Lub hlis no yog hnub tseem ceeb ob xyoos ntawm cov neeg Ixayees 'kev tshem tawm' los ntawm Gaza Sawb. Xib fwb Alan Dershowitz ntawm Harvard Law School tau sau cov lus hauv qab no rau lub Cuaj Hli, 2005: “Israel txoj kev khiav tawm ntawm Gaza Strip ua tau zoo qhia txog kev xav thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm tsoomfwv Israeli los txiav txim siab thiab siv cov kev txiav txim siab nyuaj uas tsim nyog rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb raws li kev daws teeb meem ob lub xeev. ."[1]
Dershowitz yog lawm. Txawm hais tias nws tsab xov xwm qhia tsis tseeb txog tsoomfwv Israeli lub hom phiaj zoo li tsis zoo, Gaza 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb' tsuas yog tuaj yeem nkag siab tias yog thawj kauj ruam hauv Israel lub hom phiaj ntev ntawm kev ua raws li lawv hu ua 'ob lub xeev daws' rau Palestinians. Ntau tus kws tshuaj ntsuam pom zoo rau Palestinian ua rau tau sau, raug, tias qhov kev tshem tawm Gaza tau tshwm sim nrog kev nthuav dav hauv West Bank. Ob peb, txawm li cas los xij, txhais cov kev nom kev tswv kawg uas cov neeg Ixayees tab tom mus rau.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog piav qhia, luv luv, lub hom phiaj ntev ntawm 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb', qhia seb lawv tau ua li cas hauv West Bank ob peb xyoos dhau los, thiab piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej tam sim no hauv Gaza. Ua li no tuaj yeem pab muab lub hauv paus rau kev txhais cov kev sib tham tsis ntev los no thiab yav tom ntej ntawm kev sib tham hauv cheeb tsam, suav nrog kev hais lus tshiab ntawm kev txav mus rau qhov kev sib hais haum zaum kawg.[2]
Ephraim Sneh, tus tswvcuab ntawm Israeli Labor Party uas tau tuav ntau txoj haujlwm loj hauv Israeli tub rog thiab tsoomfwv, tau sau cov ntsiab lus ntawm "kev tshem tawm" txoj kev npaj. Nws sau tias "Lub hom phiaj yog ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm Israeli nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm West Bank, thiab tawm tsam ib qho kev ntxhov siab sab hauv lossis sab nraud rau kev daws teeb meem txawv teb chaws," nws sau. Thaum cov phiaj xwm kev tsim kho tiav, "Cov Palestinians yuav raug tso tseg nrog xya thaj chaw txuas nrog los ntawm txoj kev loj tshwj xeeb rau lawv siv", thiab cov neeg Ixayees yuav raug tso cai tswj hwm yim caum feem pua ntawm Palestine keeb kwm.[3] Cov cheeb tsam tsim los ntawm Phab Ntsa thiab cov chaw nyob yuav, yog tias Sharonists muaj lawv txoj hauv kev, tsim lub hauv paus ntawm Palestinian "xeev".
Sneh cov kev suav jibe nrog Sharon cov lus tshaj tawm yav dhau los tias nws yuav zam rau Palestinian "xeev" ntawm 42% ntawm West Bank.[4] (Lub 42% daim duab yog feem ntau yog raws li feem pua ntawm cov av Palestinians tau muab tag nrho lossis ib nrab kev tswj hwm thaum lub sijhawm Oslo xyoo). Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2004, Zalman Shoval, tom qab ntawd tus kws pab tswv yim laus rau Sharon, hais rau Boston Globe tias "Sharon xav tos kom txog thaum [West Bank Wall] ua tiav" ua ntej kev sib tham ntawm Palestinian kev ywj pheej tuaj yeem pib. "Txoj kev ntawd, [Lub Phab Ntsa] yuav ntau dua lossis tsawg dua ib txoj kab ntawm kev sib tham ntawm ciam teb kawg" ntawm lub xeev Palestinian, suav nrog ib nrab ntawm West Bank.[5]
Ehud Olmert, tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Israeli tam sim no, tau hais tias nws tau cog lus rau tib lub hom phiaj ib yam li nws tus thawj coj, suav nrog kev siv Phab Ntsa los xaiv cov neeg Ixayees "txoj ciam teb kawg." Yog lawm, tom qab ntawd lawv yuav tsum nyob ruaj khov rau lawv cov neeg nyob ze Palestinian thiab txhua lub "xeev" yav tom ntej.
