Moun ki aprann nan teyori modèn lang yo te anseye nou ki jan mo yo ka trèt.
Pou yon kòmansman, pa gen okenn relasyon òganik ant yon mo ak objè a li implique.
Pou egzanp, yo di nou, pa gen anyen tankou chen sou mo "chen". Ni pa gen anyen ki gen koulè wouj ki entegre nan fòm mo "wouj la." Ala vre!
Kidonk siyifikasyon yo se lajman yon kesyon de konvansyon ak konsansis kiltirèl nan mitan kominote yo.
Ay, sa se pa tout.
Plis konplikasyon rive lè yo konsidere ke objè yo nan direksyon ki mo siyal (chen, wouj) nan vire pa toujou oswa nesesèman vle di menm bagay sa yo pou tout itilizatè yo nan menm lang, menm nan kominote fèmen.
Thus “dog” may to one person suggest something low and derogatory, but to another bring thoughts of loyalty and affection. Just as the word “red” may equally variously suggest any of the following: blood, wine, a traffic light, a communist, or, in the context of the current troubles in the global economy, just plain indebtedness (being in the red).
II
Riminasyon twoublan sa yo te atake m ak fòs jis lòt jou a pandan y ap koute yon premye chèn televizyon angle.
Mo "masaka" ak "benyen san."
Menm jan ak anpil itilizatè bak nan lang angle a, mwen te toujou panse ke mo sa yo enplike men yon sèl bagay, sètadi, ekstèminasyon terib èt imen an pakèt moun.
Kidonk, nou menm ki te enterese nan zafè lemonn yo te konn sèvi ak mo sa yo souvan pou dekri konsekans sanginè moun foli kolektif yo tanzantan ak kote, pa egzanp, anrapò ak sa listwa di nou ki te pase. lè Ashoka te anvayi Kalinga, oswa pandan kanpay Aleksann yo, oswa masak yo pandan plizyè syèk Kwazad yo, oswa depredasyon Ghengez Khan yo, oswa anpil lòt istwa sou lagè medyeval, oswa sanglan nan tranche premye gè mondyal la, oswa olokòs la, oswa Hiroshima, oswa jenosid yo an Irak, Rwanda, Bosni, oswa bouchi entè-kominotè ki te akonpaye patisyon peyi Zend, oswa anpil pogrom kominal ki te swiv evènman sa a, ki te mennen jiska kouwòn "masak" nan Gujarat an 2002.
Oswa vre bouchi yo mwens te note yo te ayere regilyèman sou Dalit peyi Zend yo, fanm yo, minorite etnik ak relijye yo, ak sou sa.
III
Thinking of all that, it struck me that one has but rarely, if not never, heard India’s corporate print and electronic media use the words “carnage” or “bloodbath” to describe either the killings executed upon India’s “weaker sections” by diverse dominant groups or by uniformed branches of the state-apparatus. Although, one must quickly qualify that killings executed by what are called India’s Maoists or Naxals are often so designated—“carnage”, “bloodbath” etc.,
Abitye, sepandan, medya antrepriz yo opere nan yon pandil lengwistik deskriptif ki soti nan "twoub sosyal" nan "entè-kast" oswa "vyolans entè-kominal" nan, nan pi bon, "revòlt."
As to the millions who die from malnutrition, preventible diseases, and such like, when did you ever hear any strong words used that might raise concrete visions of the horrors thus perpetrated by a social order that thinks the best way to govern is to look after the elect. Surely who has ever heard a TV channel define a hundred thousand or so suicides by India’s imperiled farmers as a “carnage”? I certainly haven’t.
IV
Imajine, kidonk, konstènasyon mwen (I te yon pwofesè angle pou anviwon kat deseni oswa plis) lè yo tande ak wè mo "masaka" ak "bain san" yo itilize ak fòs, ak fòs repete, pa chèn televizyon yo ak medya enprime antrepriz yo pou dekri sa k ap pase nan mache bousye a. semèn ki sot pase a oswa konsa!
Kap wè san wouj koule desann ekran an, mwen sèlman wè pwòp ti flèch wouj nan grafik pwofesyonèl ki montre anba.
Lè sa a, lè w li lejand nwa yo ki te anonse "depenn" pou Lendi lè pèt yo te rive, ou ta ka mande tou poukisa twa jou bouchri nan Delhi an 1984, nan Mumbai an 1992-93, epi answit nan Gujarat an 2002. pa janm te gen tit "depenn."
Which is when, some apprenticeship coming to my aid, I recalled the modern theorists of language. I reminded myself how the same words need not mean the same things to all users of the same language.
Further reflection brought home the lesson how the profoundest transformation wrought by the Capitalist way of life has been to make the inanimate animate, and the animate inanimate. “Transferred epithet” the grammarians call this.
Thus, where you and I might, upon reading news of the stock market crash, think of dwindling currency notes, bank bonds and such-like, the Capitalists see reserve armies of investment and profit that keep in place the states they command in high order. And where you and I might see oppressed, imperiled and massacred millions of the human race, the Capitalist only sees annoying sods that merely clutter the high road to the globalised summit.
Thus “carnage” and “bloodbath” are but inaccurately used to define the liquidation of human subjects. Their proper use lies in describing the liquidation of bank credits, housing markets, FDIs, FIIs and the like. For the best human beings to the Capitalists are the crispest of currency notes and share certificates; and those that we call human beings are canon for the fodder.
Vrèmanvre, moun ki gen yo ak moun ki pa gen yo nan mond lan pale yon angle diferan.
ZNetwork finanse sèlman atravè jenerozite lektè li yo.
Fè yon don