Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1947, ntau tus ua kev zoo siab rau qhov kawg ntawm ntau tshaj 350 xyoo ntawm British Raj - 10 lab tus tib neeg tau tsiv tawm ntawm lawv lub tsev. Tus kws kos duab British ntawm kev faib tawm kos kab ntawm Punjab thiab Bengal. 70% ntawm tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv Punjab. Ntau tshaj li tsib lab Muslims hauv Is Nrias teb tau tawm hauv lawv lub tsev mus rau hauv Pakistan. Ntau tshaj li plaub lab (feem ntau) Hindus thiab Sikhs zoo ib yam tawm Pakistan mus rau Is Nrias teb. Rau Punjab ib leeg, kev poob ntawm lub neej yog kwv yees qhov chaw ntawm 500,000-800,000 tus neeg. Kuv plaub tus pog yawg yog nyob ntawm cov raug yuam tawm hauv lawv lub tsev nyob rau hauv qhov uas tau los ua Pakistan ib hmos. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 14, 2014, Pakistan ua 67 xyoo ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab hnub tom qab (15 Lub Yim Hli 2014), Is Nrias teb ua raws.
Muaj ob qho laj thawj uas kev ywj pheej tsis ua kev zoo siab hauv kuv pog yawg lub tsev. Ib qho yog lub cim xeeb thiab kev paub ntawm Kev Sib Koom. Lwm qhov yog qhov nco thiab kev paub ntawm lub Rau Hli 1984.
Lub rau hli ntuj no yog lub 30th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm "Operation Blue Star"; kev tawm tsam tub rog ntawm Sikh lub tuam tsev dawb huv, Harmandir Sahib (Lub Tuam Tsev Golden) hauv Amritsar, Punjab. Indian xinesmas cim lub hnub tseem ceeb nrog kev tso tawm zaj duab xis 'Punjab 1984'. Zaj duab xis qhib nrog tub ceev xwm framing lawv arbitrary tua ntawm tus protagonist txiv leej txiv raws li raug cai nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua kev ua phem. Nws xaus nrog cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm tub ceev xwm ua phem tua cov duab ntawm cov neeg hauv tsev neeg ploj. Sandwiched nyob rau hauv-nruab nrab yog zaj dab neeg tsis tseeb ntawm ib tug txaus siab, hluas, Sikh neeg ua phem nyob rau hauv lub rampage, kev cob qhia rau kev tua tus kheej foob pob nyob rau hauv Pakistan thiab sim siv lawv nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb. Cov yeeb yaj kiab tau qhia los ntawm Anurag Singh uas tau lees tias nws cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis yog "kev nom kev tswv".[i] Qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees yog qhov txawv txav. Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Indian yav dhau los, Manmohan Singh (uas tswj hwm los ntawm 2004 - 2014) zoo ib yam hais tias nws tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau Punjabi kev nom kev tswv, uas tau txhais tias nws tsis txaus siab nrhiav kev lav phib xaub rau kev tsim txom tib neeg txoj cai hauv Punjab. Lub xeev Indian tau ua tiav kev ua tsov rog los txwv cov kab lis kev cai ntawm kev tawm tsam uas yav dhau los emanated los ntawm Punjab.
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1984, ntau Sikhs tau sib sau ua ke ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Golden los ua cim kev tua neeg ntawm Sikh xib fwb thiab tus thawj coj (Guru Arjan Dev Ji). Thaum lub sij hawm, Punjabi lub xeev kev nom kev tswv nyob rau hauv flux. Green Revolution tau qhia cov qoob loo siab tshaj plaws rau Punjab, thiab thaum kawg GM cov qoob loo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis tau sau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim khoom ntau ntxiv. Qhov tseeb, tsoomfwv hauv nruab nrab (coj los ntawm Indira Gandhi ntawm pawg Congress) tau ua si nrog lub xeev ciam teb txo cov dej ntws thiab yog li cov dej muaj txiaj ntsig muaj nyob hauv Punjab. Punjab txhais tias ' thaj av ntawm tsib tus dej '. Kev sib faib ua phem ntawm British Is Nrias teb hauv xyoo 1947 tau kos tawm ntau cov keeb kwm Punjab txhawm rau tsim Pakistan. Peb tus dej, thiab feem ntau ntawm thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam ntawm Punjab, tau los ua ib feem ntawm Pakistan thaum hmo ntuj thaum lub Yim Hli 1947. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev faib tawm txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo 1980s. Xyoo 1982, muaj kev tawm tsam thaj yeeb. Ntau txhiab tus neeg (txiv neej thiab poj niam) raug ntes rau lawv txoj kev koom tes.
