Tau txais cov tswv yim tawm tsam kev tawm tsam tsis ncaj ncees thiab tsis quav ntsej cov no yog cov kev coj noj coj ua rau cov neeg txawj ntse hauv Asmeskas. Cov cwj pwm rov qab mus ntev thiab tau txuas ntxiv mus txog xyoo txhiab xyoo tam sim no. Cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus, raws li pom nrog ob phau ntawv luv luv luam tawm los ntawm cov tuam txhab luam tawm hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas ob peb xyoos dhau los - liberal historian James Livingston's Tawm tsam Thrift: Vim li cas Cov Neeg Siv Khoom Siv Kab lis kev cai zoo rau kev lag luam, ib puag ncig, thiab koj tus ntsuj plig (Basic Books, 2011) thiab ib puag ncig tus neeg sau xov xwm David Owen's Lub Conundrum: Yuav ua li cas Scientific Innovation, nce kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev xav zoo tuaj yeem ua rau peb lub zog thiab huab cua teeb meem phem (Penguin, 2011).
Tau txais MARX WRONG hauv kev txhawb nqa ntau dua
Marx's "Protestant Work Ethic"
Ntawm no, los ntawm nplooj ntawv ib puas thiab rau caum-tsib tus neeg nyiam Barack Obama thaum ntxov[1] Livingston's phau ntawv yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau txais ib tus thawj coj los tiv thaiv kev lag luam yav dhau los (Karl Marx) tsis zoo: "Qhov tseeb, kuv xav hais tias peb tsis tuaj yeem ua neej nyob nrog kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom noj (tsis hais txog qhov lub neej ntawm lub siab) meej vim hais tias cov Protestant ua hauj lwm ethic tseem haunts peb - vim hais tias peb ntseeg nrog rau Marx, uas tau txais lub tswv yim los ntawm Hegel, uas tau txais nws los ntawm Luther, uas tib neeg xwm xwb yog lub metabolic pauv nrog xwm uas peb hu ua hauj lwm. ” Los ntawm "kev ua haujlwm," Livingston ntawm no txhais tau hais tias kev siv tes ua haujlwm thiab lub cev, kev txawj ntse thiab tsis muaj peev xwm, koom nrog kev tsim khoom, kev rho tawm, kev thauj mus los thiab lwm yam.
Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam uas ploj lawm lub cim ntawm Marx ntau dua. Marx tau siv tus tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm nws lub xyoo ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txawj ntse ("lub neej ntawm lub siab," los hais qhov tsawg tshaj plaws) hauv nws txoj kev kawm thiab ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv British Tsev khaws puav pheej. Nws ua tsaug rau kev khiav tawm ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov nyiaj ua haujlwm (kev tsim khoom lossis lwm yam) ua tsaug rau ib feem ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm nws tus phooj ywg bourgeois thiab cov phooj ywg hauv pawg ntseeg Frederick Engels. Nyob rau hauv nws hnub nyoog nees nkaum xyoo, Marx tau sau txog lub koob meej ntawm "communist yav tom ntej" thaum txhua tus muaj kev ywj pheej los ua raws li kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev txawj ntse ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov zej zog kev faib ua haujlwm:
"Rau, sai li sai tau qhov kev faib ua haujlwm tau los ua, txhua tus txiv neej muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas raug yuam rau nws thiab los ntawm qhov uas nws tsis tuaj yeem khiav. Nws yog ib tug neeg yos hav zoov, tus neeg nuv ntses, tus tswv yug yaj, lossis cov neeg thuam thuam thiab yuav tsum nyob twj ywm yog tias nws tsis xav plam nws txoj kev ua neej; thaum nyob hauv lub tebchaws Communist, qhov twg tsis muaj leej twg muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm tab sis txhua tus tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv txhua ceg nws xav tau, tib neeg tswj hwm kev tsim khoom dav dav thiab yog li ua rau kuv ua tau ib yam hnub no thiab tag kis, mus yos hav zoov thaum sawv ntxov. , mus nuv ntses thaum tav su, tom qab nyuj thaum yav tsaus ntuj, thuam tom qab noj hmo, ib yam li kuv xav, tsis tau ua neeg yos hav zoov, neeg nuv ntses, neeg yug yaj lossis thuam. "[2]
Ob xyoo caum tom qab, nyob ze ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov cua ntsawj ntshab thib peb ntim ntawm Capital, Marx xav txog lub neej tom qab lub peev txheej thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tom qab, ib qho uas tib neeg ua "cov neeg tsim khoom sib koom ua ke" yuav tsim lub ntiaj teb ntawm "kev ywj pheej tiag tiag" tshaj qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab ua raws li lawv qhov tseeb "tib neeg" - lub ntiaj teb uas yuav tsum tau ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov hnub ua haujlwm luv dua:
“Qhov tseeb, thaj tsam ntawm kev ywj pheej tiag tiag pib tsuas yog qhov chaw ua haujlwm uas txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tsim nyog thiab kev txiav txim siab hauv ntiaj teb no; yog li nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm tej yam nws lies dhau ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov khoom siv tiag tiag. Ib yam li cov neeg siab phem yuav tsum sib ntaus nrog Xwm kom txaus siab rau nws qhov kev xav tau, tswj hwm thiab tsim lub neej, yog li yuav tsum yog txiv neej, thiab nws yuav tsum ua li ntawd hauv txhua qhov kev sib raug zoo thiab nyob rau hauv txhua hom kev tsim khoom. Nrog nws txoj kev loj hlob no thaj tsam ntawm lub cev xav tau nthuav dav raws li qhov nws xav tau; tab sis, tib lub sij hawm, lub zog ntawm kev tsim khoom uas txaus siab rau cov kev xav tau kuj nce ntxiv. Kev ywj pheej nyob rau hauv daim teb no tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv socialized txiv neej, cov koom haum producers, rationally tswj lawv interchange nrog xwm, coj nws nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev tswj, es tsis txhob raug txiav txim los ntawm nws raws li los ntawm lub dig muag rog ntawm xwm; thiab ua tiav qhov no nrog kev siv nyiaj tsawg kawg ntawm lub zog thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws rau, thiab tsim nyog ntawm, lawv tib neeg qhov xwm txheej. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim nyog. Tshaj li nws pib qhov kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub zog uas yog qhov kawg ntawm nws tus kheej, qhov tseeb ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tuaj yeem tawg tawm tsuas yog nrog thaj tsam ntawm qhov tsim nyog raws li nws lub hauv paus. Qhov luv luv ntawm hnub ua haujlwm yog nws qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej"(qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv).[3]
Qhov ntawd tsis yog "tus Protestant tsim nyog coj ncaj ncees" tau txais los ntawm Calvin, Luther, thiab Hegel - lossis los ntawm lwm tus. Nws yeej tsis yog Marx ua rau lub tswv yim ntawm "tib neeg xwm txheej" xav kom peb ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua ua tej yam - heev qhov opposite, qhov tseeb.
