[Nke a bụ isiokwu nke anọ nke usoro Ọbara maka mmanụ? Isi obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ, mgbochi ọgụ na mgbagha abụọ nke nchekwa ike America.]
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, usoro isiokwu a enyochala ntinye aka US na mmanụ bara ụba ME ma mee ọtụtụ arụmụka gbasara mgbagha usoro nhazi nke US statecraft. N'ime oge agha mgbe agha gasịrị, steeti America edeela usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ukwuu site na enyemaka ndị agha na ọzụzụ nye ọtụtụ ndị agha nnata na mpaghara ndị nwere mmanụ. N'iburu n'uche mkpa mmanụ na-aga n'ihu dị ka ngwa ahịa atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmanụ na-adịkarị na mpaghara ebe steeti nwere ntọala mmekọrịta na-adịghị mma, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbagwoju anya na mmekọrịta a n'etiti enyemaka agha na mmanụ anọgidewo na-aga n'ihu. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị n'oge oge Agha Nzuzo gasịrị, na karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na 9/11, ndị America na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-agbaso iwu nke nchekwa ike site na usoro nhazi. Ya bụ, US na-abawanye ọnụnọ ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nwere mmanụ na-abụghị nke ME. Mpaghara ndị isi dị na South America, Central Asia na Africa.
Nyere ụbara enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ME yana ntụkwasị obi na-arịwanye elu site na isi ike na mmanụ mba ọzọ, ndị na-eme atụmatụ US na-enwekwu nchegbu n'ihe gbasara ime ka ike ndị a kwụsie ike n'ahịa ụwa. Dị ka akụkụ nke ihe a na-akpọ "agha na ụjọ" anyị na-ahụ mmụba nke agha nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike, ike ọchịchị ụwa na ntinye aka US na ebe a na-ahụta agha agha US dị ka atụmatụ Agha Nzuzo. a na-agbagowanye n'usoro nchekwa ike nke a nke ndị ọchịchị nwere mmanụ na-enweta enyemaka ndị agha US ruru nde kwuru nde dollar na ọzụzụ mgbagha. Ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndị a ka m na-atụgharị ugbu a, m na-egosikwa na ntinye aka US na mpaghara ndị a ka dabere n'echiche abụọ nke m kọwara n'elu. M na-akọwakwa ụzọ nke atụmatụ ọhụrụ a nke ike dị iche iche na-emetụta ikike mmadụ na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na South zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Esemokwu mba ụwa na ike dị iche iche
Tupu 9/11, ndị isi US na-eme atụmatụ achọpụtala na nchekwa ike na-adịwanye mkpa karịa ọdịmma US. Ná mmalite 2001, odeakwụkwọ nke US Spencer Abraham kwuru na US na-eche "nnukwu nsogbu inye ume ike," n'ime afọ iri abụọ na-abịanụ. Abraham gara n'ihu na ‘ọdịda nke imeri ihe ịma aka a ga-etinye akụ na ụba mba anyị egwu, mebie nchekwa obodo anyị, ma gbanwee ụzọ anyị si ebi ndụ n'ụzọ nkịtị. 1 nke onye osote onye isi ala US Dick Cheney buru amụma na ntụkwasị obi US na mmanụ mba ọzọ ga-aga n'ihu na-abawanye n'ọdịnihu. Akụkọ ahụ kwusiri ike na "oke nke mmanụ US na-enweta site na mbubata ụgbụ a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-abawanye site na pasent 2001 na 52 ruo pasent 2000 na 64. Ka ọ na-erule 2020, mmanụ maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụọ n'ime galọn atọ ọ bụla nke mmanụ ụgbọala na mmanụ ọkụ anyị. nwere ike si na mba ọzọ’. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, akụkọ ahụ tụrụ aro na US kwesịrị ime ‘ nchekwa ike bụrụ ihe kacha mkpa nke azụmaahịa anyị na amụma mba ofesi … Nchekwa nke inye ike US na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma site n'ọtụtụ ihe na-egosi mmekọrịta mba ụwa … Ihe ndị a sitere na ịdị nso mpaghara. na nkwekọrịta azụmahịa n'efu na netwọk pipeline jikọtara ọnụ, itinye ego na mpaghara ume ike, nkwekọrịta nchekwa nkekọrịta, na, n'ọnọdụ niile, mmekọrịta ọkọnọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ogologo oge.2020