Qhov no yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhais cov haujlwm tam sim no Israeli hauv West Bank.
Tam sim no, qee qhov 450,000 Israeli neeg nyob hauv West Bank.[7] Txij li thaum lub Gaza 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb', lawv cov pej xeem tau txuas ntxiv nthuav dav peb zaug sai npaum li cov nroog hauv Ixayees kom raug. Hauv thawj ib nrab xyoo 8, lub xyoo 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb' tau ua tiav, "muaj nees nkaum yim feem pua nce hauv cov tsev nyob pib piv rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo 2005", raws li Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics.[2004 ] Cov ntawv xov xwm Israeli thawj coj, Ha'aretz, tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm txog "cov pej xeem boom" hauv cov chaw tsis yog Yeluxalees sab hnub tuaj, ua rau muaj 9% kev loj hlob rau cov cheeb tsam hauv xyoo 5.45.[2006] Tam sim no, peb txhiab lub tsev tshiab tab tom tsim kho hauv West Bank.[10]
Ob daim ntawv tseem ceeb tsav Likud / Kadima txoj cai hais daws, uas Olmert yog tus txais, muaj keeb kwm yog Drobless Plan thiab Sharon Plan. Ob leeg txhais lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib haum xeeb los koom nrog Palestinian thaj av rau hauv cov neeg Ixayees thiab kom kov yeej qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm Palestinian lub xeev los ntawm kev tawg ntawm West Bank rau hauv cov chunks cais. Raws li Drobless Plan, "Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los tshem tawm cov kev tsis ntseeg ntawm [Israel] lub hom phiaj los tuav Yudas thiab Samaria [piv txwv li, West Bank] mus ib txhis yog kev sib hais haum sai hauv cov cheeb tsam no." [12]
Raws li Minister of Agriculture nyob rau hauv thawj Likud tsoom fwv, nyob rau hauv 1977, Ariel Sharon tau hais txog cov kev sib hais haum: "Peb yuav tsum tau lub cev tswj tag nrho cov West Bank .... sab ntawm kab ntsuab [piv txwv li, ciam teb ntawm West Bank thiab Ixayees]… Thiab peb yuav tsum ua kom lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm tsim ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov Palestinians. "[13]
Hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom tsis ntev los no, Amnesty International sau tias: "Los ntawm kev tsim lub network ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib txuas ntawm 'bypass' txoj kev nyob ib ncig ntawm txhua lub nroog Palestinian thiab cov zos, Ixayees tau tshem tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm Palestinian thaj chaw sib thooj hauv West Bank ... thiab ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm zoo. ntawm tag nrho [thaj tsam] - thiab ntawm lub neej ntawm ntau tshaj ob lab Palestinians uas nyob ntawd. " Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm qhov lawv tau piav qhia tias "Israel txoj cai ntawm kev faib thaj chaw nyob hauv Palestinian rau hauv kev sib txuas thiab tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam", uas "mus txuas ntxiv mus rau kev loj hlob sai." [14]
Nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom tseem ceeb rau lub Tsib Hlis 2002 ntawm Israeli txoj cai hais daws, "Land Grab", lub koom haum Israeli tib neeg txoj cai B'Tselem sau: "Qhov kev hloov pauv loj uas cov neeg Ixayees tau ua hauv daim duab qhia ntawm West Bank tiv thaiv qhov muaj peev xwm tiag tiag rau kev tsim tsa ib qho ywj siab, muaj txiaj ntsig Palestinian lub xeev raws li ib feem ntawm Palestinians txoj cai rau kev txiav txim siab tus kheej" (p.133).