RECC
Ib qho txawv ntawm Livingston lub siab-bending misrepresentation ntawm Marx yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Livingston cov ntaub ntawv nws paub Marx zoo. Nws muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv qee yam ntawm Marxist leeg, suav nrog cov ntawv sau hauv phau ntawv xov xwm kev kawm hu ua Marxist Perspectives thiab ob phau ntawv kawm uas qhia txog keeb kwm tseem ceeb hauv cov ntawv Marx classic, suav nrog Capital.
Vim li cas nws thiaj li tsis lees paub tus nto moo tiv thaiv kev ua lag luam nyob rau hauv ib qho kev zam zoo li no? Kuv twv yog tias Livingston xav tsim ib tug straw laug aub los txhawb nws cov neo-Keynesian kev thuam ntawm txoj cai hauv kev nyiam cov neeg txawj ntse thiab cov tswv yim rau nws hu rau cov neeg Amelikas kom tuav lub koob meej ntawm "kev coj noj coj ua" raws li "zoo rau kev lag luam. , ib puag ncig, thiab koj tus ntsuj plig. " Nws ib txwm pab tau txhaj tshuaj los yog ob ntawm Marx thiab "Marxists" (Livingston preposterously accuses tom kawg ntawm romanticizing me me kev lag luam thiab cov khoom siv tes ua khoom siv tes ua) thaum sim ua kom tau txais kev lees paub thiab xwm txheej hauv kev lag luam kev txawj ntse. [4]
Tsis txhob hnov qab tias Asmeskas cov neeg siv khoom noj khoom haus tiag tiag (RECC) tau yoked ntau lab tus neeg Asmeskas cov neeg ua haujlwm ntau dhau (saib tus kws xam nyiaj txiag sab laug Juliet Schor tau kawm txog kev xav txog kev lag luam thiab "kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg thiab siv nyiaj"[5]). Tsis txhob hnov qab tias RECC, uas tau tsav los ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam tsis tu ncua thiab kev quav tshuaj rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam uas tau nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom nws tus kheej, yog qhov tseem ceeb tom qab kev lag luam niaj hnub niaj hnub kev lag luam uas nce zuj zus ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ecology. Raws li Marxist ecologists John Bellamy Foster thiab Brett Clark tau sau tseg thaum xyoo 2012:
"Peb nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis yog kev nce nyiaj tiag tiag tab sis yog 'kev mob' los siv John Ruskin lub ntsiab lus nco ... … Nyob ib ncig ntawm 300 lab tons ntawm cov yas tau tsim thoob ntiaj teb txhua xyoo. Tsuas yog ob feem peb ntawm qhov no txaus, raws li cov Tus Saib Xyuas, 'kom npog 48 lub xeev sib txuas ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas hauv cov khoom noj yas qhwv.'... Durability yog yeeb ncuab ntawm lub cev. Cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws yog li tsim los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua pov tseg. Lub neej kev lag luam ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes hauv Untied States tsuas yog ob peb xyoos vim yog ob qho tib si kev npaj thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws, nrog rau qhov tshwm sim tias 140 lab lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau mus txog qhov uas Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Ib puag ncig hais txog lawv 'qhov kawg ntawm lub neej' (EOL) Xyoo 2007. Qee 250 lab lub khoos phis tawj thiab cov khoom siv txuas mus txog lawv EOL hauv tib lub xyoo. Xyoo 2006 Steve Jobs tau hais kom cov neeg siv khoom yuav lub iPod txhua xyoo kom ua raws li cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Ntau tshaj 150 billion lub khob haus ib zaug tau yuav hauv Tebchaws Meskas txhua xyoo, thaum 320 lab lub khob ntim tau yuav thiab muab pov tseg txhua hnub. Txij li thaum xyoo 1960, cov ntim khoom siv ib zaug tau nce los ntawm 6 feem pua ntawm cov dej qab zib ntim rau 99 feem pua ntawm hnub no. Ntau tshaj 100 billion daim ntawm feem ntau tsis xav tau xa ntawv xa mus rau tsev thiab kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas txhua xyoo ntxiv 51 lab tons ntawm tsev cog khoom roj av txhua xyoo. Hauv kev lag luam tsim los ua kom tag nrho cov khoom pov tseg, cov khoom lag luam raug tsim ua kom tsis tuaj yeem kho tau lawm. "[6]
Qhov ntawd tsis yog "zoo rau ib puag ncig," hais tsawg kawg.
Thiab tsis txhob hnov qab tias RECC cultivates thiab preys ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm tib neeg lub siab. Raws li Foster thiab Clark sau tseg:
"Kev lag luam cov khoom lag luam hauv txoj hauv kev uas ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg hauv zej zog kev lag luam monopoly tam sim no yog kev kos duab zoo. Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo 1933, sociologist Robert S. Lynd tau pom nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv teev npe, 'Cov Neeg Raws Li Cov Neeg Siv Khoom,' sau rau Thawj Tswj Hwm Pawg Neeg Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Sib Raug Zoo, hais tias 'kev tshaj tawm, kev tsim khoom lag luam, thiab kev hloov pauv' tau tsim los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. social insecurity thiab alienation coj los ntawm kev hloov kev lag luam. Cov tuam txhab lag luam tau saib ntawm 'kev ua haujlwm tsis ruaj ntseg, monotony, kev kho siab, tsis ua txij ua nkawm, thiab lwm yam xwm txheej ntawm kev ntxhov siab' raws li lub cib fim rau kev txhawb nqa 'ntau thiab ntau dua rau cov chav kawm ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis zoo. Ntawm txhua qhov nthuav qhia tus neeg muag khoom ceeb toom tau npaj nrog panacea.' Lub cim xav tau tias cov khoom lag luam thiaj li tau txais hauv peb lub neej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov Juliet Schor tau hu ua 'kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv,' piv txwv li, muag cov khoom siv los ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm cov khoom siv.Ironically, nws yog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm kom tau txais kev txaus siab los ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas ua kom muaj peev txheej ua lag luam mus tas li - tsuav yog peb tau hais tas li, 'kev txaus siab tau lees paub.' Kev lag luam ua si ntawm cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no, tsim kom muaj qhov kawg ntawm kev xav tau tshiab, txhim kho. tag nrho cov khib nyiab ntawm qhov system." [7]
Qhov ntawd tsis zoo rau tus ntsuj plig, lossis ib puag ncig, txawm li cas los xij nws yuav pab txhawb nqa Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Tebchaws ("kev lag luam").
