Cia kuv pib nrog lub ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm qhov nws yog dab tsi. Ilisu yog lub pas dej loj thib peb ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws South Anatolian Project (GAP hauv nws cov lus Turkish) uas muaj 22 lub dams nrog 7500 MW muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv dej ntau dua 1.6 lab hectares ntawm cov av ua liaj ua teb. GAP yog ib qho kev tsim kho hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg Kurdish, ntau haiv neeg sab hnub tuaj hauv Turkey, ciam teb Syria thiab Iraq.[1]
Ntawm ntau lwm yam teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho, kab lis kev cai thiab ib puag ncig, Ilisu tshwj xeeb yog thaj chaw loj ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg hauv zos thiab ib puag ncig cov pab pawg tiv thaiv lub pas dej thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv xeev thiab lawv cov neeg koom tes hauv kev tsim kho thiab nyiaj txiag, hais rau nws txoj kev tsim kho. Cov kev txaus siab ntawm Ilisu tau nruj, ib feem yog vim muaj ntau zaj lus qhia tau kawm los ntawm cov dams loj ua ntej Karakaya, Atatรผrk thiab Birecik, inundating ntau pua lub zos, hloov ntau txhiab tus neeg, rhuav tshem cov cuab yeej cuab tam, ntau txhiab hectares ntawm fertile av thiab ecosystems. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov ntawd, vim tias thaj chaw Ilisu dam reservoir suav nrog lub nroog keeb kwm ntawm Hasankeyf, tam sim no tau npaj los ua UNESCO World Heritage Site los ntawm Doga Dernegi (Nature Association) ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv.
Ib qho kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm / keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm thaj chaw tau ua los ntawm ib tus kws tshawb fawb Irish, Maggie Ronayne hauv 2004. Ib nqe lus los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus qhia tau hais tias "Ilisu Dam reservoir yuav rhuav tshem ntau pua qhov chaw qub nyob hauv hav ntawm Upper Tigris thiab cov no tuaj yeem Tsis yog txhua yam yuav raug khawb thiab sau tseg rau lub sijhawm nws yuav siv los tsim lub pas dej tauv, thaj chaw no yuav muaj qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb rau kev nkag siab txog peb lub hauv paus pib ntawm tib neeg thiab Neanderthal lub neej, yog ib qho ntawm thawj thaj chaw hauv ntiaj teb uas cov zej zog siv cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj txhu thiab tau ua thaj tsam thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws, suav nrog cov neeg Loos thiab Assyrians. [2]
Thawj lub koom haum Ilisu thoob ntiaj teb tau rhuav tshem los ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm British Balfour Beatty hauv xyoo 2001, tshaj tawm tias "kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo thiab ib puag ncig teeb meem tsis zoo li yuav raug daws sai sai", txawm tias muaj kev txhawb zog los ntawm British Prime Minister Tony Blair rau qhov project. Nyob rau hauv kev teb rau kev ntxhov siab los ntawm cov neeg tawm suab, Arab pab koomtes thiab tej zaum yuav yog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshiab World Bank txhawb nqa ntawm World Commission on Dams, tsoomfwv Askiv tau tshaj tawm plaub yam xwm txheej rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm 300 lab sterling: qhov kev pab cuam tsim nyog rau 50 txhiab. Cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, kev sab laj nrog Syria thiab Iraq, archaeology cawm txoj kev npaj rau xyoo 2000 lub nroog Hasankeyf thiab khaws cia 100 txhiab xyoo keeb kwm hauv cheeb tsam, thiab kev txhim kho nrog rau cov dej phwj tuaj.
Qaib ntxhw tau cog lus rau Ilisu. Tom qab qhov kev sib cais ntawm thawj lub koom haum, Lub Xeev Hydraulic Works ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv (DSI), ib zaug lub xeev muaj zog heev, tam sim no tus thawj coj ntawm ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntiag tug, tau pib txheej txheem los tshuaj xyuas Ilisu Environmental Impact Assessment ua ntej, es. tshaj qhov Ilisu qhov project nws tus kheej.
Maggie Ronayne tau tshuaj xyuas qhov kev hloov tshiab no hauv 2006. Nws xaus lus tias "EIA Hloov Kho tsis yog kev soj ntsuam ywj pheej ntawm qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov project. Nws raug yuam kom tso siab rau cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Turkish ... Ntau qhov Hloov Kho tsis yog qhov kev ntsuas tiag tiag. Nws tsis muaj. nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm me me tau ua tiav rau nws ...