Tej zaum qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm Phab Ntsa, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm Palestinian ciaj sia taus, yog nws txoj kev nyob ib puag ncig Yeluxalees ntau dua. Raws li txoj kev npaj, Human Rights Watch tau sib cav, qhov kawg ntawm txoj kev hauv av txuas ntxiv rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb sab hnub poob - thaj chaw hu ua "E-1" - yuav raug nyob ib puag ncig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg Ixayees, yog li txiav West Bank ua ob daim. [15] East Yeluxalees - lub hauv paus keeb kwm ntawm Palestinian kev lag luam, kev coj noj coj ua, thiab kev sib raug zoo - yuav raug cais tawm thiab ua tsis tau zoo los ntawm cov seem ntawm West Bank, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab tsis txaus ntseeg rau Palestinians raws li qhov tshwm sim.[16]
Lub koom haum saib xyuas kev sib haum xeeb hauv Israeli Peace Now kuj tau tawm tsam tawm tsam kev tsim kho hauv E-1, rau cov laj thawj zoo sib xws. Lawv pom zoo tias ua li ntawd yuav txiav West Bank ib nrab, thiab "txiav nkag mus rau East Yeluxalees rau Palestinians nyob rau sab hnub poob, thiab hla mus rau West Bank rau Palestinian cov neeg nyob hauv East Jerusalem." "Ob qho ntawm cov xwm txheej no", lawv sau, "yog qhov tsis zoo rau kev ua tiav ntawm ib qho kev pom zoo tiag tiag, kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, txuas nrog Palestinian xeev". Lawv hais tias "Tsis muaj tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas hnyav yuav txhawb nqa" qhov kev xav tias "Israeli-Palestinian kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev daws teeb meem ob lub xeev muaj peev xwm ua tau yam tsis muaj East Jerusalem koom nrog thiab ib feem ntawm lub xeev Palestinian." [17] Txawm hais tias tsoomfwv Israeli tseem tsis tau muaj. pib tsim kev sib haum xeeb hauv E-1, lawv yeej npaj siab yuav nyob ib puag ncig thaj tsam nrog Phab Ntsa, [18] yog li cov teebmeem yuav zoo ib yam.
B'Tselem hais tias: "Kev tsim kho ntawm Kev Sib cais Barrier yog kauj ruam kawg ntawm kev sib cais yuav luag tag ntawm East Yeluxalees. Nws ua tiav qhov kev faib tawm ntawm West Bank mus rau hauv cov kev tswj tau yooj yim, thiab ua rau kev sib raug zoo, kev lag luam thiab tsev neeg lub neej tsis tuaj yeem siv tsis tau rau Palestinians hauv Yeluxalees thiab nws ib puag ncig", cuam tshuam rau "kev cuam tshuam ntxiv rau txhua txoj hauv kev los daws qhov teeb meem los ntawm kev sib tham thiab kev pom zoo." 19]
Tam sim no cov neeg Ixayees tab tom tsim txoj hauv kev uas tau hais los ua kom thaj chaw sib txuas rau Palestinian tom qab ua tiav ntawm Phab Ntsa. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias Martin Indyk - yav dhau los AIPAC cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab ib tus kws pab tswv yim laus rau Clinton cov thawj coj - sib cav tias cov neeg Ixayees yuav tsum muab E-1 rau Palestinians. "E-1 yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm thaj chaw ib puag ncig thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm West Bank nrog East Jerusalem - nws tsuas yog qhov chaw uas nws muaj peev xwm ua tau," nws tsis ntev los no nws hais rau New York Times.[20]
Lub caij no, ob xyoos tom qab 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb', Gaza yog "nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm zoo ntawm cov neeg Ixayees" raws li "kev kaw-tawm, raug kaw, thiab thaj chaw nyob", nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm UN tus tshaj lij tshwj xeeb ntawm tib neeg txoj cai hauv Palestine. ]
Raws li Israeli tib neeg txoj cai pawg B'Tselem, cov neeg Ixayees tswj Gaza "cua huab cua thiab dej hiav txwv qhov chaw, kev txav ntawm Gaza thiab West Bank (tseem los ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sib ze), kev sau npe pej xeem, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tsev neeg, thiab kev hla ntawm cov khoom mus thiab los ntawm Gaza. ... Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg nyob hauv Gaza cia siab rau cov neeg Ixayees nkaus xwb rau nws cov roj, hluav taws xob, thiab roj. "[22]