Myth of the Sovereign Consumer
Livingston tau npaj txhij rau qhov kev thuam, tau kawg. Nws yog ib qho ntawm Livingston cov kev sib cav tseem ceeb (kos rau hauv lub npe ntawm nws phau ntawv[8]) tias cov neeg siv khoom muaj lub zog los kho ib puag ncig los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntse, siab tawv, thiab ntsuab txog yam khoom thiab kev pabcuam uas lawv xav noj thiab yuav ua li cas. Cov kev txiav txim siab zoo li no, Livingston sau tseg, yog raws li tib neeg xav tau thiab kev xav tau rau kev siv tiag tiag, tsis yog qhov kev ntshaw tsis txaus ntseeg rau qhov tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm kev sib pauv cov txiaj ntsig (kev nplua nuj) uas tsav peev thaum nws nkag mus rau Marx lub npe nrov nyiaj thiab khoom lag luam (M [nyiaj]] -C-[commodity]-M' [nyiaj “prime,” with profit add on]). Lawv tso cai rau peb, Livingston sib cav, muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau ecologically - kev siv hluav taws xob, txo cov pa phem thiab tso pa tawm hauv tsev cog khoom, de-industrialized zaub mov, kev ua liaj ua teb ruaj khov, thiab lwm yam - ntawm lub plawv ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws hais tias, "kev coj noj coj ua" ua rau peb npau suav ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshaj li kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm - tus choj rau lub ntiaj teb uas npaj rau kev yooj yim, kev ywj pheej, kev xav-nourishing tib neeg kev lom zem thiab kev txaus siab, tsis muaj kev txom nyem. pab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam-chav kawm tsawg kawg nkaus.
Muaj ob qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv Livingston qhov kev sib cav ecological. Qhov thib ib yog Livingston txoj kev puag ntawm cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, uas cuam tshuam qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm cov peev txheej niaj hnub no. "Nrog ib qho ntawm txhua kaum ob duas las ntawm US GDP siv rau kev lag luam (uas tsis suav nrog cov nqi lag luam tsim los rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom muag lawv tus kheej)," Foster thiab Clark ceeb toom, "kev tswj hwm tus neeg siv khoom yog qhov kev xav tsis thoob. Cov tib neeg hauv zej zog raug rau kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam tsis tu ncua ze li txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lawv lub neej waking. Tseeb tiag, raws li John Kenneth Galbraith tau sib cav los ntawm nws lub npe hu ua 'kev vam meej', txoj kev uas peb noj nyob rau hauv niaj hnub capitalism feem ntau nyob ntawm txoj kev peb tsim, thiab tsis yog lwm txoj kev nyob ib ncig ntawm. "[10]
Green capitalist niche kev lag luam ib sab, qhov kev muaj tiag hnyav yuav tsis ploj mus txog thaum cov pej xeem-cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais kev tswj hwm ntawm "kev quab yuam ntawm kev tsim khoom" kom "tso cai tswj hwm" zej zog "kev hloov pauv nrog Xwm" [tsim]), ... ua tiav ... nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ... tsim nyog ntawm lawv tib neeg lub cev. "
IGNORING MARX ua tiav hauv kev txhawb nqa tsawg dua
thaws
Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thib ob hauv Livingston qhov kev sib cav yog kev ntseeg tias ntsuab, uas yog kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim khoom yog qhov zoo rau ib puag ncig. Uas coj peb mus rau David Owen. Tsiv los ntawm Livingston's Tawm tsam Thrift rau Owen's Lub Conundrum coj peb los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv uas paub Marx txoj haujlwm tab sis misrepresents Marx hauv kev qhia peb rau cov neeg siv khoom ntau dua rau tus kws sau ntawv uas zoo li tag nrho oblivious rau Marx thiab lwm yam anti-capitalist xav ua ntej thiab txij thaum nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm qhia peb kom haus tsawg.
Tsis zoo li Livingston, Owen yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb loj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib puag ncig kev xav[11] leej twg mob siab heev txog livable ecology. Lub Conundrum yog mob siab rau pncturing qhov kev xav tias peb tuaj yeem yuav thiab lub zog-npaum-ua kom peb txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj. Hybrid tsheb, compact fluorescent teeb teeb, e-phau ntawv, hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, tsheb ciav hlau ceev, cov zaub mov hauv zos, carbon offsets - rau Owen cov khoom no thiab lwm yam supposedly sustainable khoom thiab eco-nyob lub tswv yim "tsis cuam tshuam los yog ua rau cov teeb meem tiag tiag."'[ 12]
Owen qhov kev txiav txim siab yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus kev lag luam hu ua "cov nyhuv rov qab." Raws li txoj cai "rebound", kev siv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom lossis kev ua haujlwm, ua rau muaj kev noj ntau ntxiv, uas tshem tawm kev txuag hluav taws xob (dab tsi qee cov kws tshuaj ntsuam hu ua "rov qab") thiab yog li cuam tshuam ib puag ncig kev nce. Owen phau ntawv siv lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov nws hu ua "Prius Fallacy" - "txoj kev ntseeg tias hloov mus rau hom kev mus ncig ua haujlwm tau zoo dua hloov mus rau nws tus kheej mus rau ib puag ncig zoo." [13] Raws li ntau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm qhia, tsoomfwv-tswj tau nce ntxiv hauv roj efficiency tau ua rau kev siv roj nce mus vim tib neeg tsuas tsav ntau mais thiab yuav cov tsheb loj nrog nce horsepower (lub SUV). Owen tseem tso cai rau HOV txoj kab, kev tswj hwm tsheb, thiab cov xov tooj ntse rau kev nrhiav chaw nres tsheb raws li "kev cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm kev pom vim tias lawv ua rau cov neeg tsav tsheb zoo siab nrog lub tsheb ntau dua li lawv twb muaj lawm."
