amalite ịkwado mkpa ha na ikike ha na mkpebi siri ike.
Ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke ọgba aghara a na-arị elu nke enweghị afọ ojuju bụ nnukwu nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke ntuli aka ndị omebe iwu e mere n'October 2001. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị ntuli aka na-ezere ịtụ vootu kpamkpam n'oge ahụ, ma ọ bụ tụnye ntuli aka na-akwado ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụgha, dị otú ahụ. dị ka Clemente – onye ama ama katoon ahọpụtara maka enweghị ike izu ohi (ọ bụ ihe e kere eke na-agba ọsọ na-enweghị aka). Buru n'uche na ịtụ vootu bụ iwu na Argentina, na nsonye ndị ntuli aka na-adịkarị karịa 80%. N'isi obodo obodo, Buenos Aires, naanị 45% nke ndị ntuli aka nde 2.5 mere ntuli aka ziri ezi na Ọktoba 2001; 28% jụrụ kpam kpam, 23% tụbara votu maka ndị akụkọ ifo, 4% fọdụrụnụ hapụrụ votu ha efu.
The dire economic situation also led to increasing crime and unrest of the poorest sectors of the population throughout 2001. At present, 40% of Argentina’s 37 million people live below the poverty line; of these, 5 million live in conditions of extreme poverty. A prolonged, 5-year recession and rising unemployment levels proved too much to bear for the poor, and waves of protest by jobless workers swept across the country numerous times in 2001. The piqueteros, as the impoverished lower-class protestors are known, have characterized their demonstrations by blockage of major roadways, and their claims range from a simple call for food donations to repudiation of government economic policies. In the first few weeks of December 2001, food requests to supermarkets by the hungry poor intensified, and although these were at first carried out in an orderly and self-controlled manner, they eventually degraded into violence and outright looting.
Ụmụ amaala dara ogbenye na-achọ onyinye nri Agụụ na-agụ na enweghị ọrụ, ndị mmadụ na-arịọ onyinye nri n'ụlọ ahịa (Dec. 19th 2001, Buenos Aires mpaghara)
N'otu oge ahụ, ọchịchị onye isi ala de la Rua nyere iwu ka akwụsịlata na akaụntụ ụlọ akụ nkeonwe, iji gbochie ihe mberede na enweghị ego nke akụ na ụba Argentine. Nkwagharị a nke enweghị mmasị na ya nke ukwuu, aka ike na enweghị usoro iwu na-ekewapụ ndị otu etiti, nke obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị ghọrọ nnukwu ike na-achọ ka e wepụ onye isi ala ozugbo. N'abalị nke Disemba 19th, onye isi ala de la Rua kwupụtara ọnọdụ ịlọta n'oge nzaghachi maka mbupụ ihe ọhụrụ nke ọtụtụ puku ụmụ amaala dara ogbenye. N'oge na-adịghị anya ọ kwubiri okwu ya na-ekwupụta oge a ga-alọta, Otú ọ dị, ụda ite na pans malitere itolite n'ofe etiti klaasị Buenos Aires. Na mbụ, ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ ihere ma gbasasịa, ma ụda ahụ adaghị ada ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto ugboro ugboro na ike. Ndị mmadụ malitere ịpụta n'okporo ụzọ wee gbakọta n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ - n'onwe ya bụ omume nlepụ anya, ebe ọ bụ na steeti mgbochi machibidoro nnọkọ ọha ihe karịrị mmadụ atọ. Ụlọ ọrụ TV malitere ịkọ mkpesa nke esemokwu a na mberede, nke udo, si otú a na-agbakwụnyekwu ọkụ na ngagharị iwe ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule etiti abalị, iri puku kwuru iri puku mmadụ na-agbasa n'akụkụ niile nke ndị mmadụ - gụnyere ụmụ amaala meworo agadi na ezinụlọ ha na ụmụ ha - ezukọwo n'ihu isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dị na Plaza de Mayo. N'ịbụ ndị na-akụ cacerolas ha na ngagharị iwe, n'ọñụ ma n'udo, ha tiri mkpu maka arụkwaghịm de la Rua.