Ewezuga oriri ụlọ nke US, akụkọ ahụ gara n'ihu na-arụrịta ụka na US kwesịrị ibute ụzọ n'ịchọ nnukwu mmepụta mmanụ dị iche iche nke nwere ụdị dị iche iche na-enweta uru doro anya nye ndị niile sonyere n'ahịa†3. Mbelata a na ịdabere na isi mmalite mmanụ nke Middle Eastern ga-eduga n'ịbawanye ntụkwasị obi na steeti na mpaghara ọhụrụ. Kpọmkwem, isi iyi mmiri mmiri nke Atlantic gbara ‘Western Hemisphere, Caspian, na Africa’. Akụkọ ahụ mere ka o doo anya na US ga-emerịrị ma n'ihi ihe gbasara mmasị nke mba na nke mba ụwa site na mgbanwe dị iche iche na-enyere aka ‘ebelata mmetụta nke ndaghasị ọkọnọ na US na akụ na ụba ụwa. Ọzọkwa, atụmatụ US ‘na mpaghara nke ọ bụla nwere oke mkpa kwesịrị ilekwasị anya n'ịmepụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke ndị isi obodo na imepe mpaghara ndị a na ntinye nke isi obodo mba ofesi iji meziwanye “ọnọdụ itinye ego”. akụkọ si otú na-atụ aro na US steeti kwesịrị ịnọgide na-eme ihe n'ihi na ma ihe mere nke mba na transnational mmasị site institutionalizing na underwriting capitalism na ndị a ọhụrụ ọgaranya mmanụ site a atụmatụ nke ụba ahịa incorporation na strategic ọnụnọ.
N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, n'ihi njikọ dị n'akwụkwọ nke ọma dị n'etiti akụ ndị sitere n'okike na esemokwu US na-achọwanye ka "kwụsi ike" steeti ndị nwere ntọala mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-esighi ike iji hụ na ntinye nke mpaghara ndị a n'ụzọ dị mma n'ime akụ na ụba ụwa. Nke a na-edugakwa n'ịkọwa ọdịmma US megide mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na South zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere ike imetụta ike na-enye ahịa n'ahịa ụwa. Achọpụtara ikike a n'ime akụkọ a, Strategic Energy Policy: Challenges for the 21st Century, nke US Council on Foreign Relations mepụtara. Akụkọ na-amalite site n'igosipụta ụdị mmekọrịta akụ na ụba mba ụwa nke ukwuu: ‘[a] narị afọ nke 21 mepere, ngalaba ike nọ n'ọnọdụ dị oke egwu. Nsogbu nwere ike ịmalite n'oge ọ bụla site n'ọtụtụ ihe ọ bụla, site na ihe mberede na pipeline Alaska na mgbanwe mgbanwe na obodo ukwu na-emepụta mmanụ. Ọ ga-emetụta obodo ọ bụla n'ụwa nke ụwa jikọtara ọnụ taa.
N'ime akụkọ ahụ, ọdịmma mba US lụrụ na mgbochi nke nnukwu mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na South zuru ụwa ọnụ yana mgbanwe ọ bụla nke mmekọrịta na-eme n'ihu na-emetụta " nchekwa mba na amụma mba ofesi n'ụzọ dị egwu." Akụkọ ahụ gara n'ihu na US kwesịrị ibute ụzọ n'ịkwado ọchịchị ike zuru ụwa ọnụ: US kwesịrị ime ihe iji kwalite “ndị agha ahịa n'ebe ọ bụla na mgbe ọ bụla enwere ike, ebe ọ na-eme ihe iji hụ na ọ bụrụ n'ahịa ọdịda ma ọ bụ nnukwu mkpirisi ma ọ bụ ihe ọghọm” . Ọdịda n'ahịa gụnyere ‘ nnyonye anya n'usoro azụmaahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo ma ọ bụ nke steeti na omume nke ndị mmegide’. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, akụkọ ahụ kwubiri site n'ime ka o doo anya na US kwesịrị iji ike agha ya hụ na ike dị mkpa na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ahịa ụwa nakwa na steeti America kwesịrị ịchọ iwere usoro nhazi usoro dị otú ahụ na mpaghara ọhụrụ ndị a bara ọgaranya mmanụ. karịa ka ọ na-eme ugbu a na Middle East.