Lub Conundrum yog ntim nrog lwm yam eco-ironic predicaments. Cov tshuab cua txias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua thiab pheej yig dua thiab yog li tam sim no ntau lub tsev muaj cua txias. Qhov muag muag pheej yig dua tau txais, qhov ntau lawv tau tso tseg. Lub tub yees zoo dua thiab pheej yig dua tau dhau los, qhov chaw txias txias tau nthuav dav (koj lub chaw nres tsheb roj hauv zos muaj peev xwm txias dua li cov khw muag khoom loj muaj 40 xyoo dhau los). Cov dav hlau yuav siv zog ntau dua thiab sai dua li qhov qub, tab sis qhov no tsuas yog txhais tau tias nws tau pheej yig dua los ya mus ntev dua. Thiab li ntawd. "Qhov teeb meem ib puag ncig nrog kev nce qib," Owen sau, "yog tias cov khoom lag luam tau txais yuav luag ib txwm tau rov ua lag luam ntxiv hauv kev tsim khoom ntxiv: raws li peb tau zoo dua ntawm kev ua khoom, peb tau ua ntau yam ntxiv." [14]
Jevons' Paradox 2.0
Kev nrawm los ntawm Owens 'cov phau ntawv yooj yim nyeem tau (lwm qhov sib piv nrog Livingston's tedious Tawm tsam Thrift) [15], Kuv tseem tos kom pom cov kab lus "Jevon's Paradox." Lub sij hawm thaum kawg tuaj rau ntawm nplooj ntawv 102, ua ntej tshooj luv luv hu ua "William Stanley Jevons." Jevons yog tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv xyoo 1860 uas nto moo teb rau cov tub ceev xwm Askiv uas tau txhawj xeeb tias lawv cov kev lag luam muaj yeeb koob yuav khiav tawm ntawm cov thee los ntawm kev saib xyuas qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev lag luam hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob - tiag tiag txhawb kev noj haus hauv lub tebchaws. thee thiab lwm yam kev pab es tsis txuag lawv. "Nws yog qhov kev lag luam ntawm [coal siv]," Jevons tshaj tawm hauv The Coal Question (1865), "uas ua rau nws qhov kev siv dav heev…..[16]… ..Nws yog tag nrho ib qho kev tsis meej pem ntawm cov tswv yim xav tias kev lag luam ntawm kev siv roj sib npaug rau kev siv tsawg. Qhov tsis sib xws yog qhov tseeb."[17]
Yog li nws yog hnub no, raws li Owens paub. “Jevon's Paradox "muaj sia nyob thiab zoo nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb uas muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau dua. Raws li Foster sau tseg:
"Kev nce qib hauv kev siv tsheb, uas tau nce qhov nruab nrab mais ib nkas loos ntawm lub tsheb los ntawm 30 feem pua hauv Tebchaws Meskas txij li xyoo 1980, tsis tau txo qis tag nrho lub zog siv los ntawm lub tsheb. Kev siv roj rau ib lub tsheb nyob tsis tu ncua thaum qhov kev ua tau zoo tau coj mus rau qhov nce ntxiv, tsis yog ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm lub tsheb thiab cov tsheb thauj khoom ntawm txoj kev (thiab cov mais uas tau tsav) tab sis kuj yog lawv qhov loj thiab 'kev ua tau zoo' (tus nqi nrawm, nrawm nrawm, thiab lwm yam. ) - yog li ntawd SUVs thiab minivans tam sim no dot US txoj kev loj. Ntawm qib macro… txawm hais tias Tebchaws Meskas tau tswj hwm ob npaug ntawm nws lub zog ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1975, nws lub zog siv tau nce siab heev. Tshaj li peb caug-tsib xyoo dhau los, Juliet Schor sau tseg, 'zog siv nyiaj ib-duas ntawm GFP tau raug txiav ib nrab. Tab sis tsis yog poob, lub zog thov tau nce li ntawm 40 feem pua. Ntxiv mus, qhov kev thov tau nce nrawm tshaj plaws hauv cov haujlwm uas tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws - kev thauj mus los thiab kev siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev.'"[18]
“Tsis Muaj Kev Xaiv Tsis Muaj Radical”
Yuav ua li cas? Owen sib cav (raws li Jevons tau ua nyob rau hauv nws lub sijhawm) rau txo tag nrho kev noj nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm lub sij hawm ntev sustainability. Ib qho ntawm nws phau ntawv ntau tshooj yog hu ua "Qhov Tseem Ceeb Ntawm Tsawg." Peb tsuas yog yuav tsum haus tsawg, ntau tsawg, raws li hom. Thiab qhov ntawd txhais tau hais tias tib neeg yuav tsum tau tso tseg nws txoj kev cog lus rau "kev lag luam ruaj khov, ib xyoos dhau ib xyoos." [19] Txog rau qhov kawg, Owen xav kom cov neeg Amelikas txiav txim siab siv zog los ntawm kev nyob sib ze. (Nws tuav New York City ua "lub zej zog ntsuab tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas" vim tias lub nroog loj, thaj chaw nyob raug txwv, kev thauj mus los rau pej xeem [feem ntau] yooj yim, thiab cov tswv tsheb tsawg) [20]. Nws xav kom cov pej xeem thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tuav txoj cai lees paub "qhov tsim nyog ib puag ncig ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj zog" los ntawm kev txo qis kev siv cov peev txheej ntuj: nce se roj thiab txo kev siv nyiaj. Nws xav kom peb ua piv txwv tsav Model T's: "Yog tias tib lub tsheb muaj hnub no yog 1920 Model T's, koj xav tias koj yuav tsav tsheb ntau npaum li cas txhua xyoo, thiab koj xav tias koj nyob deb npaum li cas los ntawm kev ua haujlwm?" Nyob rau hauv Owen txoj kev xav, "Kev pib ua tau zoo tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li ib puag ncig lub tswv yim tshwj tsis yog lawv tau ua ntej-thiab ntau dua li tsis pom zoo-los ntawm kev ntsuas uas yuam kev txiav loj hauv tag nrho kev siv zog."[21]
Nrog rau "lub xeev ruaj khov" thiab cov kws tshaj lij tiv thaiv kev loj hlob / kev loj hlob nws hais (xws li Herman Daly), Owen tau sau tseg tias kev lag luam tsis tu ncua - txawm tias lub npe hu ua kev loj hlob ntsuab nyiam los ntawm "ntse peev nyiaj txiag" cov neeg txhawb nqa xws li Paul Hawken thiab Paul Krugman ( thiab xibfwb Livingston) - tsuas yog tsis muaj kev vam meej ntawm lub ntiaj teb kawg. Cov kev tshawb pom thiab kev txiav txim ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb yog crystal ntshiab. Raws li Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research (UK) xaus rau xyoo tas los: "Hnub no, hauv 2013, peb ntsib lub neej yav tom ntej uas tsis muaj kev zam dhau los ...Peb mus txuas ntxiv nrog nce emissions thiab sau cov radical repercussions ntawm huab cua hloov loj, los yog peb lees paub tias peb muaj kev xaiv thiab nrhiav kev txo qis radical emissions: Tsis muaj kev xaiv uas tsis yog-radical. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob tsawg tsis tuaj yeem xa cov nqi tsim nyog ntawm kev txo qis qis - lawv yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav nrog kev txo qis hauv kev siv hluav taws xob sai, tob thiab ntxov. " "tua lub ntiaj teb" (tua neeg nyob ecology uas yog - ntiaj chaw yuav outlive peb).[22]