Nzaghachi gọọmentị bụ iji chụpụ ndị ngagharị iwe na Plaza de Mayo jiri gas anya mmiri, mgbọ rọba na aka dị arọ nke ndị uwe ojii ọgụ. A chụsasịrị ndị ngagharị iwe ahụ, mana ha kpọghachiri otu maịl tupu Congress wee gaa n'ihu na ngosi ha. Ka ọ na-erule chi ọbụbọ, Plaza de Mayo juputara ọzọ na ọtụtụ puku ụmụ amaala bu n'obi ịchụpụ Onye isi ala de la Rua na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ya niile. A kpasuru ìgwè mmadụ ahụ mmegide kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke abụọ, esemokwu kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'etiti ndị uwe ojii na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gara n'ihu n'ụbọchị ahụ dum. Awụnyere ọkụ na ihe mgbochi n'okporo ụzọ iji belata ebubo ndị uwe ojii. Ụfọdụ ndị ngagharị iwe malitere ime ihe ike n'oge a, gbanyere ụlọ ahịa n'okporo ámá, ụlọ akụ na ụgbọ ala ndị nwere mmanya Molotov ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị mmadụ nọ n'ebe ahụ ka a nụ olu ha, bụ́ ndị ji ngwá agha ha ji alụ ọgụ, mkpebi siri ike, na ndụ ha. N'agbanyeghị mwakpo ndị uwe ojii kpara nke mere ka ọtụtụ mmadụ nwụọ ma mee ka ejide mmadụ 4,500, ndị ngagharị iwe ahụ laghachiri na Plaza de Mayo n'ehihie abalị na Disemba 20, onye isi ala de la Rua mechara gbaa arụkwaghịm - na-esi na helikopta gbapụ n'isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị. “N'abalị nke Cacerolas” agafeela, ma ọ bụghị na-efu ya: ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe 35 nwụrụ na mba, na ọtụtụ narị merụrụ ahụ, ndị gọọmenti nyere iwu ka ndị uwe ojii na-adagbu.
Mmegide nke ndị ngagharị iwe: gas anya mmiri, mgbọ rọba, ime ihe ike Nzaghachi gọọmentị ime ihe ike nye ndị ngagharị iwe na-egbu ndị mmadụ 35 na mba niile, ọtụtụ narị merụrụ ahụ, na ejidere ọtụtụ puku mmadụ. (Dec. 20th 2001, ogbe ndịda Buenos Aires)
A month later, Argentina’s political future is still in the balance. The political cataclysm set in motion by their own effort has empowered and emboldened the population. More than ever, Argentineans are feeling their capacity to define and determine their own destiny. However, there is a growing sense that the intrinsically reactionary impulse of the December 19th uprising must make way to the positive forces behind it, to constructive vision, if it is to generate the lasting changes which are so desperately desired by the entire country. This is a very delicate task, and it is not yet clear how this process shall evolve. The middle and lower classes are united in their repudiation of recent government policies, and have even gone as far as coordinating demonstrations together – an unprecedented development, given the traditional mistrust and animosity between these disparate sectors of Argentine society. Their confluence of interests is tenuous, however, and important differences still remain between these two groups. On economic grounds, for example, the lower classes are far more likely to be in favor of nationalization of major industries, to revert the neoliberal policies of foreign-investor privatization implemented by Menem. On the other hand, the middle class is quicker to point out the tremendous (and historically proven) inefficiency of vast government-run monopolies in Argentina, and would be reluctant to have the economic pendulum swing so far back in that direction. The question of the foreign debt repayments is also closely related, and equally daunting and divisive.
N'agbanyeghị ihe ndị a na-ejighị n'aka, olileanya maka ezi mgbanwe agbanweela na Argentina: olileanya nke ikpochapụ obodo ndị ọchịchị rụrụ arụ, ndị na-achụ onwe ha n'ọrụ; olile anya nke iguzobe usoro ikpe na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, nke ga-akwado ikike ụmụ amaala; olile anya imeri nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba yana atumatu ezi uche dị na ya nke na-eji nnukwu akụ na ụba mmadụ na mba ahụ eme ihe. Enwere agụụ maka ngwọta ọhụrụ, nke iti mkpu nke ndị ngagharị iwe na Plaza de Mayo gosipụtara n'abalị nke Disemba 19: "Que se vayan todos!" ("Anyị chọrọ ka ha niile pụọ [n'ọfịs]!"). Soro ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ezu ohi mgbe obodo na-emebi emebi! Soro ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-adịghị ege ntị mgbe anyị na-ekwu okwu! Ndị ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na-enye ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nrụrụ aka ntaramahụhụ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha na-emebi ikike mmadụ anyị n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ! pụọ, pụọ!