Akụkọ ahụ na-arụ ụka na ọ bụrụ na US anabataghị usoro ike maka ọnọdụ ike dị ugbu a, US nwere ihe ize ndụ na-eme ka ikike nke ndị mmegide na-adịghị anabata ma mee ka akụ na ụba mba ahụ ghara ịdaba na nkwụsịtụ na ọnụ ahịa ike na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ụdị nchekwa ume ọhụrụ a site na mgbanwe dị iche iche amụbaala n'oge post-9/11 na US na-abawanye enyemaka agha ya na steeti ndị bara ọgaranya dị ka akụkụ nke ihe a na-akpọ "agha na ụjọ" zuru ụwa ọnụ. Dị ka anyị ga-ahụ ugbu a, US na-aghọwanye ejikọta ya na ịkwado ụlọ ọchịchị na-achị ọchịchị n'ụwa nke atọ iji hụ na ọ na-enye ume ike na akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa. Dị ka akọwapụtara n'elu, mpaghara atọ ndị a na-etinye aka na mmanụ US ndị a bụ Western Hemisphere, Caspian, na Africa na m na-enyocha ugbu a ụdị agha ndị a na-agafe na mpaghara nke ọ bụla.
Global capitalism na ike diversification
N'ime ndị na-ebubata mmiri mmiri Atlantic, Latin America na-enye US mmanụ karịa steeti niile nke Middle Eastern jikọtara, yana Mexico, Venezuela na Colombia bụ ndị na-ebubata ya. Dị ka akụkọ Cheney na-eme ka o doo anya, mpaghara Andean nke South America, karịsịa Venezuela na Colombia aghọọla isi na nchegbu US. N'ịchịkọta nkwa ndị a, onye bụbu Ọchịagha na Chief nke US Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM), General James T. Hill kwuputara njikọ dị n'etiti atụmatụ US na ichekwa akụ na ụba nwere mmanụ na-agafe agafe. Hill rụrụ ụka na ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ nchekwa 'Southern Command' nke US mere ka mmetụta US gbasaa, mesie ndị enyi obi ike, ma mee ka ndị mmegide nwere ike ime ka ọ kwụsie ike ma na-akwalite nkwụsi ike ahịa - site na ọzụzụ, ịkwado. , na ịzụlite ikike nchekwa ndị jikọrọ ọnụ’. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, Hill rụrụ ụka na "Southern Command ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzụlite ụdị ndị agha nchekwa na-enye aka inye ikike ịchịisi na mpaghara ahụ dum, karịsịa na Colombia."
Na ‘kwụsi ike’ Colombia, US na-ezigara ndị agha Colombia ijeri ijeri dollar US enyemaka ndị agha kemgbe 2000. Ọ bụ ezie na e kwuru na ego a bụ maka agha a na-alụso ọgwụ ọjọọ ọgụ, ọ bụ n'ezie maka mgbagha mgbagha. agha megide ndị agha Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) nke bụ òtù ọgụ mgba ọgụ kacha ochie na Latin America.6 Marc Grossman, US Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs kọwara ihe mere US ji na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ndị agha Colombia, n'agbanyeghị ndekọ ya. nke nnukwu mmebi ikike mmadụ. Grossman rụrụ ụka na ndị nnupụisi Colombia na-anọchite anya ihe ize ndụ nye ijeri $ 4.3 na ntinye ego US kpọmkwem na Colombia. Ha na-awakpo ọdịmma US mgbe niile, gụnyere okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nke Drummond Coal Mining facility na oke Occidental Petroleum na pipeline mmanụ Caño Limón. Mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na pipeline Caño Limón na-etinyekwa ihe egwu na nchekwa ike US. Colombia wetara 3% nke mbubata mmanụ US na 2001, ma nwee nnukwu mmanụ na mmanụ gas.7