Capitalism: Qhov Tseeb Tseeb
Owen tau yuam kev, txawm li cas los xij, yog tias tus xav tias nws txaus los thuam pseudo-ntsuab ntsuab txoj kev thiab thev naus laus zis thiab hu rau kev noj tsawg dua, hu rau dab ntawm Jevons. Qhov "rebound" thiab "backfire" nws deplores tsis yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv tshuab tsis zoo. Tsis muaj dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees lawm nrog kev siv hluav taws xob zoo li no. Nyob rau hauv thiab ntawm nws tus kheej, qhov tseeb, nws yuav tsum yog ib qho zoo heev, ntau yuav tsum tau txhawb nqa. Qhov teeb meem yog tias thev naus laus zis "kev txhim kho" Owen paub tsis yog qhov kev daws teeb meem - thiab txawm tias yog cov neeg koom nrog rau qhov teeb meem - tau raug qhia nyob rau hauv kev peev nyiaj txiag, ib txoj hauv kev uas cov khoom siv pheej yig dua pab cov tuam txhab lag luam tshaib plab muag ntau cov khoom rau cov neeg siv khoom ntau, thawb. muag thiab rov qab los ntawm kev nqis peev (profit) siab dua. "Raws li kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo," tus kws sau keeb kwm nyiaj txiag Richard Smith sau tseg, "yog tias cov txiaj ntsig tsis yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim khoom, ces cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no tuaj yeem txuag tau ... cov peev txheej ntuj rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg thiab cov tiam tom ntej." [24] Qhov ua kom yuam kev yog los tsim qhov Foster hu ua "ib txoj hauv kev uas qhov kev ua tau zoo tsis yog kev foom tsis zoo ntxiv lawm - lub zog siab dua uas muaj kev sib luag, kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg, zej zog, thiab kev ruaj khov yog lub hom phiaj meej." [25]
Owen thib ob, intimately cuam tshuam yuam kev yog tias nws tsis nkag siab qhov ntawd hu kom xaus rau kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua txhais tau hais tias hu kom xaus rau kev lag luam. Kev loj hlob tsis yog xaiv tau raws li kev peev nyiaj txiag. Nws yog tsim rau hauv qhov system. Raws li Smith sau tseg, "kev tsis txaus siab thiab tsis txaus siab rau kev loj hlob yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kev cai niaj hnub ntawm cov peev txheej tsim tawm hauv kev lag luam kev sib tw, ua haujlwm rau txhua tus tab sis ob peb lub lag luam ..." [26] Cov lag luam feem ntau paub zoo tias "loj hlob. los yog tuag” yog rau lawv qhov kawg ntawm kev ciaj sia ua tsaug rau cov kev nyuaj siab uas lawv ntsib: (i) nrhiav kev lag luam rau lawv txhua qhov kev nthuav dav thiab cov khoom tsim tawm; (ii) tiv thaiv lawv txoj haujlwm tawm tsam cov neeg sib tw peev. Tus kws tshaj lij eco-socialist Joel Kovel tso nws zoo heev hauv phau ntawv sib koom tes tsis ntev los no Xav txog: Nyob rau hauv ib tug Socialist USA:
"Txawm li cas los xij cov peev txheej yuav hnav ua ib haiv neeg ntawm kev ywj pheej, kev lag luam dawb, lossis kev vam meej, nws thawj qhov tseem ceeb yog kev muaj txiaj ntsig thiab, yog li kev loj hlob, kev nthuav dav mus ib txhis ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Qhov no yuav tsum tau hloov txhua yam ua tau rau hauv tus nqi nyiaj….As [Marx] vividly sau rau hauv Capital: 'Accumulate! Nquag! Qhov ntawd yog Mauxes thiab cov yaj saub '… lub peev yog nyob rau hauv tuav ntawm ib tug quasi-kev ntseeg impulse uas tsav nws lub zog los hloov lub ntiaj teb tag nrho - nws cov dej hiav txwv thiab huab cua thiab txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub hnub - mus rau hauv cov khoom muag ntawm lub khw, lub Cov txiaj ntsig tau hloov pauv mus rau peev… Pom nyob rau hauv qhov teeb pom kev no, peev txheej yog pathological tiag tiag….ib yam ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav, kab mob uas xav tau kev kho mob radical - hloov pauv hloov pauv. "[27]
Lub "Global Treadmill ntawm Kev Tsim Khoom"
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, mob qog noj ntshav txawm tias nws yuav yog rau ib puag ncig, kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb rau feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem, uas tso siab rau nws rau kev ua haujlwm thiab ntau dua. Raws li Smith sau tseg tom qab nug cov lus nug "Vim li cas ib tug neeg xav tau kev lag luam ruaj khov?":
"Kev xaiv tsa tom qab kev xaiv tsa qhia tau hais tias cov pej xeem zoo tib yam xav pom ib puag ncig huv si, xav pom kev nres rau kev ua txhaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb, kev puas tsuaj ntawm lawv cov menyuam yav tom ntej. Tab sis raws li cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam, 'tsis muaj kev loj hlob' tsuas yog txhais tau tias tsis muaj haujlwm ... yog tias kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam tsis tu ncua, cov hauj lwm yuav los ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm cov me nyuam? Niaj hnub no, hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tau hais tias tsawg kawg yog xya tus neeg thov rau txhua txoj haujlwm muaj. Lwm 28 tus neeg yuav mus nrhiav haujlwm nyob qhov twg yog tias tsis muaj kev loj hlob? Thiab qhov xwm txheej no yog qhov phem dua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tab tom loj hlob, qhov twg cov neeg poob hauj lwm qib tawm ntawm cov kab kos. "[XNUMX]
Zoo siab txais tos rau qhov Foster tau hu ua dhau los "lub ntiaj teb treadmill ntawm kev tsim khoom." Raws li nws piav qhia:
"Lub logic ntawm lub treadmill no tuaj yeem tawg ua rau rau lub ntsiab lus. Ua ntej, ua rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thiab tsim nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, yog qhov nce ntxiv ntawm kev nplua nuj los ntawm ib feem me me ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm kev sib raug zoo pyramid. Qhov thib ob, muaj kev txav mus ntev ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kom deb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej thiab mus rau cov haujlwm ua haujlwm uas muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim khoom. Thib peb, kev sib tw kev sib tw ntawm kev lag luam yuav tsum muaj kev mob ntawm kev ploj tuag ntawm kev faib nyiaj txiag los ntawm kev hloov pauv tshiab, thev naus laus zis uas pab txhawb kev tsim khoom. Plaub, xav tau yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug yam ntxwv uas tsim ib tug insatiable tshaib plab rau ntau. Thib tsib, tsoomfwv tau dhau los ua lub luag haujlwm los txhawb kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv tebchaws, thaum ua kom muaj qee qhov 'kev ruaj ntseg' rau ib feem ntawm nws cov pej xeem. Thib rau, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas lus thiab kev kawm yog ib feem ntawm lub treadmill, pab txhawb nws qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb. "
"Lub ntsiab lus txhais ntawm lub kaw lus yog tias nws yog hom squirrel loj heev tawb. Txhua tus, lossis ze li txhua tus, yog ib feem ntawm lub treadmill no thiab tsis tuaj yeem lossis tsis kam tawm. Cov neeg ua lag luam thiab cov thawj tswj hwm tau tsav los ntawm qhov xav tau los khaws nyiaj txiag thiab nthuav dav ntawm lawv cov haujlwm kom vam meej hauv lub ntiaj teb kev sib tw milieu. Rau Feem ntau qhov kev cog lus rau lub treadmill yog qhov txwv thiab tsis ncaj: lawv tsuas yog yuav tsum tau txais cov haujlwm ntawm cov nyiaj ua haujlwm zoo.. Tab sis txhawm rau khaws cov haujlwm ntawd thiab tswj hwm tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua neej nyob hauv cov xwm txheej no nws yog qhov tsim nyog, zoo li poj huab tais liab hauv Los ntawm Saib Hauv Tshav Iav, kom khiav nrawm dua thiab nrawm dua thiaj li nyob hauv tib qhov chaw."[29]
Tib qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tsis tsim nyog uas tsav peev nyiaj txiag rau hauv kev rov ua dua ntawm kev tawg thiab tawg ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo rau hauv kev hem thawj rau tib neeg lub neej. Kev tshem tawm ntawm cov tsiaj yog xyaum ua "lub koom haum tseem ceeb" (Noam Chomsky [30]) rau cov lag luam sab hnub poob uas sawv saum cov kab mob nas-log treadmill ntawm kev sib sau tsis kawg.
Tus Ntsuj Plig ntawm Marx
David Owen tuaj yeem nkag siab tag nrho cov no yog tias nws yuav saib lwm tus neeg xav zoo uas ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws Askiv thaum xyoo 1860 tsis yog Jevons. Kuv tab tom xa mus, tau kawg, rau Marx. Rau Jevons Paradox nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si nws cov thawj thiab cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej yog nyob rau hauv lub plawv ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov loj dua efficiency conundrum ntawm capitalism raws li nkag siab los ntawm Marx. Kev nce hauv kev ua haujlwm tsim khoom, piv txwv li, feem ntau tsis ua rau txo qis tag nrho cov sij hawm siv hauv kev ua haujlwm vim tias lub hom phiaj tom qab cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no raws li txoj cai ntawm peev yog txhawm rau nce ntxiv ntawm cov nyiaj tau los. Raws li Marx tau sau tseg, qhov txo qis ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog "tsis txhais tau tias lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv cov tshuab ua haujlwm raws li kev lag luam..... Lub tshuab yog ib qho txhais tau tias tsim cov khoom seem-tus nqi" thiab yog li txhawm rau txhim kho cov peev nyiaj tsis kawg nkaus.[31] Ib yam li Adas Smith, David Ricardo, thiab ntau tiam neeg ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam bourgeois tom ntej los ntawm Keynes thiab dhau mus, tsis tas li ntawd, Marx tau nkag siab zoo heev tias kev lag luam yog nyob ntawm qhov kawg kev lag luam nthuav dav.
Nws yuav zoo heev yog tias peb tuaj yeem kho qhov chaw ib puag ncig los ntawm ntsuab, kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim khoom. Thiab nws yuav zoo heev yog tias peb tuaj yeem txav mus rau qhov kev lag luam tsis tu ncua ntawm kev loj hlob uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib puag ncig zoo tshaj qhov kev siv tsis kawg thiab kev sib sau ntawm cov txiaj ntsig sib pauv. Tab sis tej yam no tsuas yog tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv capitalism, ib tug system uas yuav tsis muaj ntau forego kev loj hlob thiab mus ntxiv tshaj li cov neeg tuaj yeem nres ua pa thiab nyob. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tau zoo ib txwm los tsis yog qhov tseeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo tab sis tshwj xeeb rau kev ua lag luam peev: qhov siab tshaj plaws rov qab los ntawm kev nqis peev ntiag tug.
Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub koom haum. Raws li daim ntawv koom tes, cov thawj coj ntawm cov tuam txhab saum toj kawg nkaus tsis muaj kev ywj pheej los xaiv qhov kev loj hlob los yog ua kom muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog ecological tseem ceeb tshaj nyiaj. "Corporations," Richard Smith sau tseg, "yog muaj los ntawm pawg neeg koom nrog. Thiab cov tswv lag luam tsis tab tom nrhiav 'stasis;' lawv tab tom nrhiav kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, yog li lawv tsav lawv cov CEOs mus tom ntej. " Tsis tas li ntawd, cov CEOs no raug txwv los ntawm Asmeskas txoj cai lij choj kom muaj cai rau kev lav phib xaub (xws li kev lav phib xaub ntawm ib puag ncig) tshaj qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tswv lag luam. Raws li Smith tau sib cav, ua raws li Marx, "peb xav tau ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm kev lag luam, ib qho kev lag luam uas tsis yog kev lag luam raws li tib neeg kev xav tau, kev xav tau ib puag ncig, thiab kev sib txawv kiag li, tsis yog los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig." [33]