Gisha: Lub Chaw Kev Cai Lij Choj rau Kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txav mus los, ib lub koom haum Israeli, hais tias "Israeli kev tswj hwm lub neej ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Gaza tseem nyob tsis tu ncua", suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm tswj hwm txhua qhov kev xa tawm thiab xa tawm los ntawm kev tsim txiaj ntawm nws lub peev xwm "kaw txhua qhov kev hla mus rau Gaza". [23] Muab tso yooj yim, Gaza tseem nyob, thiab cov neeg Ixayees yog li khaws cov luag haujlwm rau nws cov neeg nyob hauv Hague Txoj Cai thiab Plaub Lub Tebchaws Geneva Convention, Gisha hais. Human Rights Watch pom zoo: "Raws li kev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb, Gaza tseem nyob, thiab cov neeg Ixayees tuav nws lub luag haujlwm rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Gaza." [24]
Muab qhov tseeb no, nws txaus siab hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi hloov pauv hauv Gaza txij li 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb'. Txawm li ntawd los, tej yam tau hloov lawm; los ntawm ntau qhov ntsuas, qhov xwm txheej humanitarian muaj qhov phem tshaj qhov nws tau ua. Qhov kev puas tsuaj tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg Ixayees txoj kev txiav se tawm ntawm cov nyiaj tau los rau PA, kev tsis pom zoo ntawm tib lub koom haum los ntawm tsoomfwv thoob ntiaj teb, thiab kev txwv kev txav mus los ntxiv rau thaj chaw uas nyob.
Human Rights Watch sau tias, xyoo 2006, "Kev kaw ntawm Gaza tau ua tiav ntau dua li txhua lub sijhawm txij li thaum muaj kev sib kis ntawm intifada xyoo 2000, nrog rau Rafah thoob ntiaj teb ciam teb, Erez hla, thiab lwm yam hla mus rau hauv Ixayees tsim los rau kev thauj khoom. kaw tag nrho lossis qhib tsuas yog tsis tu ncua, nrog kev puas tsuaj rau Gazan xa tawm thiab kev xa tawm. "[25]
Amnesty International sau hais tias: "Qhov twg ntawm kev txwv tsis pub dhau ntawm Gaza Sawb rau feem ntau ntawm 2006 tau tsis tau muaj dua ... qhov kev txwv ntev ntawm [Karni kev hla kev lag luam] tau txwv kev xa tawm ntawm Palestinian cov khoom, ua rau cov khoom pov tseg ntawm cov khoom lag luam ploj mus thiab kev lag luam poob. rau cov no thiab lwm yam exports. Qhov thaiv tau ua rau raug kaw ntawm 920 lub chaw tsim khoom me, uas nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2005 tau ua haujlwm 25,500 tus neeg ua haujlwm, vim lawv tsis tuaj yeem xa tawm lawv cov khoom. "[26]
Raws li Gisha, cov neeg Ixayees "kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm ntawm pej xeem lub neej tau nce ntxiv txij li kev ua tiav ntawm Israel txoj kev npaj tshem tawm", thiab "Israeli kev ua txij li lub Cuaj Hli 2005 ... tau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov nyiaj txiag thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv hauv Gaza tsis pom nyob rau hauv 38 xyoo ntawm Israeli tswj. ua ntej qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm cov tub rog hauv av mus tas li." [27]
Lub koom haum UN cov neeg tawg rog ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Occupied Palestine, UNRWA, piav qhia txog Gaza li "raug kaw thiab kaw", raws li "kev kaw cov ntsiab lus hla rau cov khoom lag luam thiab kev tsim kho ... tau mus txog qib tsis tau muaj dua." "Cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tawm tsam rau Gaza thiab kev sib cais tsis tu ncua ntawm West Bank tau rhuav tshem cov ntaub ntawm Palestinian haiv neeg". Raws li qhov tshwm sim, "Kev nyob hauv thaj chaw Palestinian tam sim no tsis txaus ntseeg, poob mus rau qib tsis pom txij li xyoo 1967. Txhua yam ntawm lub neej tau cuam tshuam; tag nrho cov neeg Palestinian raug kev txom nyem. Feem ntau tam sim no nyob ntawm cov khoom noj thiab nyiaj ntsuab. "[28]