Mgbakọ na-ahazi mpaghara mpaghara: Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ọrụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke ọgbakọ ndị agbataobi na-ezukọ iji kpebie ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ịhazi mgbalị ngosi (Jan. 27th 2001, Parque Centenario, Buenos Aires)
The distillation nke ndị a niile olileanya, nakwa dị ka mkpebi nke na-ejighị n'aka ụzọ n'ihu, converge na otu Central mgbaru ọsọ: reructurization nke Argentine ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-edu ndú site na-ewu ewu votu, malite na izugbe ntuli aka nke guzobe ọhụrụ president. Ozugbo de la Rua arụkwaghịm, Otú ọ dị, ndị omebe iwu (Congress na Senate) họpụtara onye isi oche nwa oge, Adolfo Rodriguez Saa, ka ọ na-edu obodo ahụ nwa oge ruo ọnwa atọ tupu a ga-eme ntuli aka izugbe. Ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ha emegideghị nhọpụta a ozugbo, mana ha nọgidere na-enwe obi abụọ maka atụmanya ya ma nyochaa ọganihu ya nke ọma. Mgbe o doro anya na nkwụsị na-enweghị mmasị na akaụntụ ụlọ akụ ga-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide, nakwa na Maazị Saa agụghị akwụkwọ na nkwado zuru oke maka atumatu ya n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nke ya, cacerolazo ọhụrụ dara na Plaza de Mayo na Maazị Saa nyefere arụkwaghịm ya. . Onye isi ala ya were ihe na-erughị otu izu.
Ndị omebe iwu gbakwara ọzọ iji mejupụta ohere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na Jenụwarị 1st, 2002, a họpụtara Eduardo Duhalde wee ṅụọ iyi dị ka onye isi ala. Enweghị afọ ojuju na enyo nke ọha ọha ka dị mkpa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọchịchị Maazị Duhalde agaghị abụzi nwa oge nke ọnwa atọ, dịka ọ dị Mazị Saa, kama ọ ga-abụ oge nhọpụta afọ abụọ ga-agbatị ruo Disemba 2003 (njedebe ọchịchị nke onye isi ala de la Rua chụpụrụ). Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na ọchịchị onye bụbu onye isi ala Menem na nrụrụ aka nke nrụrụ aka kpalitere ịkpọasị siri ike. Nrụgide na-ewu ewu ozugbo megide Maazị Duhalde abụghị nnukwu, ikekwe na nzaghachi nye atụmatụ ya ka o jiri nlezianya gbahapụ peso-to-dollar parity - ihe ọtụtụ ghọtara na ọ bụ ogologo oge. Dị ka mweda ego peso 40% malitere ịrụ ọrụ, otu ọ dị, nnukwu enweghị afọ ojuju malitere maka enweghị enyemaka gọọmentị n'ibelata ibu nke ịrị elu ụgwọ dollar nke ọha mmadụ. Na mgbakwunye, gọọmentị Duhalde webatara atụmatụ na-adịghị amasị nke, n'agbanyeghị na-ebelata ụfọdụ mmachi na mwepụ ego ego ụlọ akụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi, gbatịpụrụ nkwụchi nke akụkụ ahụ ruo na njedebe nke afọ 2003, karịa nke e bu n'obi na mbụ.