Qhov thib ob hauv Ilisu: German-Austrian-Swiss Consortium
Tom qab qhov hloov tshiab no, DSI tau ua tiav los sib sau ua ke thib ob los pab nyiaj txiag Ilisu kev tsim kho. Qhov no tau pib hauv 6th Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 2006 nrog kev koom tes ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees Euler Hermes Kreditversicherung, Austria's Kontrollbank thiab Switzerland's Exportrisikoversicherung, peb lub koom haum European export credit. Tsoom fwv Turkish tau cog lus rau txoj haujlwm no tias lub rooj sib tham tau ua tiav los ntawm Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Recep Tayyip Erdogan thaum Lub Yim Hli 2006, ob lub hlis ua ntej lub koom haum tau sib sau ua ke. Raws li kev pom zoo ntawm tsoomfwv thiab cov koom haum, Qaib Cov Txwv yuav ua tiav cov npe ntawm 153 txoj haujlwm ntsig txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj haujlwm ua ntej, thaum lub sijhawm thiab tom qab kev tsim kho thiab cov koom haum yuav tso tawm credit ntawm 534 lab euros. ntawm ntau tshaj 2 billion kev tsim kho qhov project. Cov haujlwm 153 no tau ua raws li OECD thiab World Bank cov qauv ntawm cov dams loj.
Raws li tus kws sau ntawv ntseeg tau Metin Mรผnir ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm tseem ceeb Turkish niaj hnub Milliyet, uas tau sau ntau ntxiv rau Ilisu xyoo 2009, DSI tshwj xeeb tau mus rau kev tsim lub koom haum es tsis yog mus rau lub txhab nyiaj, vim tias lwm yam kev yuav khoom hauv pej xeem yuav raug cai thiab zam kev tsim kho. tej hauj lwm raug xa mus rau cov tuam txhab uas xav tau.[5] Nrog lub koom haum thib ob, Nurol thiab Cengiz, ob lub tuam txhab hauv tebchaws tau raug xaiv tsa rau Ilisu. Cengiz paub tias yog tus yeej ntawm kev sib tw tsis ntev los no hauv aluminium thiab qab zib privatization hauv Turkey.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Nurol thiab Cengiz tsis txwv rau kev tsim kho. Lawv tsis tau cog lus tsawg dua rau lub pas dej ua ke dua li tsoomfwv thiab Lub Xeev Hydraulic Works (DSI). Orhan Cengiz, tus thawj coj ntawm Cengiz Contruction, tshaj tawm hais tias "qhov project no yuav ua tiav hauv qhov no lossis lwm txoj hauv kev, thiab yuav txo qis cov nqi kev ruaj ntseg ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab nws lub zog yav tom ntej. Cov neeg uas tawm tsam qhov project no tsis xav kom Qaib Cov Txwv loj hlob tuaj. kev ruaj ntseg thiab lub zog."[6] Cengiz zoo li paub los ntawm lub plawv Qaib ntxhw txoj cai ntawm kev tsim cov pas dej da dej ntawm lub roob qhov rooj uas siv los ntawm Kurdish militants nyob rau hauv ciam teb Turkish Iraqi.[7]
Ironically, Cengiz yog los ntawm Rize, lub nroog nto moo nrog nws cov toj siab zoo nkauj, hav thiab dej hauv Northeast Turkey, tam sim no raug raped los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim kho tau tso cai los ntawm DSI rau kev tsim cov dej me me hauv cov dej num. Tam sim no tshaj li ob puas lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me tab tom tsim kho thiab ntau ntawm lawv tau npaj ntau tshaj plaub puas tus dej ntws. Ironically dua, DSI yog nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Ministry of Environment thiab ib puag ncig tus xibfwb Veysel Eroglu, yav dhau los tus thawj coj ntawm DSI tam sim no yog Minister of Environment. Tshaj li yim xyoo dhau los, Eroglu tau yog ib tus phooj ywg ze rau tus thawj tswj hwm thiab tau ua tus thawj coj tso cai rau ntau qhov chaw tsis pom kev hauv ib puag ncig me me thiab dej loj loj.