Tsis ntev los no, ib tus thawj coj loj ntawm UNRWA tau ceeb toom tias, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Israeli raug kaw, "Gaza txaus ntshai dhau los ua ib puas feem pua ntawm kev pab cuam, kaw thiab cais cov zej zog nyob rau hauv ib hlis, lossis txawm lub lis piam, yog tias tam sim no kev tswj hwm kev kaw tseem txuas ntxiv", [29] thaum Lub Ntiaj Teb Lub Txhab Nyiaj Txiag tau ceeb toom tias thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij ntawm "kev lag luam rov qab tsis tau" poob lawm.[30]
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm B'Tselem tau hu ua "kev cuam tshuam kev lag luam uas cuam tshuam rau Gazans lub neej ntawm kev txom nyem thiab xav tau", [31] yim caum feem pua ntawm Gaza cov chaw tsim khoom tau kaw, thaum thaj chaw "kev lag luam ntiag tug hauv zos, txheeb xyuas los ntawm thoob ntiaj teb. Cov neeg nruab nrab raws li lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav zoo ntawm Palestinian kev lag luam rov qab los thiab yog li kev cia siab rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, ntsib qhov poob qis ", Financial Times tau tshaj tawm.[32]
Oxfam sau tias, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis txaus siab txog nyiaj txiag ntawm PA, "tus naj npawb ntawm Palestinians nyob rau hauv kev txom nyem tau dhia los ntawm 30%, cov kev pabcuam tseem ceeb tau ntsib kev puas tsuaj, thiab yav dhau los tsis paub txog theem ntawm kev ua phem ua phem rau Palestinian txoj kev." Tus naj npawb ntawm Palestinians nyob hauv kev txom nyem tob, tsawg dua 50 xees ib hnub, "yuav luag ob npaug hauv xyoo 2006 txog 1 lab".[33] Raws li UNRWA, 87.7% ntawm cov tsev neeg hauv Gaza, thiab 55.6% hauv West Bank, nyob hauv kev txom nyem.[34] UN tau tshaj tawm tias ib nrab ntawm cov Palestinians nyob rau thaj chaw nyob tau tshaib plab, lossis muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev tshaib plab.[35]
Israeli tub rog tawm tsam, zoo li lub siege tawm ntawm Gaza, tau hnyav dua txij li 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb'. "Ob lub dav hlau thiab cov phom loj tua phom ntau ntxiv thoob plaws xyoo tom qab tshem tawm," raws li Palestinian tib neeg txoj cai pawg Al-Haq.[36] UNRWA tau tshaj tawm "txhua hnub kev foob pob, kev tawm tsam hauv av thiab kev ua haujlwm huab cua" rau hauv Gaza raws li ib feem ntawm "Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav", "ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thiab ua rau muaj neeg coob coob raug mob." [37] Tom qab 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb', B' Tselem sau, "Israel tau nce nws qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Palestinian cov neeg tawm tsam, tua ntau tus neeg sawv cev hauv cov txheej txheem." [38]
Cov kev tua no yog ib feem ntawm Cov Kws Kho Mob rau Tib Neeg Txoj Cai (Israel) piav qhia tias yog "Israel txoj cai ntawm kev ua phem rau cov pej xeem" ntawm Gaza, suav nrog "kev txiav txim siab thiab paub txog kev tua neeg pej xeem." [39]
Cov neeg Ixayees thiab nws cov neeg thov txim tiv thaiv cov kev tawm tsam no ntawm "kev nyab xeeb" thaj chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Human Rights Watch, muaj tsawg dua Palestinian tua tus kheej tawm tsam hauv 2006 dua li txhua xyoo txij li thaum al-Aqsa intifada pib thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2000. Ob Israelis tuag los ntawm ntau tshaj tawm qassam missiles launched los ntawm Gaza.[40] Thiab txawm hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg Ixayees raug tua los ntawm Palestinians ploj zuj zus los ntawm ib nrab, cov neeg Palestinians raug tua los ntawm Ixayees tripled, raws li Amnesty International.[41] Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li B'Tselem, Ixayees tua 660 Palestinians, thiab Palestinians tua 23 Israelis, nyob rau hauv 2006.[42]
Yog li, ob xyoos tom qab Gaza 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb', qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv Occupied Palestine. Txawm hais tias tsoomfwv Israeli tab tom sim txav mus rau qee yam ntawm 'ob lub xeev daws', "kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb" pom los ntawm Dershowitz yog txoj hauv kev ntev.