Nyob rau hauv Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (tsuas yog menyuam yaus ntawm thawj Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru):
- cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov koom haum thiab lwm cov koom haum ua haujlwm tau raug kaw (qhov twg los ntawm "ob peb txhiab [rau] tsib caug txhiab"[ii]);
- kev ywj pheej ntawm cov xov xwm txwv tsis pub thiab cov tog neeg tawm tsam txwv;
- slums raug rhuav tshem yam tsis tau ceeb toom; thiab
- yuam ua kom tsis muaj menyuam ntawm cov neeg "tseem ceeb" hauv slums tau raug yuam.
Ntau tus Punjabi hauv Is Nrias teb pom tsoomfwv Congress tsuas yog siv ib daim ntawv ntawm kev tswj hwm sab hauv los ntawm New Delhi, lub nroog ntawm Is Nrias teb.
Lub charasmatic Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale tus thawj coj ntawm Damdami Taksal (ib pab pawg ntseeg Sikh) thiab kev hloov pauv nom tswv tau qhia txog qhov nyuaj ntawm Punjabi txav ntawm lub sijhawm:
Yog tias cov nyiaj khwv tau los nyuaj ntawm cov neeg, lossis cov peev txheej ntuj ntawm ib lub tebchaws lossis ib cheeb tsam raug yuam kom plundered; cov khoom uas tsim los ntawm lawv yog them ntawm arbitrarily txiav txim siab nqi thaum cov khoom yuav los ntawm lawv yog muag nyob rau hauv tus nqi siab thiab thiaj li yuav nqa cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam exploitation mus rau lub ntsiab lus xaus, tib neeg txoj cai ntawm tib neeg los yog ntawm ib lub teb chaws raug crushed, ces cov no yog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev ua qhev ntawm lub teb chaws los yog cheeb tsam los yog tib neeg. Niaj hnub no cov Sikhs raug kaw los ntawm cov chains ntawm kev ua cev qhev. Hom kev ua qhev no ua rau lub xeev thiab 80% ntawm Is Nrias teb cov pej xeem ntawm cov neeg pluag thiab haiv neeg tsawg [Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, thiab Dalits thiab lwm yam]. Txhawm rau rhuav tshem cov saw hlau ntawm kev ua cev qhev, Sikhs, ntawm qhov loj, los ntawm kev xav txog kev xav thiab siv dag zog thiab nqa nrog lawv cov 80% ntawm Is Nrias teb yuav tsum kov yeej lub zej zog Brahma-Bania ua ke uas tswj lub Delhi durbar. [Iii]
Jarnail Singh Bhidranwale tau ua haujlwm nrog lwm cov nom tswv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshaj tawm Anandpur uas tau thov raws li Sikh lub hom phiaj ntawm;
a) kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam lub zog ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev nom kev tswv);
b) lub meej mom ntawm kev ua haujlwm; thiab
c) sab ntsuj plig thiab kev xav.
Cov lus tshaj tawm Anandpur tau pom los ntawm qee tus hu ua Sikh lub teb chaws ywj pheej 'Khalistan', thaum lwm tus hais tias nws yog ib daim ntawv nrog kev xav tau kev hloov pauv, piv txwv li, hais txog dej thiab dej, uas yuav ua rau cov neeg tsawg nyob nrog kev hwm. nrog rau feem ntau Hindi ntawm Is Nrias teb.
Hauv kev ua tsis tau raws li qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev xav tau, ntau hauv Punjab tau dhau los ua radicalised. Operation Blue Star yog cov tub rog Indian cov lus teb rau qhov radicalization no. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2014, cov ntaub ntawv Askiv tau tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm tias Thawj Kav Tebchaws Thatcher lub tebchaws Askiv tau qhia tsoomfwv Indian txog kev ua haujlwm. armored tsheb, thiab lwm yam riam phom.