Xws li, muaj tseeb, yuav yog qhov xaus ntawm Marx qhov kev xav txog "cov neeg tsim khoom koom nrog, tswj hwm lawv txoj kev hloov pauv nrog Xwm, coj nws los ntawm lawv cov kev tswj hwm, tsis yog kev txiav txim los ntawm nws raws li los ntawm cov dig muag rog ntawm Xwm; thiab ua tiav qhov no nrog kev siv nyiaj tsawg kawg ntawm lub zog thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws rau, thiab tsim nyog, lawv tib neeg lub cev. "
Hu rau qhov koj nyiam
Tau kawg, Marx tuag ntev. Nws tsis yog hais txog nws lossis nws cov neeg ua raws tiag tiag. Thiab nws tsis yog hais txog nom tswv daim ntawv lo. Nws yog hais txog kev muaj sia nyob ntawm "lub neej yav tom ntej nrog rau cov tiam tam sim no ... suav nrog ... lwm hom tsiaj uas peb faib lub ntiaj teb xiav muaj nuj nqis no." Raws li Smith xaus lus: "'Socialism'? 'Economic Democrats?' Hu nws li koj nyiam...Txawm peb txuag peev lossis peb cawm peb tus kheej. Peb tsis tuaj yeem txuag tau ob qho tib si." [34]
Xib fwb Livingston txoj kev npau suav ntawm cov neeg siv khoom noj khoom haus ntsuab-thiab siv-tus nqi-tsav peev nyiaj txiag (hu rau "ntau") thiab Owen txoj kev npau suav ntawm kev lag luam ruaj khov (hu rau tsawg dua) yog ob qho tib si ntawm qhov taw tes. Nws tsis yog hais txog kev siv thiab ua kom tsawg lossis ntau dua thaum hnub kawg. Nws yog hais txog dab tsi: (a) kev tsim khoom thiab kev noj haus rau qhov zoo thiab ua raws li cov qauv kev cai ywj pheej, lossis (b) kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv rau cov nyiaj ntiag tug, raws li cov lus txib ntawm kev tswj hwm tsis raug xaiv los ntawm peev? Lub cev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb thiab kev nkag siab keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias kev muaj sia nyob ntawm tib neeg thiab kev ciaj sia ntawm lwm yam muaj sia nyob hauv ntiaj teb yuav tsum muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm yav dhau los los ntawm yav dhau los. Raws li Hungarian Marxist philosopher Istvan Meszaros muab nws kaum peb xyoos dhau los, “Peb tab tom khiav tawm. . . . Qhov tsis xis nyob qhov tseeb ntawm qhov teeb meem yog qhov ntawd Yog tias tsis muaj lub neej yav tom ntej rau lub zog loj hauv peb lub sijhawm, yuav tsis muaj lub neej yav tom ntej rau tib neeg nws tus kheej.” [35]
Paul Street yog tus pab txhawb rau qhov kev sib koom tes uas nyuam qhuav tso tawm Xav txog: Nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas (New York: Harper-Collins, 2014), http://harpercollins.com/books/Imagine/?isbn=9780062305572 ) thiab tus sau ntawm Lawv Txoj Cai: 1% v. Kev ywj pheej (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2014, http://www.paradigmpublishers.com/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=367810)
References
1 Saib qhov txaj muag thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2007 cov ntaub ntawv "Historians rau Obama," Keeb Kwm Xov Xwm Network, http://hnn.us/article/44958. Cov lus luag-tawm-nrov suab nrov tuaj txog thaum kawg: "Raws li tus thawj tswj hwm, Barack Obama tsuas yog pib txheej txheem ntawm kev kho peb lub neej thiab ua kom ntseeg tau tias Asmeskas ua lub luag haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig hauv ntiaj teb. Tab sis peb ntseeg tias nws yog tus neeg tsis tshua muaj neeg ua nom ua tswv uas tuaj yeem nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ywj pheej, uas tuaj yeem pab txhawb qhov uas William James hu ua 'kev txawj ntse ntawm pej xeem'. "Ntev lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ywj pheej" zoo li me ntsis ntawm cov lus tsis txaus siab ntau tshaj li rau xyoo tom qab, txawm hais tias tsis yog nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia los ntawm ntau tus neeg keeb kwm uas tau kos npe. Saib “Civil Liberties Under Obama With Glenn Greenwald,” Hais lus rau International Socialist Organization, Chicago, Illinois, Lub Xya Hli 2011, http://www.chicagosocialists.org/content/civil-liberties-under-obama-glenn-greenwald - kev xav txog tus ntsuj plig ntawm Obama qhov kev ua phem rau pej xeem kev ywj pheej ua ntej Snowden tshwm sim.
2. Karl Marx, German Ideology [1845] (New York: International, 2001). 53
3. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 3: Cov txheej txheem ntawm Capitalist Production raws li tag nrho [1867[(New York: International, 1976), 820
4. Rau cov pov thawj tias qee qhov kev vam meej tau ua tiav hauv qhov ntawd, saib Livingston qhov tshwm sim ntawm "Public" Broadcasting System's power-worshipping "Newshour" (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2012/12/james-livingston-corporations.html) thiab Livingston qhov ua tiav ntawm Op-Ed qhov chaw hauv New York Times (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/opinion/its-consumer-spending-stupid.html?_r=0 thiab http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/opinion/a-fairer-corporate-tax.html ) thiab Bloomberg Xov Xwm (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-28/austerity-is-bad-for-you-and-it-s-no-fun-commentary-by-james-livingston.html) thiab tshwm sim hauv Bloomberg TV, http://www.businessweek.com/videos/2013-12-26/i-see-snowden-as-a-national-hero-livingston.
5. Juliet Schor Cov Neeg Asmeskas Ua Haujlwm Ntau Tshaj: Qhov Kev Tsis Txaus Siab ntawm Kev Ua Si (New York: Basic, 1992), 107–138; Juliet Schor. Lub Tebchaws Asmeskas (New York: Basic, 1998), 99, 162–63, 240–41.
6. John Bellamy Foster thiab Brett Clark, "Lub Planetary Emergency," Kev tshuaj xyuas txhua hli (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2013), http://monthlyreview.org/2012/12/01/the-planetary-emergency
7. Foster thiab Clark, "Planetary Emergency."
8. Kuv tab tom hais txog kab lus "zoo rau ib puag ncig," hauv lub npe. Nws yog khib tias tsuas yog ib puag ncig siv nyob rau hauv Tawm tsam Thrift's Performance index yog cov hauv qab no: “Kev txhawj xeeb ib puag ncig: kev coj ncaj ncees lub neej ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, 179-181; khw hauv online, 22; thiab zaub mov kiv puag ncig, 183. Qhov ntawd yog plaub nplooj ntawv hauv 257-nplooj phau ntawv uas muab "zoo rau ib puag ncig" hauv nws lub npe.