Kev sib txuas ntawm DSI thiab Nurol-Cengiz yog qhov zoo kawg li. Xa mus rau Metin Mรผnir cov kab hauv Milliyet, DSI thawj zaug tau tsim Lub Tsev Haujlwm Ua Haujlwm, lub luag haujlwm saib xyuas 153 txoj haujlwm uas tau hais hauv kev pom zoo sib koom. Tom qab ntawd DSI tau txib cov neeg cog lus Nurol thiab Cengiz rau kev npaj cov phiaj xwm ua haujlwm rau kev ua tiav ntawm 153 txoj haujlwm no thiab Nurol tau cog lus rau lub tuam txhab pabcuam hu ua ENCON rau 25 lab euros rau tib lub hom phiaj. Txhua yam tau tsim los ua haujlwm rau kev txaus siab ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim kho, hais tias Metin Mรผnir. Tsis tas li ntawd, ENCON tau tsim cov chaw ua haujlwm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, thiab muaj peb tus kws tshaj lij hauv DSI qhov kev ua tiav qhov project.[8]
Lub Kaum Hli 2008, cov neeg qiv nyiaj tau ncua lawv cov qhab nia, vim tias DSI tsis ua tiav nws cov lus cog tseg. Nyob rau hauv ib xyoos kev sib tham txog txoj kev npaj ua, tus khub ntawm cov neeg qiv nyiaj yog Nurol thiab ENCON. Ilisu twb yog ib tug nyuj nyob rau hauv ib lub khw hauv Suav teb. Ib zaug ntxiv, hais los ntawm Metin Mรผnir, kaum mais ntawm Mardin-Dargeรงit txoj kev loj tau nthuav dav thiab cov kev pabcuam raug tsim los ntawm cov cuab yeej ntiag tug, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam.[9]
Thaum kawg, lub koom haum thib ob tau thim nws 534 lab euros kev txhawb nqa ntawm 7th Lub Xya hli ntuj 2009, sib cav hais tias lub pas dej Ilisu nyob deb ntawm kev ua tiav cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev txuag kab lis kev cai. Txawm li cas los xij, tsoomfwv Turkish dua, tsis nres. Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Erdogan tab tom ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev ua phem rau txhua tus thiab txhua tus neeg tawm tsam tiv thaiv Hasankeyf cov cuab yeej cuab tam kev cai tawm tsam Ilisu Dam, rau kev txhawb nqa rau cov neeg Kurdish cais tawm thiab cov tub rog Kurdish cov tub rog ntawm PKK. Erdogan yog tus kheej tshaj tawm ib puag ncig, zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov, uas nws mantra tsis yog "Water Flows Turk Gazes" tab sis "Dej Flows Turk Accomplishes".[10] Rau ib puag ncig tus xibfwb Eroglu, nws tsis yog qhov sib txawv ntawm Ilisu thiab OECD / WB cov qauv ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab ib puag ncig uas tau tso tseg lub koom haum, tab sis qhov "slipperiness ntawm peb lub xeev creditor, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria thiab Switzerland".[11]
Qhov thib peb yuav yog cov neeg qiv nyiaj Turkish ': Tsis Tau Tiav Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Garanti thiab Akbank
Ob lub koom haum tshaj li kaum xyoo dhau los tau tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tam sim no kev txhawb nqa thoob ntiaj teb zoo ib yam zoo li tsis zoo li tam sim no ntawm Ilisu Dam project. Tsoomfwv tawv ncauj ntawm nws txoj cai tswjfwm tam sim no tig nws lub ntsej muag rau cov neeg qiv nyiaj hauv zos thiab muaj lus xaiv txog Garanti, Akbank thiab Halkbank, peb lub tsev txhab nyiaj loj hauv zos nrog cov neeg koom nrog ntau lub tebchaws, qhia tias lawv yuav tau cog lus qiv nyiaj rau tsoomfwv lawm.[12] Kev tsim kho pib yog npaj los ntawm lub caij ntuj no xaus.
Dab tsi tuaj yeem ua rau Ilisu tsis tsim nyog txaus nyiam rau cov tsev txhab nyiaj hauv tebchaws? Puas yog OECD / WB cov qauv tuaj koom los ntawm cov koom haum thoob ntiaj teb tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau cov neeg qiv nyiaj hauv zos? Ib qho muaj peev xwm yog, vim tias cov kev cai lij choj hauv tebchaws Turkish tsis ua raws li cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb tau txiav txim siab los ntawm World Commission on Dams (WCD) txheej txheem ntawm World Bank, tias Qaib Cov Txwv tsis yog ib feem ntawm, tsoomfwv tuaj yeem nrhiav nws cov txiaj ntsig nrog cov nyiaj hauv zos yam tsis muaj nyiaj ntau. cuam โโtshuam los ntawm sab nraud muaj zog. Ib qho tuaj yeem xav tias lub teb chaws nyiaj txiag kev lag luam tuaj yeem qhib ntau dua rau kev tswj hwm thiab kev hem thawj ntawm tsoomfwv.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub luag haujlwm ntawm Garanti thiab Akbank yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog tias lawv koom tes hauv Ilisu vim tias ob lub tsev txhab nyiaj no sim ua kom cov duab ntsuab thiab muaj lub luag haujlwm rau pej xeem. Tsuas yog nyeem lawv cov nplooj ntawv web, ib tus tuaj yeem ntsib cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm kev muaj lub luag haujlwm thiab tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig tus neeg koom tes.