Cov tub rog tua tsawg kawg yog 574 tus neeg, qee tus muab tus lej ntawm 3,000. Keeb kwm artefacts raug ntes thiab Sikh Tsev khaws puav pheej uas muaj ntau phau ntawv sau tes ntawm Sikh Gurus raug rhuav tshem. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kev npaj tau raug tsom. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 3, 1984, tsoomfwv Indian tau txwv txoj cai txwv 36-teev hauv lub xeev Punjab nrog txhua txoj hauv kev sib txuas lus thiab kev mus ncig pej xeem raug ncua. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kuj raug cuam tshuam, tsim kom muaj tag nrho cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab txiav tawm lub xeev los ntawm tag nrho Is Nrias teb thiab lub ntiaj teb. Ua tiav censorship raug tswj hwm hauv xov xwm tshaj tawm. Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards ua pauj los ntawm kev tua nws ntawm 31 Lub Kaum Hli 1984. Kev kub ntxhov tshwm sim. Sikh tsev neeg - mus txog rau hauv New Delhi, Kanpur (1000+ km deb) thiab lwm lub nroog - nkaum hauv qab daus ntawm Hindu cov phooj ywg cov tsev.
Joyce Pettigrew, tus kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm yav dhau los, hais tias lub hom phiaj tiag tiag ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Golden yog "tsis yog tshem tawm cov nom tswv lossis kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv tab sis txhawm rau txhawm rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg, tawm tsam lawv lub siab, tawm tsam lawv. ntsuj plig thiab kev ntseeg tus kheej. " Sikhs muaj keeb kwm tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej, nyob rau hauv Moghul Empire; thaum lub sij hawm ob Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog; thiab yog cov tseem ceeb tiv thaiv rau British Raj hauv Is Nrias teb. Nws yog qhov kab lis kev cai ntawm kev tawm tsam uas tsoomfwv hauv nruab nrab ntawm Is Nrias teb tau nrhiav kev tawm tsam.
Lub lim tiam no, Daman Singh (tus ntxhais ntawm Is Nrias teb yav dhau los tus thawj tswj hwm, Manmohan Singh) tau tshaj tawm tias nws txiv lub tsev hauv New Delhi tau raug tawm tsam thaum xyoo 1984 kev tawm tsam. Qhov no ua rau Mr Phoolka nug Manmohan Singh qhov kev ntsiag to nyob rau ntau xyoo. Yawg Phoolka sawv cev rau ntau tus neeg thov nyob rau hauv ib tus tswv tsev ntawm 1984-kev kub ntxhov-txog rooj plaub ntawm Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab yog tus tswv cuab ntawm Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). Hauv Manmohan Singh cov zej zog, cov neeg mob (feem ntau yuav txhawb nqa los ntawm Indian cov tub ceev xwm hauv xeev) tua xya Sikhs, hlawv plaub lub tuam tsev Sikh (gurdwaras) thiab xya lub khw nrog rau ntau lub tsheb thiab Sikh-muaj factories.[v]
Kev Ua Haujlwm Blue Star tau ua raws li kev ua phem tawm tsam kev tawm tsam los txwv kev txav mus los hu rau kev hloov pauv hauv Is Nrias teb, xav tau; txoj cai rau cov haiv neeg tsawg tsawg (nrog rau cov qis qis los yog teem caij castes); kev lees paub ntawm cov kab lis kev cai, hom lus thiab kev cai dab qhuas ntawm Sikhs; vaj huam sib luag raws li txoj cai rau poj niam; kev faib nyiaj ncaj ncees kom txo lossis tshem tawm kev txom nyem; ncaj ncees lub xeev demarcations; kev ywg dej; industrialization; nce kev ywj pheej thiab lub xeev autonomy rau Punjab; thiab kev lees paub ntawm txoj cai lij choj suav nrog kev sib luag ntawm cov pej xeem tsis hais haiv neeg twg, kev ntseeg lossis poj niam txiv neej. qhov kev txav no ua 'cov neeg phem' agitating rau lub teb chaws ywj pheej 'Khalistan'. Cov ntawv sau npe no tau ua rau tsoomfwv Indian los ua pov thawj txog kev tsim txom tib neeg txoj cai, suav nrog kev tsim txom, kev txiav txim rau kev txiav txim, thiab "kev ploj mus." Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1984 thiab 1995 Indian kev ruaj ntseg rog raug tsim txom, tua lossis yuam kom ploj mus ntau txhiab (6,000 - 40,000) ntawm Sikhs. [vii]