Dị ka Grossman na-egosi, Colombia achọpụtala nnukwu mmanụ mmanụ n'ime ókèala ya.8 Nke ka mkpa, Otú ọ dị, nnupụisi na Colombia na-eyi nkwụsi ike mpaghara egwu, na karịsịa agbata obi Colombia bụ Venezuela bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ebu mmanụ na United States. . General Peter Pace, onye bu Hill ụzọ na US SOUTHCOM, kọwapụtara atụmatụ atụmatụ sara mbara nke ohere US na mmanụ South America, wee jikọta ntinye aka US na Colombia na egwu nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi mpaghara sitere na FARC. Ọ malitere site n'ịkọwa ka mmanụ South America dị mkpa na US, na-arụ ụka na e nwere "echiche na-ezighị ezi" na US "na-adabere kpamkpam na Middle East" maka mmanụ, mgbe n'ezie Venezuela na-enye " €˜15% – 19% mmanụ anyị na-ebubata n'ọnwa ọ bụla’. Pace gara n'ihu rịba ama na "ọgụ dị n'ime na Colombia na-etinye ihe egwu kpọmkwem na nkwụsi ike mpaghara na mmasị mmanụ US, ebe Venezuela, Ecuador, na Panama" bụ ndị na-adịghị ike na nkwụsịtụ n'ihi gaa n'ọrụ nnupụisi Colombia n'akụkụ oke ala ha’.9
Ewezuga Colombia, onye ndu nku aka ekpe ama ama nke Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, abụrụla ogwu n'akụkụ America kemgbe ntuli aka ya na 1998 ka ọ jụrụ ọhụụ neo-liberal nke na-achọ itinyekwu Latin America n'ime ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ. akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na nzaghachi, US kwadoro mwa ọchịchị megide Chavez na 2002. Ozugbo nke ahụ gasịrị, onye na-ekwuchitere Ngalaba Steeti bụ Phillip Reeker kwuru na US chọrọ "igosipụta ịdị n'otu anyị na ndị Venezuelan ma na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ na ndị agha ọchịchị onye kwuo uche na Venezuela" . Ọ gara n'ihu kọwapụta na ọ bụ omume ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke Chavez kpatara ya bụ nke kpalitere ọgba aghara na Venezuela.10 N'adịghị ka nkwuputa a, Chavez emeriela ntuli aka na 1998 na 2000 site na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu n'ime afọ iri anọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Venezuelan, ma nyefee akwụkwọ ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ọhụrụ site na ntuli aka na-ewu ewu na 1999.11.
N'ịkwado ọchịchị mgbagha ahụ, gọọmentị US National Endowment for Democracy enyela "narị puku kwuru puku dollar nye ndị otu US na Venezuelan na-emegide Mr Chavez, gụnyere otu ndị ọrụ nke ngagharị iwe ha kpalitere n'ọchịchị ahụ," ebe. A na-ebo ebubo na ndị agha mmiri Amerịka chịkọbara ma nyere ndị ahụ kpara nkata ọchịchị aka.12 Thomas Dawson, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti IMF, kwuru na IMF dị njikere inyere ndị ọchịchị ọhụrụ aka ‘n'ụzọ ọ bụla ha chere na ọ dị mma’.13 Onye na-ekwuchitere ọchịchị Bush kwuru hoo haa na ọ bụ ezie na a họpụtara Chavez n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, mmadụ kwesịrị iburu n'uche na "ịkwado iwu bụ ihe a na-enye ọ bụghị naanị ọtụtụ ndị ntuli aka." 14 Chavez ka dị. kwụsie ike na radar US na General Hill na-arụ ụka na ‘radical populism’ (akọwapụtara dị ka usoro nke ‘ndị isi na mpaghara ahụ na-abanye n'ime nkụda mmụọ miri emi nke ọdịda nke mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-ebuga ngwongwo na ọrụ ndị a tụrụ anya ya. ™) na-anọgide na-abụ ihe iyi egwu nke ‘ maka ọdịmma US’.15 Ọzọkwa, US na-aga n'ihu na-anwa imebi usoro ochichi onye kwuo uche na Venezuela.16
