Tom qab cov ntshav txaus ntshai ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, kub taub hau pib tuag. Cov neeg tau saib kev ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag nrog txias dua, lub qhov muag nyuaj dua li thawj lub hlis ntawm kev txaus siab, thiab lawv txoj kev sib koom siab pib tsis muaj zog, vim tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem pom ib qho cim ntawm "kev coj dawb huv" uas cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm zoo heev. .

- Stefan Zweig, Lub Ntiaj Teb ntawm nag hmo

Stefan Zweig, uas feem ntau humanistic ntawm interwar European sau ntawv, ntsib Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb raws li kev ncaj ncees Austro-Hungarian. Ntawd yog, nws tawm tsam tsis yog nom tswv cov yeeb ncuab Britain thiab Fabkis, tab sis ua tsov rog nws tus kheej. Tsov rog tau rhuav tshem nws lub tebchaws. Koom nrog cov phooj ywg ua yeeb yam ntawm ob sab ntawm trenches, nws tsis kam tua nws cov phooj ywg.

Xyoo 1917, ob tug neeg Austrian Catholics, Heinrich Lammasch thiab Ignaz Seipel, tau tso siab rau Zweig lawv cov phiaj xwm los tswj hwm huab tais Karl rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb nrog Britain thiab Fabkis. "Tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem liam peb rau kev tsis ncaj ncees," Lammasch hais rau Zweig. "Peb tau raug kev txom nyem dhau ib lab tuag. Peb tau ua thiab txi txaus!" Karl tau xa Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Parma, nws tus kwv tij, mus rau Georges Clemenceau hauv Paris.

Thaum cov Germans kawm txog lawv cov phooj ywg txoj kev sim ntxeev siab, Karl demurred. "Raws li keeb kwm qhia," Zweig tau sau tias, "nws yog lub sijhawm kawg uas tuaj yeem cawm Austro-Hungarian Empire, huab tais huab tais, thiab yog li Europe thaum lub sijhawm ntawd." Zweig, nyob rau hauv Switzerland rau rehearsals ntawm nws anti-kev ua tsov ua rog ua si Jeremiah, thiab nws tus phooj ywg Fabkis, Nobel laureate Romain Rolland, hais kom cov phooj ywg sau ntawv tig lawv cwj mem los ntawm propaganda riam phom mus rau hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm kev sib haum xeeb.

Yog tias lub hwj chim loj tau ua raws li Zweig hauv Austria-Hungary, Rolland hauv Fab Kis thiab Bertrand Russell hauv tebchaws Askiv, kev ua tsov rog yuav xaus zoo ua ntej Kaum Ib Hlis 1918 thiab tau cawm tsawg kawg ib lab tus tub ntxhais hluas lub neej.

Cov neeg tsim kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv Syria tab tom nrhiav pom dab tsi Zweig tau ua yuav luag ib puas xyoo dhau los: bugles thiab nruas ntog hu rau kev huv. Ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Open Democracy lub vev xaib ob peb hnub dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias cov neeg tawm tsam hauv Bostan al-Qasr lub quarter hauv Aleppo tau hais tias, "Tag nrho cov tub rog yog tub sab: tsoom fwv, Dawb [Syrian Army] thiab Islamists."

Cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Jubhat Al Nusra, pawg ntseeg Islamist txhawb nqa los ntawm Saudi Arabia thiab suav tias yog cov neeg phem los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, tau tawg lawv nrog hluav taws. Ntawm ob sab, cov neeg uas xav kom muaj kev sib tham txog ntshav ntshav yog marginalized thiab phem dua.

Tsoomfwv tau ntes Orwa Nyarabia, tus kws tsim yeeb yaj kiab thiab tus neeg ua haujlwm, rau nws qhov kev tawm tsam kev thaj yeeb. Thaum nws tso tawm, nws tau khiav mus rau Cairo txuas ntxiv hu rau kev hloov pauv tsis ua phem. Dr Zaidoun Al Zoabi, tus kws qhia ntawv uas nws tsuas yog riam phom yog cov lus, tam sim no languishes, nrog rau nws tus tij laug Sohaib, nyob rau hauv Syrian tsoom fwv chaw ruaj ntseg. (Yog tias koj xav paub qhov ntawd txhais li cas, nug CIA vim li cas nws thiaj li siv "render" cov neeg phem rau Syria.)