Garanti yog tus txhawb nqa tseem ceeb ntawm WWF Qaib Cov Txwv thiab yog tus yeej ntawm WWF Qaib Cov Txwv xyoo 2008 khoom plig rau nws txoj kev txhawb nqa txuas ntxiv ntawm kev txuag tsiaj qus. Nws coauthored phau ntawv "101 los ua rau Mitigating Climate Change" nrog WWF thiab tuav Al Gore hauv Turkey rau nws cov lus qhuab qhia txog kev hloov huab cua. Garanti muab kev txhawb nqa rau txhua hli cov tsiaj qus magazine Green Atlas, tshaj tawm Green Belt ntawm NTV uas yog nws tus kheej pawg neeg koom tes Dogus. Ntxiv mus, Garanti caw nws cov neeg siv khoom noj ntsuab los ntawm kev muab lawv daim npav rho nyiaj Green Bonus, liam tias luam tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo, sib txuas lus nrog nws cov neeg siv khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rov ua dua tshiab thiab tig ib feem ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig rau WWF Turkey.
Akbank tsis yog tsawg lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib raug zoo. Nws yog tus kos npe rau UN Global Compact, lub ntsiab lus Akbank tau cog lus rau tib neeg txoj cai, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm hauv nws cov qauv siab tshaj plaws thoob ntiaj teb. Sir Nicholas Stern, tus sau ntawm Stern Report on the Economics of Climate change to the British Treasury sits in Akbank's advisory board.
Muaj ntau yam hais txog seb cov tuam txhab lag luam lossis cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem ntsuab lossis tsis yog. Txawm li cas los xij qhov teeb meem ntawm no yog yog tias Garanti thiab Akbank mob siab rau thiab mob siab rau tsim lawv tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab ib puag ncig, lawv yuav tsum paub tias tsis muaj peev xwm tshwj tsis yog lawv sawv tawm ntawm kev txhawb nqa rau Ilisu txoj kev tsim kho.
LUS CIM
[1] Rau qhov hloov tshiab tsis ntev los no saib, GAP Action Plan (GAP Eylem Plani), Tsib Hlis, 2008, nrog rau cov lus qhia ntawm Prime Minister of Turkey. Rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov dej num txhim kho, saib Olcay Akyildiz, GAP Water Resources (GAP Su Kaynaklari), GAP Regional Development Administrator, Lub Ib Hlis 1997, Ankara.
[2] Maggie Ronayne, Kab lis kev cai thiab ib puag ncig cuam tshuam ntawm Loj Dams nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Turkey, Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Qhov Tseeb, National University of Ireland, Galway thiab Kurdish Human Rights Project, Lub Ob Hlis, 2005, p. 13.
[3] Paul Brown, (environmental correspondent of The Guardian), 14 Kaum Ib Hlis 2001.
[4] Maggie Ronayne, Department of Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland, Lub Xya Hli 2006.
[5] Metin Mรผnir kab hauv Milliyet, 10th ntawm July, 2009.
[6] Milliyet xov xwm ntawm 27th ntawm Xya hli ntuj 2009.
[7] Raws li cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm Chamber of Geological Engineers 'Diyarbair Office, rau kev ruaj ntseg ciam teb, Qaib ntxhw tab tom tsim kaum ib lub pas dej me me ntawm cov kwj deg nyob ze ntawm Iraqi ciam teb.
[8] Metin Mรผnir cov kab hauv Milliyet, ntawm 19th rau 21st Lub Yim Hli, 2009.
[9] Metin Mรผnir kab hauv Milliyet, 22nd Lub Yim Hli, 2009.
[10] Erdogan cov lus hais hauv Mardin, tshaj tawm hauv Milliyet ntawm 16th ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 2009.
[11] Eroglu cov lus tshaj tawm hauv Milliyet ntawm 31st ntawm lub Kaum Hlis 2009.
[12] Milliyet xov xwm ntawm 3rd Lub Ib Hlis 2010.
ZNetwork tau txais nyiaj tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua siab zoo ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem.
Pab Nyiaj