Ịnweta mmanụ South America na-enweghị mgbochi yana ichekwa akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu abụrụla ihe na-akawanye njọ maka ndị na-eme atụmatụ US mgbe mwakpo Septemba 11 gasịrị na ọdịda na-aga n'ihu nke ọrụ US na-edu na Iraq. Onye nnochite anya US na Colombia, Anne Patterson, kọwara na ‘Mgbe Septemba 11 gachara, okwu nchekwa mmanụ abụrụla ihe kacha mkpa maka United States, ọkachasị dịka isi mmalite mmanụ sitere na United States. na Middle East abụrụla ‘enweghị nchekwa’. Site n'inweta mkpa ume US sitere na Colombia, nke "mgbe Mexico na Venezuela" gasịrị bụ "obodo mmanụ kachasị mkpa na mpaghara," US ga-enwe "obere oke iji rụọ ọrụ na" ihu nsogbu ma nwee ike ‘zenarị ntule ọnụ ahịa [mmanụ].17 N'ihe gbasara Colombia, e gosipụtara nke a n'ụzọ doro anya na nde $98 nke ọchịchị Bush maka otu ndị agha Colombia zụrụ azụ nke CI brigade dị ka akụkụ nke Bush. Atụmatụ enyemaka ndị agha South America, Andean Regional Initiative.
N'adịghị ka ndị otu ndị agha Colombia CI brigades, brigade a na-etinye naanị n'ichebe pipeline mmanụ mmanụ Cano Limon dị kilomita 500 nke US multinational Occidental Petroleum na Colombia.18 Onye odeakwụkwọ nke United States Colin Powell kọwara na e jiri ego ahụ mee “ ˜ zụọ ma kwadebe brigades abụọ nke ndị agha Colombia iji chebe pipeline' iji gbochie mwakpo nnupụisi nke na-anapụ anyị isi mmanụ mmanụ.19 Patterson gara n'ihu ịkọwa na ọ bụ ezie na e nyeghị ego a n'okpuru ihe a ga-ebuso agha megide ọgwụ ọjọọ ‘bụ ihe anyị ga-emerịrị' n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu obodo, maka isi mmanụ mmanụ anyị na ntụkwasị obi nke ndị na-etinye ego anyị."20 Bush kwughachiri. Nkwekọrịta a mgbe ọ rụrụ ụka na ‘Colombia bụ isi iyi ihe dị ka pasentị abụọ nke mbubata mmanụ US na 2001 (afọ a chụpụrụ brigade na-echebe pipeline) nke mere ka ha nwee mmasị n'ichebe akụ na ụba a. ihe onwunwe’.21
Dị ka ọ dị na South America, Central Asia bụ mpaghara nwere mmanụ mmanụ yana ọdịmma mba US yana enyemaka nchekwa ya ejikọtawo nke ọma na ịkwado ụdị akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara ahụ site na enyemaka ndị agha US na-akwado ndị agha na-akparị mmadụ. US dugara agha megide Afghanistan butere mmụba nke ọnụnọ ndị agha US na mpaghara niile, na ọtụtụ steeti Central Asia na-anata ugbu a enyemaka ndị agha US nke ziri ezi dịka akụkụ nke “agha na ụjọ” zuru ụwa ọnụ. 22 Otú ọ dị, ọnụnọ ndị agha US ejedebeghị nanị na mkpọsa ndị Afghanistan dị ka Elizabeth Jones, osote odeakwụkwọ nke United States mere ka o doo anya na 2001 mgbe ọ rụrụ ụka na ‘[w] mgbe esemokwu Afghanistan kwụsịrị, anyị agaghị ahapụ Central Central. Asia. Anyị nwere atụmatụ na ọdịmma ogologo oge na mpaghara a…†23
General Anthony Zinni, onye isi US Unified Central Command (onye na-ahụ maka mmejuputa mmemme enyemaka nchekwa US na Central Asia) nyere ihe ngosi nke atụmatụ ogologo oge ndị a bụ ma gosipụta mgbagha na-aga n'ihu nke ntinye aka US na Central Asia. Mgbe o kwuru na US CENTCOM na enyemaka ndị agha ya na mmemme ọzụzụ na-enye aka n'ụzọ dị oke mkpa iji nọgide na-eguzosi ike na mpaghara a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke bụ isi ihe na-eme ka mmanụ na-enweghị isi na azụmahịa ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka akụnụba ụwa. ™. Ọ gara n'ihu na ‘nlebara anya na mkpa nchekwa ziri ezi nke ndị enyi anyị, yana site n'ịnọgide na-aga agha kwesịrị ekwesị na ohere, anyị nwere ike ịkwalite nchekwa mpaghara ebe anyị na-echekwa ọdịmma nke anyị. s nchegbu. Ọ depụtara ọdịmma mba US n'ihe metụtara steeti