Cov neeg Syrians uas loj hlob tuaj nrog kev tsim txom tsoomfwv tab tom nrhiav pom qhov kev ua phem phem ntawm lub neej hauv thaj chaw "liberated". Tus neeg saib xyuas tus neeg sau xov xwm Ghaith Abdul Ahad tau tuaj koom lub rooj sib tham ntawm 32 tus thawj coj loj hauv Aleppo lub lim tiam dhau los. Ib tug qub nom tswv colonel tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub commander ntawm Aleppo cov tub rog council hais rau nws cov comrades: "Txawm cov neeg yuav noj peb. Peb yog liberators, tab sis tam sim no lawv denounce peb thiab tawm tsam peb."

Thaum kuv nyob hauv Aleppo thaum Lub Kaum Hli, cov neeg txom nyem hauv cheeb tsam Bani Zaid tau thov kom pab tub rog Dawb Syrian tawm hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntxeev siab tshaj nyiag khoom. Abdul Ahad tau piav qhia txog cov neeg ntxeev siab nyiag ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv:

"Cov txiv neej ferried ib co ntawm cov ntxhuav, sofas thiab cov rooj zaum sab nraum lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm txoj kev. Computers thiab saib raws li."

Ib tug neeg tua rog sau npe qhov nyiag khoom hauv phau ntawv loj. Nws tau hais tias "Peb tab tom khaws nws nyab xeeb hauv lub tsev khaws khoom," nws hais.

Tom qab lub lim tiam, kuv pom lub tsev kawm ntawv lub rooj zaum thiab lub computer zaum xis nyob hauv tus thawj coj lub tsev tshiab.

Lwm tus neeg tua rog, ib tug tub rog npe hu ua Abu Ali uas tswj hwm ob peb square blocks ntawm Aleppo raws li nws tus kheej fief, hais tias: "Lawv liam peb rau kev puas tsuaj. Tej zaum lawv hais yog lawm, tab sis kom cov neeg ntawm Aleppo txhawb lub kiv puag ncig txij thaum pib, qhov no. yuav tsis tshwm sim. "

Cov neeg ntxeev siab, nrog rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lawv cov neeg sab nraud hauv Riyadh, Doha, Ankara thiab Washington, tau tsis lees txais lub puab tsaig ntawm lub puab tsaig kom pom zoo rau kev ua tsov rog. Tus thawj coj ntawm Syrian National Coalition tshiab, Moaz Al Khatib, tsis lees paub qhov kev hu xovtooj zaum kawg los ntawm UN tus sawv cev Lakhdar Brahimi thiab Lavxias Txawv Tebchaws Sergei Lavrov tuaj koom kev sib tham nrog tsoomfwv Syrian. Yawg Al Khatib tau hais tias Bashar Al Assad nqis los ua qhov ua ntej rau kev sib tham, tab sis muaj tseeb Mr Al Assad lub neej yav tom ntej yog ib lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev sib tham.

Cov neeg ntxeev siab, uas yog Mr Al Khatib tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, tsis muaj peev xwm kov yeej Mr Al Assad hauv yuav luag ob xyoos ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Stalemate nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua sib cav rau kev sib tham los rhuav tshem kev tsis txaus siab los ntawm kev lees txais kev hloov mus rau ib yam tshiab. Puas tsim nyog tua lwm 50,000 Syrians kom Mr Al Assad tawm ntawm kev hloov pauv uas yuav ua rau nws tawm mus?

Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib xaus nrog ze li 9 lab tus tub rog raug tua thiab European kev vam meej tau npaj rau kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Nazism, qhov kev tawm tsam tsis yog qhov kev poob. Ntshav tom qab tau zoo me ntsis. Zweig tau sau tias: "Rau qhov peb tau ntseeg - thiab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tau ntseeg nrog peb - ​​tias qhov no tau ua tsov rog los xaus kev tsov kev rog, tias cov tsiaj nyaum uas tau tso peb lub ntiaj teb pov tseg raug tua los yog tua. Peb ntseeg hauv Thawj Tswj Hwm Woodrow Wilson tus loj. txoj haujlwm, uas yog peb ib yam nkaus; peb pom lub teeb ci ntsa iab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig tseem nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm honeymoon ntawm tib neeg lub tswv yim. Peb yog neeg ruam, kuv paub. "

Puas yog cov neeg uas thawb cov neeg Syrians tawm tsam thiab sib ntaus sib tua, es tsis yog kev sib tham ntawm lub rooj sib tham, muaj tsawg dua?

Charles Glass yog tus sau ntau phau ntawv nyob rau Middle East, suav nrog Pawg Neeg nrog Chij thiab Sab Qaum Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj: Ib Lub Tsev Muag Khoom Iraq Tsov Rog. Nws kuj yog tus tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv London imprint Charles Glass Books

Editor's note: Kab lus no tau hloov kho los kho qhov yuam kev formatting.

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