Kev tsim txom thiab kev ploj mus tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Lub Xeev qhov system uas tau muab nqi zog rau cov tub ceev xwm rau kev tua cov neeg tawm tsam. [viii] Kom tau txais txiaj ntsig, tub ceev xwm tau tshaj tawm qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis raug cai, kev saib xyuas kev tuag thiab "kev ploj mus" raws li "kev sib ntsib" lossis "kev khiav tawm" los ntawm kev saib xyuas feem coob uas tau pib nrog kev kaw tsis raug cai thiab tsim txom.[ix] Xyoo 1995, tib neeg txoj cai activist Jaswant Singh Khalra tau tshawb pom tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv faus neeg hauv nroog tau nthuav tawm tias ntau dua 6,000 lub hleb zais cia tau tshwm sim hauv peb lub hleb hauv Amritsar, Punjab. Tom qab nws tau ua cov ntaub ntawv no rau pej xeem, cov tswv cuab ntawm Punjab Tub Ceev Xwm tau nyiag, raug ntes tsis raug cai thiab tsim txom Mr.Khalra, tua nws thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1995.[x]
Txawm hais tias muaj kev tshawb nrhiav tsawg (los ntawm Indian Central Bureau of Intelligence kev tshawb nrhiav - uas pom ntau dua 2,000 kev faus neeg coob - thiab Indian National Human Rights Commission tshawb xyuas txog kev ua txhaum cai tib neeg hauv Punjab) tag nrho ntawm kev tsim txom tib neeg txoj cai cuam tshuam nrog "tso ploj mus. ” nyob rau sab qaum teb Indian xeev ntawm Punjab tseem yuav raug tshuaj xyuas. Tsis muaj ib tus kws tsim qauv tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam no uas muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev ua phem hauv Punjab tau raug coj mus rau kev ncaj ncees. Ntau tus nrhiav kev lav phib xaub tau raug sau npe cov neeg phem. [xi]
Raws li lub peb hlis ntuj ntawm impunity txuas ntxiv - thiab ib tug apolitical stance yog coj los ntawm ib co ntawm cov makers ntawm social imaginations - Howard Zinn's (cov neeg keeb kwm) nto moo quote los rau hauv lub siab "koj tsis tuaj yeem nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau tsiv". Sikhs hnav lub kirpan (me me dagger) ua ib qho kev ceeb toom tas li kom cuam tshuam qhov twg qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees tshwm sim. Cov nom tswv Punjabi tseem ceeb yog cov tswv av nplua nuj, xav ua cov hnub tseem ceeb nrog cov kev cai dab qhuas - thaum tsis nco qab ib qho ntawm peb tus neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Sikhism: kev ncaj ncees. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Hindu-radicalization uas ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Sikhs hauv 1984 qhia nws lub taub hau dab tuag hnub no - normalized tej zaum nrog BJP hauv lub hwj chim. Lub hlis no, cov Muslims thiab Sikhs tau tawm tsam hauv lub xeev Utter Pradesh. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Sharanpur qhov twg Sikhs ntiav ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg pluag Muslim zej zog.[xii]
Cov teeb meem uas Punjab txav ntawm xyoo 1980 tau nrhiav kev daws teeb meem tseem muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Green Revolution tau muaj kev cuam tshuam nyiaj txiag thiab kev sib raug zoo. Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Loj Hlob tau sau tseg tias kev siv tshuaj tua kab ntau ntxiv tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nyiaj txiag ntau ntxiv rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Punjabi. GM cov qoob loo thiab cov tshuaj ua kom cov micronutrients nyob hauv av, thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau pib pom cov qoob loo txo qis, ua rau cov nyiaj tau los qis dua. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb kuj tau ntsib cov nqi siab dua vim yog cov noob hybrid thiab GM cov noob yuav tsum tau muab rov qab txhua xyoo. Yav dhau los, nrog cov noob zoo li lawv muaj peev xwm txuag tau cov noob thiab rov siv lawv cov qoob loo nram qab no. Cov xwm txheej no ua rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab nyiaj txiag, thiab vim tias muaj ob peb tus qiv nyiaj raug cai, feem ntau tig mus qiv nyiaj sharks. Ntau tus uas tsis tuaj yeem them rov qab lawv cov nyiaj qiv rau kev tua tus kheej. Kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm 2011 qhia tias tus nqi ntawm kev tua tus kheej rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Punjabi yog 47% siab dua li tag nrho cov neeg Khab. Puas yog Indian kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm lig 1980s thiab thaum ntxov 1990s tau ua tiav kev rhuav tshem Punjabi kab lis kev cai ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev tawm tsam?