Jake Hess yog ib tug kawm tiav hauv Brown University. Nws zoo siab txais tos cov lus qhia ntawm JakeRHess(at) gmail.com
Qhov chaw
[1] Alan Dershowitz, "Lub sijhawm no, kev thaj yeeb yuav yog qhov tseeb", Chicago Tribune, Cuaj Hlis 09, 2005.
[2] Saib, piv txwv li, Samuel Sockol, “Olmert, Abbas, Tuav 'Promising' Talks Ahead of Proposed Summit”, Washington Post, Lub Yim Hli 07, 2007.
[3] Ephraim Sneh, “Sharon's plan will perpetuate war”, Ha'aretz, Kaum Hli Ntuj 11, 2004.
[4] Ari Shavit, “Sharon is Sharon is Sharon”, Ha'aretz, Plaub Hlis Ntuj 12, 2001.
[5] Dan Ephron thiab Farah Stockman, "Bush camp ceev faj txog kev txhawb nqa tom qab-Arafat", Boston Globe, Kaum Ob Hlis 19, 2004.
[6] Greg Myre, “Olmert Outlines Plans for Israel's Borders”, New York Times, Peb Hlis 10, 2006.
[7] Amnesty International, “Israel and the Occupied Territories”, tsab ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 2007.
[8] John Dugard, "Tshaj Tawm ntawm Tus Neeg Tshaj Lij Tshwj Xeeb txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm tib neeg txoj cai nyob hauv Palestinian thaj chaw nyob txij li xyoo 1967", UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Lub Ib Hlis 29, 2007, para. 32.
[9] Hais los ntawm Human Rights Watch hauv "Israel: Expanding Settlement in the Occupied Palestinian Territories", Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj 27, 2005.
[10] Nadav Shragai, "Ultra-Orthodox cov neeg Yudais xa cov pej xeem boom rau West Bank", Ha'aretz online, Lub Yim Hli 14, 2007. Saib kuj Kev Thaj Yeeb Tam Sim No, “Cov Ntsiab Lus- Kev Thaj Yeeb Tam Sim No Sib Tham/Outpost Report 2006”, Lub Ob Hlis 21 2007. Tsis yog tsab ntawv ceeb toom hais txog kev sib haum xeeb hauv East Jerusalem.
[11] Tovah Lazaroff, “Peace Now: Israel tab tom tsim 3,000 lub tsev tshiab hauv West Bank”, Lub Yeluxalees Post, Lub Ob Hlis 22, 2007.
[12] Quoted los ntawm B'Tselem nyob rau hauv "Lavxias teb sab Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank", Tsib Hlis 2002, p. 14. B'Tselem hais tias: Matitiyahu Drobless, “Kev Txiav Txim hauv Yudas thiab Xamalis – Lub Tswv Yim, Txoj Cai thiab Txoj Haujlwm” (hauv Hebrew), Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Zionist, Cuaj Hlis 1980.
[13] Tshaj tawm los ntawm Geoffrey Aronson (Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Tshaj Tawm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Zoo Tshaj Plaws rau Middle East Peace, nrog rau tus kws kho mob ntawm nws qhov tseem ceeb "Tshaj tawm ntawm Israeli Settlements hauv thaj chaw nyob"), "Sharon's New Map", FMEP, Lub Rau Hli Peb Hlis 19, 2002.
[14] Amnesty International, "Kev Ua Haujlwm Nyob Mus Ib Txhis: Palestinians nyob rau hauv siege hauv West Bank", Lub Rau Hli 2007, pgs. 20 ib 32.
[15] Human Rights Watch, “Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories”, daim ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 2006.