Central Asia ọ bụla nwere isiokwu na-ejikọ ọnụ bụ mkpa ọ dị itinye akụrụngwa ike mpaghara n'ime usoro mba ụwa nke US na-eduga yana ime ka akụ na ụba ahịa dịkwuo elu. N'ihe gbasara Georgia, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ngalaba Ọchịchị US na-arụ ụka na mmasị US na-adabere na nkwalite ahịa ahịa na njikọ nke Georgia na akụ na ụba ụwa: ‘Georgia bụ ihe dị mkpa geopolitical linchpin na Caucasus mpaghara: dị ka ọdịda anyanwụ. Portal na Great Silk Road na ụzọ kacha ọhụrụ nke mmanụ Caspian n'ahịa ụwa, Georgia bụ ọnụ ụzọ ike na ụzọ azụmaahịa jikọtara East na West’.24
Nyere Georgia's centrality na amụma US ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ọ bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ na-enweta enyemaka US na mpaghara ahụ site na iji $64 nde US kwadoro "ụgbọ okporo ígwè na akụrụngwa atụmatụ maka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Georgia nke yiri nke ahụ. A na-ewepụta mmemme CI na Colombia. Ihe dị ka ndị nkuzi US Special Forces 150 na-azụ ndị ọrụ nchekwa Georgian n'ọgụ ọgụ. Onye na-ekwuchitere Mịnịstrị na-ahụ maka nchekwa na Georgian kwuru na ndị na-enye ọzụzụ US CI ga-agba mbọ wulite ikike mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa nke ga-echekwa saịtị ndị dị mkpa, ọkachasị ọkpọkọ mmanụ. N'otu aka ahụ, Uzbekistan, otu onye US "bụ ndị mmekọ mbụ na ọgụ megide iyi ọha egwu," 26 nwetara ihe karịrị $90 nde na enyemaka agha US na njedebe 2001. Enyemaka ndị agha US gara n'ihu na na 2003, US nyere $25 nde maka Enyemaka ndị agha na nde $18 maka enyemaka nchekwa oke ala nke gụnyere mmemme ọzụzụ ọhụrụ maka ndị agha pụrụiche nke Uzbek na ọgụ mgba mgba. General Zinni kọwara na Uzbekistan nwere ‘akụ na ụba eke nwere ike ime, yana mpaghara Caspian ike (mmanụ na gas) … dị njikere maka mmepe buru ibu n'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi nnukwu akụ na ụba ume dị n'ihe egwu enwere ike inwe enweghị ntụkwasị obi ka mba na-edozi ajụjụ nke nwe na ụzọ mbupụ anabatara. Mmekọrịta anyị na CAS na-agbanwe ma ga-aga n'ihu na-eto eto n'ọdịnihu’.27
Omume a na-emekwa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. Otu n'ime isi obodo dị n'Africa bụ steeti ọdịda anyanwụ Africa nke Nigeria bụ nke kacha ebupụ mmanụ n'Africa, ma bụrụkwa nke ise na-ebubata mmanụ n'ahịa ụwa.28 Iji kwalite ntinye aka n'ihu Africa n'ime akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa US. na-akwalite nkwekọrịta azụmahịa n'efu na na 2000 bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado Africa Growth and Opportunity Act e mere iji meghee Africa maka isi obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ, karịsịa itinye ego site na mba ọdịda anyanwụ mmanụ. Dị ka Ed Royce, Onye isi oche nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Nnọchiteanya US na Africa rụrụ ụka, "Ekwesịrị ka a na-ewere mmanụ Africa dị ka ihe kacha mkpa maka nchekwa mba US post 9-11" na mmanụ Africa na-enye ‘ iyi ego kwesịrị ekwesị kwesịrị ekwesị. weta isi obodo maka itolite akụ na ụba Africa … [t] ebe a abụghị ezigbo ihe kpatara na mba ndị na-emepụta mmanụ Africa agaghị eji ohere nke Uto Africa na Opportunity Act (AGOA) mee ka akụ na ụba ha dị iche iche.29 Bush kwughachiri nkwa a na 2004. mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na AGOA Acceleration Act nke 2004 nke gbatịpụrụ AGOA ruo 2015.