N'ịzaghachi ọnọdụ a, ụmụ amaala haziri mbọ ngosi ọhụrụ iji jụ gọọmentị na atumatu ya, na ịkpọ oku maka ntuli aka ọha. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ndị piqueteros na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe malitere mkparịta ụka wee malite isonyere ndị agha n'oge ngosi. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe ọhụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ịrịba ama malitere na mba ahụ: nzukọ ọha na eze malitere ime na ogige ntụrụndụ agbataobi, ebe ndị bi na mpaghara ga-ezukọ n'ìgwè dị iche iche iji kwurịta ihe omume na ịhazi usoro ha. A na-anọchi anya mgbakọ ndị a n'onwe ha ná mgbakọ ndị ka ukwuu, bụ́ ndị na-ahazi ihe, bụ́ ebe ọtụtụ obodo nwere ike ịhụ na ha dị n'otu, na-agbakọ aka ná mgbalị ha na-eme mkpesa. Ọ bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-arụ ọrụ, n'ụzọ kpọmkwem, elemental na ike. Nzukọ ngagharị iwe kwa izu nke na-achọ ka ndị niile nọ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu arụkwaghịm na-eme ugbu a, ihe ngosi na Plaza de Mayo na-enwekwukwa ike. Na Fraịde, Jenụwarị 25, a haziri nnukwu cacerolazo na mba megide Onye isi ala Duhalde, na-ebute ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ngagharị iwe n'ofe obodo ahụ. Ụbọchị ngagharị iwe a dabara na ncheta ogbugbu nke onye nta akụkọ Jose Luis Cabezas, na 1997 - ogbugbu nke onye uwe ojii Buenos Aires mere, n'ihe gbasara ọrụ Cabezas n'ikpughe raket ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ. Maazị Duhalde bụ gọvanọ Buenos Aires n'oge ahụ, a na-akatọkwa ya nke ukwuu maka njikwa adịghị mma o mere maka ikpe ahụ, nke kpalitere enyo maka itinye aka ya n'okwu ahụ. Cacerolazo nke mba nke Jenụwarị 25 bụ, dị ka mgbe niile, gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na enweghị ime ihe ike. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị wetakwara mmegide ndị uwe ojii na iyi egwu ọzọ megide ndị ngagharị iwe ahụ. A gbochiri ọtụtụ puku ndị ngagharị iwe ka ha rute Plaza de Mayo site na mpụga ndịda Buenos Aires, site na imechi ọrụ ụgbọ oloko site na mpaghara ndị ahụ yana igbochi ụzọ gafere àkwà mmiri ndị nwere akụkụ ndị agha. Ndị nhazi nwetara iyi egwu ọnwụ, na iji ike mgbanaka agbataobi dị ka ngwá ọrụ egwu, "ịdọ aka ná ntị" ụmụ amaala na onye ọ bụla ejidere n'ọchịchịrị ga-abụ egwuregwu efu maka ndị uwe ojii. N'agbanyeghị mgbochi ndị ahụ, puku kwuru puku ndị ngagharị iwe ka mere ya na Plaza de Mayo n'abalị ahụ. Otú ọ dị, obi ọjọọ gọọmenti mesịrị merie, ma e ji gas anya mmiri na mgbọ rọba chụpụ ndị ngagharị iwe n'udo.
Anti-Duhalde National Cacerolazo (January 25th 2002, Buenos Aires) Ọtụtụ iri puku ndị ngagharị iwe na mba niile megidere amụma akụ na ụba onye isi ala Duhalde. Na foto a, Mgbakọ ama ama nke mpaghara Buenos Aires (Belgrano) na-aga n'ihu Plaza de Mayo.
Argentina is at a major crossroads – morally, politically, economically – and it is hard to tell how things will unfold in the days ahead. President Duhalde has clearly chosen a path of repressive violence for leveling his playing field, and for subduing the raging waters that threaten the ship of political accomodation and privilege of his country. As a former vice-president and governor of the province of Buenos Aires, with a history of tight liaisons with the dreaded and notoriously corrupt Buenos Aires police force, he may well be better equipped to perform this duty than his most recent predecessors. The Argentine population, however, has shown an extreme resolve in standing for its universal battlecry of “Enough is enough!”. In a matter of a few weeks, the country has undergone an incredible about face, politically speaking, and is currently experiencing a transformation which is nothing short of a democratic revolution. Practical matters are certainly at play here: hunger, unemployment and impoverishment are all major driving forces for demanding justice and change. But the deepest determination of Argentina’s recent demonstrators comes from an absolute conviction that it is time to break the spell, of silence and fear, wrought by the triumvirate of corruption, impunity and ruthless repression which has characterized its national leadership for the last 25 years. It is the conviction which drives Congresswoman Elisa Carrio to follow through with her investigative commission on money laundering activities by the Menem administration, despite receiving numerous death threats for doing so; it is the courage which drives a young woman to open her arms before clash police, pleading for them not to use their guns during a demonstration; it is the determination of thousands of regular citizens to spontaneously and peacefully defy a state of curfew, in a country with a history of tremendous disregard for the dignity of life by the security forces. I pray that the incalculable value of this determination be recognized, and that it be put to work in doing what it wishes most to do: to heal the country’s wounds and develop its wondrous potential. May it be so.
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