[I] Punjab 1984 movie - Vim li cas kuv thiaj li tawm tsam nws?, Parmjeet Singh (2 Lub Xya Hli 2014) http://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/07/02/punjab-1984-movie-why-do-i-have-objections-to-it/
[Ii] Keeb Kwm Tshiab ntawm Is Nrias teb, Wolpert, Stanley, Oxford University Press, 26 Lub Rau Hli 2008 pg. 399 ib
[Iii] Nco txog kev tua neeg ntawm Sikhs thaum Lub Rau Hli 1984, Simran Jeet Singh thiab Gunisha Kaur, State of Formation (5 Lub Rau Hli 2013) http://www.stateofformation.org/2013/06/remembering-the-massacre-of-sikhs-in-june-of-1984/; Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Traditional in India (Socialism thiab Social Movements), 30 Cuaj hlis 1993, Gail Omvedt (Author), pg. 182; ME Sharpe (Publisher); Kev ua phem ntawm Green Revolution: Thib Peb Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb, Ecology thiab Txoj Cai Lij Choj: Ecological Degradation thiab Political Conflict, Vandana Shiva, Zed Books Ltd, 1 Lub Kaum Hli 1991, saib kuj Anandpur Sahib Resolution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution
[Iv] British India's Colonial Ghosts, Preeti Kaur (10 Lub Ob Hlis 2014) https://znetwork.org/zblogs/british-indias-colonial-ghosts/
[V] 1984 tawm tsam hauv tsev: Vim li cas Manmohan nyob ntsiag to?, Hindustan Times, Indo-Asian News Service New Delhi, 11 Lub Yim Hli 2014http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/1984-attack-on-house-why-manmohan-kept-quiet/article1-1250633.aspx
[vi] Ensaaf thiab Human Rights Watch, Tiv thaiv cov neeg tua neeg: Txoj Cai ntawm Kev Tsis Txaus Siab hauv Punjab, India (NewYork: Human Rights Watch, 2007), pg. 13; RNKumar, A.Singh, A.Aggrwal thiab J.Kaur, Txo rau Ashes: TheInsurgency and Human Rights in Punjab (Kathmandu: South Asia Forum for Human Rights, 2003); ib 56.
[vii] Ensaaf Publications (http://www.ensaaf.org/publications/); REDRESS thiab Ensaaf sib koom xa mus rau Is Nrias teb UN Universal Periodic Review (2009) http://www.redress.org/downloads/country-reports/India_Universal%20Periodic%20Review_Ensaaf_REDRESS.pdf; Human Rights Watch 2009 Xovxwm Tshaj Tawm (http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/02/india-prosecute-those-responsible-1984-massacre-sikhs); Human Rights Watch 2007 Report (http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2007/10/17/protecting-killers-0)
[viii] Ibid.
[ix] Ibid.
[x] Human Rights Watch 2007 Report (http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2007/10/17/protecting-killers-0); hais txog Xeev (CBI) v. Ajit Singh Sandhu & Lwm tus, Kev Sib Tham Ntxiv Tus Kws Txiav Txim Bhupinder Singh, Patiala, SessionNo.49-T ntawm 9.5.1998/30.11.2001, Kev Txiav Txim (Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, 2005). Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab Tshaj Plaws hauv Is Nrias teb tsis ntev los no tau lees paub qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm tsib tus tub ceev xwm raug kaw hauv lub neej rau kev nyiag thiab tua ntawm Jaswant Singh Khalra: Prithipal Singh Etc. v. Xeev Punjab & Anr. Etc, Criminal Appeals No.523-527 of 2009, Judgment (November 4, 2011) (Crim.App.Juris., Supreme Court of India).
[xi] Ibid.
[xii] Tus nqi ntawm Is Nrias teb Green Revolution, World Development Movement, Amarjeet Kaur, 31 Lub Xya Hli 2013, http://www.wdm.org.uk/food-and-hunger/cost-india%E2%80%99s-green-revolution#sthash.uqW6jinG.dpuf
[xiii] Txhua yam koj xav paub txog Saharanpur kev tawm tsam hauv Uttar Pradesh, Shikhar Jiwrajka 26 Lub Xya Hli 2014; http://www.india.com/loudspeaker/exclusive-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-saharanpur-mini-riot-in-uttar-pradesh-103219/
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