Bush kwusiri ike na ọ dịghị mpaghara nwere ihe ọ ga-enweta n'ahịa efu karịa Africa site na AGOA na-enye ‘ azụmahịa ndị America obi ike ka ukwuu itinye ego na Africa, ma gbaa mba Africa ume ka ha gbanwee akụ na ụba na gọọmentị ha iji nweta ohere ndị ahụ. Na AGOA na-enye’.30 N'akụkụ usoro ndị a nke n'ihu ahịa mbanye bụ ịrị elu kwekọrọ ekwekọ na enyemaka ndị agha US na ọzụzụ, na US Foreign Military Financing na Africa naanị na-abawanye site 800 pasent n'etiti 2000-2006.31 Na 2004, General Charles Wald, osote onye. ọchịagha nke EUCOM (ndị agha na-ahụ maka Europe na Western Africa) mechaala njem nke ọtụtụ steeti ọdịda anyanwụ Africa, gụnyere Nigeria. N'ịkọwapụta mmasị US n'Africa, Wald rụrụ ụka na US nwere ‘ nnukwu mmasị n'Africa site n'echiche nchekwa, n'usoro atụmatụ yana n'echiche nke ichekwa ọdịmma nchekwa anyị na mmasị itinye ego.32 Ọ dị mma, mgbe anyị na-ekwurịta okwu. Njikọ ndị agha n'etiti US na Nigeria na ma nkwado ndị agha ga-agbatị ruo nchebe nke akụrụngwa mmanụ ala Nigeria na ọgba aghara nke Niger Delta, Wald kwuru na ‘Ebe ọ bụla ihe ọjọọ dị, anyị chọrọ iru ebe ahụ buso ya agha. 33
Ọgwụgwụ akụkụ anọ nke usoro isiokwu a————————–
1 Amaghi onye odee, Okwu Odeakwụkwọ nke U.S. Spencer Abraham kwuru. http://www.usembassy.it/file2001_03/alia/a1031906.htm
2 National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy, Mee 21, 2001. p.130.
3 National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy, Mee 21, 2001. p.132.
4 National Energy Policy Development Group, National Energy Policy, Mee 21, 2001. p.133.
5 James T. Hill, Nkwupụta Ngosipụta, Iwu Ndịda US, Kọmitii Ọrụ Ndị Agha Ụlọ, Maachị 12, 2003. http://www.house.gov/hasc/openingstatementsandpressreleases/108thcongress/03-03-12hill.html.
6ref akwụkwọ m.
7 Marc Grossman, Akaebe nke onye nnochite anya Marc Grossman n'ihu kọmitii ntinye ego nke ụlọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ mba ofesi. Eprel 10, 2002. http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/02041001.htm.
8 Donald E, Schulz, United States na Latin America: Ịmepụta Ọdịnihu Ọhụụ (Carlisle PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2000), p.3.
9 Peter Pace, Ajụjụ Ọganihu maka Lieutenant General Peter Pace. Ndozigharị nchekwa. Kọmitii Senate nke United States na ọrụ agha. 2000. http://www.senate.gov/~armed_services/statemnt/2000/000906pp.pdf.
10 Phillip Reeker, Ngalaba Ọchịchị na Mgbanwe Ọchịchị na Venezuela, 12 Eprel 2002. http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/venezuela/02041250.htm.