[16] Saib UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Peb Xyoo Tom Qab: Cov Kev Pabcuam Tibneeg ntawm Kev Nyuaj Siab Txij Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Thoob Ntiaj Teb ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees”, Lub Xya Hli 09, 2007; UNOCHA, “Kev Pabcuam Tib Neeg ntawm West Bank Barrier rau Palestinian Cov Zej Zog: East Jerusalem”, Lub Rau Hli 2007; Human Rights Watch, “Israel: Expanding Settlement in the Occupied Palestinian Territories”, Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj 27, 2005; thiab Chris McGreal, “Cov ntaub ntawv zais cia hauv tebchaws Askiv liam cov neeg Ixayees; FO daim ntawv hais tias kev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb raug ua txhaum cai thiab muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, ", Tus Saib Xyuas, Kaum Ib Hlis 25, 2005.
[17] Kev Thaj Yeeb Tam Sim No, “Kev Txiav Txim Siab Hauv Kev Pom Zoo: E-1 yog dab tsi?”, Tsib Hlis 2005.
[18] Daim duab qhia ntawm Phab ntsa ncig Yeluxalees muaj nyob ntawm no:
[19] B'Tselem, “Ib phab ntsa hauv Yeluxalees: Obstacles to Human Rights in the Holy City”, Summer 2006, pgs. 29, 31 Ib.
[20] Steven Erlanger, “A Segregated Road in a Twb faib av”, The New York Times, Lub Yim Hli 11, 2007.
[21] Dugard, ib.
[22] B'Tselem, "Lub Gaza Sawb tom qab tshem tawm."
[23] Gisha, “Disengaged Occupiers: The Legal Status of Gaza”, Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj 2007. Kuj saib Amnesty International, “Txoj Hauj Lwm Tseem Ceeb: Palestinians nyob rau hauv siege nyob rau sab hnub poob Bank”, Lub rau hli ntuj 2007, pg. 31.
[24] Human Rights Watch, “Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories”, daim ntawv tshaj tawm txhua xyoo 2006. Kuj saib HRW's 2007 daim ntawv qhia txhua xyoo nkag rau "Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories" (Lub Ib Hlis 2007).
[25] Human Rights Watch, tsab ntawv ceeb toom txhua xyoo, Lub Ib Hlis 2007.
[26] Amnesty International, “Israel and the Occupied Territories: Road to Nowhere”, Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj 2006.
[27] Gisha, ib.
[28] UNRWA, “Emergency Appeal 2007”.
[29] UNRWA, “Xovxwm Tshaj Tawm los ntawm Filippio Grandi, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj General, UNRWA”, Gaza City , Lub Yim Hli 09, 2007.
[30] "World Bank: Gaza Sawb tej zaum yuav ntsib 'irreversible' economic vau", Reuters/Ha'aretz, Lub Xya hli ntuj 12, 2007.
[31] B'Tselem, “Lub Siege ntawm Gaza Sawb”, Lub Xya Hli 26, 2007.
[32] Harvey Morris, "Kev Lag Luam hauv Gaza Sawb ze ze", Lub Sijhawm Nyiaj Txiag, Lub Yim Hli 03, 2007.
[33] Oxfam, “Kev txom nyem nyob rau hauv Palestine: tib neeg tus nqi ntawm nyiaj txiag boycott”, Plaub Hlis Ntuj 13, 2007, pgs. 1, 3.
[34] UNRWA, “Emergency Appeal 2007”, p. 8.
[35] Donald Macintyre, "Ib nrab ntawm Palestinians nyob rau hauv West Bank thiab Gaza malnourished", The Independent, Lub Ob Hlis 22, 2007 .
[36] Al-Haq, "Ib Xyoo tom qab 'Kev Tsis Txaus Siab': Gaza tseem nyob thiab nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam", p. 2.
[37] UNRWA, “Emergency Appeal 2007”, p. 11.
[38] B'Tselem, "Lub Gaza Sawb tom qab tshem tawm".
[39] PHR-Israel, “Report: Harm to Children in Gaza”, Kaum Ib Hlis 08, 2006, pgs. 2, 3.
[40] Human Rights Watch, ib xyoos ib zaug, 2007, p. 5.
[41] Amnesty International, “Israel and The Occupied Territories”, Report 2007.
[42] B'Tselem, “683 tus neeg raug tua nyob rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv 2006”, Kaum Ob Hlis 28, 2006.
ZNetwork tau txais nyiaj tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua siab zoo ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem.
Pab Nyiaj