9. Liv., Tawm tsam Thrift, 22, 180.
10. Foster thiab Clark, "Planetary Emergency."
11. Yog li, Owen yuav tsis sau ib yam dab tsi zoo li cov hauv qab no: “Peb yog ib feem ntawm Nature ib yam li cov av nws tus kheej, vim tias txij li thaum Neolithic kiv puag ncig peb cog thiab sau qoob loo… tau hloov pauv lub cev thiab txawm tias muaj tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg. ntiaj teb. Yog li 'cov ntaub ntawv muaj tseeb' ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis yog qhov ruaj khov uas ua haujlwm raws li cov cai ntawm kev txav peb tsis tau tsim: feem ntau ntawm 'yam ntawm lawv tus kheej' uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb no, suav nrog cov ntoo thiab cov suab puam, yuav tsis. nyob ntawm no yam tsis muaj peb, vim hais tias, Vajtswv pab peb, peb tau nyob ntawm lawv cov creation” (Livingston, Tawm tsam Thrift, 180 ib.). Livingston yog txoj cai kom nco ntsoov (tej yam tseem ceeb) tias tib neeg tau ntev li qhov peb hu ua Ntuj tab sis tau kawg muaj ntau txoj cai ntuj uas peb tsis tau tsim. Tej zaum peb tuaj yeem nkag siab thiab ua haujlwm nrog Txoj Cai Thib Ob ntawm Thermodynamics lossis General Relativity lossis Wave-Particle Duality tab sis qhov ntawd tsis ua rau peb cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm Xwm, uas nws cov kev cai peb tseem tsis tau nkag siab. Cov kev cai lij choj no tau ua haujlwm ua ntej peb tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb thiab yuav dhau mus rau peb yog tias thiab thaum peb ploj mus - qhov muaj peev xwm sib txawv nyob rau xyoo txhiab xyoo tom ntej ua tsaug uas tsis muaj ib feem me me rau kev hloov pauv huab cua thiab lwm yam kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev cuam tshuam hauv cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim, ua tiav. nyob rau hauv arrogant defiance ntawm Natural laws.
12. Aws, Lub Conundrum, 2.
13. Aws, Lub Conundrum, 95.
14. Owen piav qhia txog "qhov kev tsis txaus siab" nrog rau tus kheej cov lus piav qhia: "Nyob ntawm kuv lub rooj kuv muaj ib lub npias qub, txij li xyoo 1940, uas ib zaug muaj kaum ob ooj ntawm Hampden 'mob tab sis ruaj khov' ale. Qhov khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob Qhov niaj hnub no tuaj yeem sawv cev rau qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev dematerialization. Tab sis puas yog qhov slimming ntawm peb cov khoom pov tseg muaj tshwm sim los ntawm ib tus neeg cov khoom pov tseg ib puag ncig kom txo qis? Los yog nws tsuas yog pab tau thiab txhawb kom peb tseem ua tsis tau zoo dua hauv peb qhov kev noj "Owen, Lub Conundrum, 32.
15. Txawm hais tias Owen phau ntawv tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas Livingston phau ntawv qhia nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: ib index. Qhov no, yog tias koj nyeem ntawv tiav Tawm tsam Thrift thiab xav tshuaj xyuas txhua yam uas nws Livingston tau sau txog, hais tias, Keynes lossis Marx lossis kev txuag nyiaj, koj tuaj yeem ua qhov ntawd sai sai. Txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas qhov Owen tau hais txog Herman Daly lossis Model Ts lossis cov kaus mom carbon lossis Jevons thiab lwm yam, koj yuav tsum tau nplooj ntawv zoo nkauj dua thiab dua. Qhov kev txav deb ntawm qhov ntsuas loj hauv kev tshaj tawm tsis tseeb yog kev txawj ntse kev ua phem.
16. William Stanley Jevons, Cov lus nug Coal, thib peb tsab (New York: Kelley, 1905), hais hauv Richard Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism," Kev Tshawb Fawb Ntiaj Teb Kev Lag Luam tiag tiag, qhov teeb meem 53, Lub Rau Hli 26, 2010, luam tawm nrog kev hloov kho ntawm Qhov tseeb (Lub Ib Hlis 15, 2014), http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/21215-beyond-growth-or-beyond-capitalism
17. Kev, The Coal Question, hais hauv Owen, Lub Conundrum, 104. Ceev faj hauv Jevons.
18.John Bellamy Foster, Brett Clark, thiab Richard York, Lub Ecological Rift: Capitalism Tsov Rog ntawm Ntiaj Teb (New York: Monthly Review, 2010), 178.
19. Aws, Lub Conundrum, 246.
20. Aws, Lub Conundrum, 38-60.
21. Aws, Lub Conundrum, 149, 151-152
22. Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research, "The Radical Emission Reduction Emission Reduction Conference, Kaum Ob Hlis 10-11, 2013," http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/radical-emission-reduction-conference-tyndall-centre-event-confronting-challenge-climate-change
23. Naomi Klein, "Yuav Ua Li Cas Science Qhia Peb Kom Tawm Tsam," Tshiab statesman (Lub Kaum Hlis 29, 2013), http://www.newstatesman.com/2013/10/science-says-revolt
24. Smith, “Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?” (saib daim ntawv 13, saum toj no)
25. Foster et al. Lub Ecological Rift, 181.
26. Smith, “Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?”
27. Joel Kovel, Tshooj 2: “Lub neej yav tom ntej yuav yog Ecosocialist Vim Yog Tsis Muaj Ecosocialism Yuav Tsis Muaj Yav Tom Ntej,” hauv Francis Goldin, Debby Smith, thiab Michael Steven Smith, NYEEM NTAWV Nyob hauv ib tug Socialist USA (New York: Harper Collins, 2014), 27-28
28. Smith, “Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?”
29. John Bellamy Foster, “Ntiaj Teb Ecology thiab Kev Zoo Siab,” Kev tshuaj xyuas txhua hli (Lub Ob Hlis 1995), nyeem online ntawm http://clogic.eserver.org/3-1&2/foster.html
30. "Kuv tsis xav kom xaus yam tsis tau hais txog lwm yam sab nraud uas raug tso tawm hauv kev lag luam: txoj hmoo ntawm hom. Kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim nyiaj txiag tuaj yeem kho tau los ntawm tus neeg them se, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem pab cawm yog tias ib puag ncig raug puas tsuaj. Tias nws yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem yog ze rau lub koom haum tseem ceeb.” Noam Chomsky, “Nws Puas Yog Ntiaj Teb Loj dhau los ua tsis tiav?” TomDispatch (Lub Yim Hli 20, 2012), http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175581/best_of_tomdispatch%3A_noam_chomsky,_who_owns_the_world_
31. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (London: Penguin, 1976), 492.
32. PM Mathew, “Marxism in Revival Mode,” New Indian Express, Yim Hli 22, 2013, http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/Marxism-in-revival-mode/2013/08/22/article1745272.ece1; William Appleman Williams, Qhov Kev evasion loj: Ib tsab ntawv hais txog qhov cuam tshuam tam sim no ntawm Karl Marx thiab ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse ntawm Kev lees paub qhov tseeb rau hauv kev sib tham txog Asmeskas yav tom ntej (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1964), 31; Smith, "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?"
33. Smith, “Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?”
34. Smith, “Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?”
35. Istvan Meszaros, Socialism lossis Barbarism: Los ntawm "American Century" mus rau Txoj Kev Hla (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001), 80; hais ntxiv
ZNetwork tau txais nyiaj tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua siab zoo ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem.
Pab Nyiaj