11 Na Chavez na ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-ewu ewu hụ NarcoNews, Febụwarị 20, 2002; Na nzaghachi mgbasa ozi US na mgbagha ahụ hụ Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting, Akwụkwọ US na-ekele Venezuelan Coup dị ka Pro-Democracy Move, Eprel 18, 2002. http://www.fair.org/press-releases/venezuela-editorials.html; Maka nkọwa zuru oke na ndabere nke mgbagha ahụ, lee Conn Hallinan, US Shadow Over Venezuela, Policy Foreign in Focus. Eprel 17, 2002. http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2002/0204venezuela2_body.html.
12 The Guardian, Eprel 29, 2002.
13 Thomas C, Dawson, Transcript of a Press Briefing, International Monetary Fund, Fraịde, Eprel 12, 2002, http://www.imf.org-external-np-tr-2002-tr020412.htm.
14 Onye na-ekiri ihe, Eprel 21, 2002.
15 Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya US, Akaebe nke General James T. Hill N'ihu Kọmitii Ọrụ Ndị Agha Ụlọ, Maachị 24, 2004. http://armedservices.house.gov/openingstatementsandpressreleases/108thcongress/04-03-24hill.html
16 Richard Gott, ‘Democracy Under Threat’, The Guardian, Disemba 6, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1658890,00.html
17 El Tiempo. Ọnwa Abụọ 10, 2002. http://www.amazonwatch.org/newsroom/mediaclips02/col/020210_col_et.html.
18 Ndị Kraịst Nlebanya Sayensị. Ọnwa Atọ 5, 2002.
19 Kọmiti na-ekenye ego n'ụlọ. Odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Colin Powell n'ihu Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ofesi, Febụwarị 13, 2002.
20 El Tiempo. Ọnwa Abụọ 10, 2002.
21 George Bush, Ozi mmefu ego Onye isi ala na Andean Counterdrug Initiative, Washington, Ngalaba Ọchịchị US, Febụwarị 04,2002. http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ar/colombia/andean04.htm.
22Lutz Kleveman, Egwuregwu Ukwu Ọhụrụ: Ọbara na Mmanụ na Central Asia (London: Grove Press, 2004).
23 Jones hotara ihe sitere na Saul B, Cohen, ‘ Mpaghara Nkwekọrịta Eurasia: Ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ Shatterbelt?’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2005, 46:1, p.9.
24 US CENTCOM, Nkwupụta nke General Anthony C. Zinni, enweghị ụbọchị. http://www.centcom.mil/
25 Ngalaba Steeti US, Steeti ọhụrụ nweere onwe ya, emebeghị ya. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/3971.pdf
26 Gọọmenti United States, ‘ Enyemaka ndị agha Uzbekistan’ na ‘Uzbekistan mgbanwe na Enyemaka mmanye iwu’, enweghị ụbọchị, 2002.
27 Anthony C. Zinni, Nkwupụta nke General Anthony C. Zinni, Edebeghị. http://www.house.gov/hasc/testimony/106thcongress/99-03-11zinni.htm
28 Nkwupụta nke George L. Person, JR. Kọmiti na nso Eastern na South Asia, Sineti U.S. amụma mba ofesi US, mmanụ ala na Middle East. Ọnwa Iri 20, 2005. http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2005/PersonTestimony051020.pdf
Ed Royce nhota sitere na mmanụ Africa: Ihe ebutere ụzọ maka nchekwa mba US na mmepe Africa, otu African Oil Policy Initiative Group, enweghị ụbọchị. http://www.israeleconomy.org/strategic/africawhitepaper.pdf
30 George W Bush, Okwu nke Onye isi ala na ntinye aka nke Agoa Acceleration Act nke 2004, Julaị 13, 2004. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/07/20040713-3.html
31 William D. Hartung na Frida Berrigan, Militarization of US Africa Policy, 2000 ruo 2005, Maachị 2005, http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/AfricaMarch2005.html
32 Donna Miles'US ga-alụso iyi ọha egwu na Africa' American Forces Information Services, June 16, 2004. http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jun2004/n06162004_200406163.html
33 Ian Mason, ‘Isi Na-eto eto Maka Mmanụ Bụkwa Ebumnuche West Africa, Onye Na-ebupụ Mba US, Na-egosi “Paradox of Plentyâ€â€™, San Francisco Chronicle, Septemba 19, 2004.