Nyeem Daim Ntawv Ceeb Toom
Magna, Utah - cov Salt Lake Tribune tau tshaj tawm uas Kennecott Utah Copper Corp. tau zais, txij li xyoo 1988, muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj av qeeg ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj hauv Magna, Utah. Lub tailings impoundment nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Magna thiab khaws cia kwv yees li 1 billion tons ntawm cov khoom pov tseg zoo. Xyoo 1993, lub tuam txhab tau ua "kev soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo" los txiav txim siab seb puas muaj tag nrho cov khoom pov tseg yuav kim dua li cov nqi raug cai cuam tshuam nrog kev puas tsuaj thiab cov pej xeem tuag.
Lub Tribune tau luam tawm ib Xyoo 1997 cov ntawv sau tsis pub lwm tus paub, sau los ntawm Ray D. Gardner, yav dhau los Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Cai Lij Choj rau Kennecott, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam txhab kev tswj hwm ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tailings kev puas tsuaj.: "Kev txiav txim siab ua ntej los ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas thiab zais cov lus qhia txog kev cai lij choj, tso tseg pej xeem cov ntawv ceeb toom, sim tsim kom muaj chaw nyob tsis muaj neeg nyob tsis pom kev, koom tes nrog Lub Xeev Engineer kom txwv tsis pub KL cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm pej xeem, thiab txwv tsis pub faib cov Kev Kawm Txo, sib sau ua ke thiab tus kheej, muab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke los npog qhov kev hem thawj hnyav rau pej xeem kev nyab xeeb. "
G. Frank Joklik yog Kennecott tus thawj tswj hwm thiab CEO ntawm 1980 txog 1993. Joklik, tam sim no tus kws pab tswv yim mining, tam sim no nyob rau hauv pawg thawj coj saib xyuas rau Prime Meridian Resources (PMR), lub tuam txhab tsuas nrhiav kev tsim ntau cov pob zeb hauv av hauv Upper Peninsula. Ua ntej xyoo 2002 Olympic Games, muaj kev dag ntxias dag ntxias Joklik tawm ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees Salt Lake, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sim ua kom muaj kev ua si rau lub nroog Salt Lake. PMR muaj lwm qhov kev sib txuas ntawm Kennecott - tnws lub tuam txhab tus thawj tswj hwm Michael Senn, yog Kennecott geologist los ntawm 1980 txog 1996 thiab yog Regional Manager / Chief Geologist thaum Kennecott nrhiav pom Eagle deposit, hauv 1995.
Lub pas dej tailings, uas tau qhib rau xyoo 1906, tau muaj ob qhov kev ua tsis tiav yav dhau los (1941 thiab 1964) uas tau tshaj tawm tias tsis ua rau lub neej poob lossis kev puas tsuaj loj thiab tsis yog tshwm sim los ntawm seismic. Cov ntawv sau tseg xyoo 1997 tau sau tseg tias cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau raug xa mus rau tailings impoundment hauv 1957, 1966, 1974 thiab 1983. Cov ntawv ceeb toom tau sau tseg tias lub peev xwm ntawm tailings impoundment ua tsis tiav vim muaj kev ua seismic. Thaj chaw nyob hauv Intermountain Seismic Belt thiab av qeeg nyob ib puag ncig, xyoo 1962, ntsuas M 5.2 ntawm Richter Scale.
Raws li US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), xyoo 2006, Kennecott's Utah Copper Mine thiab Fais Fab Cog yog qhov chaw ua pa phem tshaj plaws thib ob hauv tebchaws nrog 102.5 lab phaus ntawm cov pa phem. Lub tuam txhab Green's Creek Mine, hauv Alaska (tsis ntev los no tau muag rau Hecla Mining Corp.), nyob qib 7, nrog 44.5 lab phaus ntawm cov pa phem.
Nyob rau hauv 1988, Joklik commissioned ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas geotechnical ntxiv ntawm tailings dam los ntawm Canadian engineering firm, Klohn-Leonoff Consultants Ltd. (KL), los ntawm British Columbia, Canada. KL tsab ntawv ceeb toom qhia tias av qeeg tuaj yeem ua rau lub pas dej ua ke tawg, dej nyab ib feem ntawm lub nroog Magna, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub neej thiab khoom ntiag tug. Raws li Gardner's 1997 memo, tsab ntawv ceeb toom tau sau tseg tias yuav muaj kev phom sij rau "cov chaw nyob, thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau loj, thiab kev loj hauv pej xeem." Ib tus kws tshaj lij kev lag luam, H. Bolton Seed, tau soj ntsuam thiab lees paub qhov kev tshawb pom, hais tias "kev pheej hmoo txhua xyoo ntawm kev ua tsis tiav rau cov nyiaj tso cia yog [100 npaug ntau] dua li cov dams li qub."
Joklik tau teb rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm kev ua tsis tiav los ntawm kev sim zais cov txiaj ntsig uas siv kev tiv thaiv tus kws lij choj ua haujlwm cov khoom tsim nyog thiab tsim ib lub luag haujlwm los soj ntsuam cov txheej txheem kom ruaj khov Magna Corner thiab lwm feem ntawm tailings impoundment. Ib qho "Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Txom Nyem," tau los ntawm KL, xyoo 1989, pom zoo tib txoj kev daws teeb meem yog los tsim ib qho chaw sab nraud nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho cov tailings impoundment. Hauv kev teb, Kennecott pib dewatering Magna Corner tab sis tso tseg "cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho seismic" hauv 1993 vim yog cov nqi lag luam cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov chaw 2.75 mais ntawm Xeev Txoj Kev 201, Magna Copper Golf Course, thiab tag nrho Kennecott thiab lwm tus neeg siv khoom siv hauv thaj chaw, thiab kho dua tshiab thiab hloov kho lub tuam txhab cov txheej txheem dej.
Gardner's 1997 memo qhia tias "kev txiav txim siab tso tseg lub berm, buffer thiab dike Cheebtsam ntawm kev hloov kho seismic tsis tau sau tseg zoo thiab zoo li tau txhawb los ntawm kev lag luam, tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb tiag tiag rau pej xeem kev nyab xeeb."
Joklik thiab Philip J. Bernhisel (Kennecott's Senior Vice President of Finance and Law) kuj tau thov kom muaj kev saib xyuas kev cai lij choj los ntawm Tus Kws Pab Tswv Yim qub qub, Earl Tingey, uas tau txib kev tshawb xyuas los ntawm Bob Connery, ntawm Holland thiab Hart LLP, Denver. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Gardner memo, Joklik tau tswj xyuas Connery kev tshuaj xyuas thiab txwv Tingey lub luag haujlwm rau ib qho ntawm kev xa cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Connery mus rau Joklik. Connery pom zoo kom Kennecott nthuav tawm qhov kev hem thawj rau cov neeg nyob hauv. Connery raug rho tawm haujlwm thiab ceeb toom tias Joklik tsis "nyiam" nws cov lus qhia thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam rau Kennecott thiab rhuav tshem tag nrho cov ntawv luam. Connery tsis quav ntsej cov lus qhia.
Joklik tau txais kev pom zoo thib ob, los ntawm Parsons, Behle thiab Latimer (PB&L), los ntawm Salt Lake City, uas tau pom zoo tias Kennecott nthuav tawm qhov kev hem thawj rau pej xeem thiab ua rau cov tailings impoundment muaj kev nyab xeeb los ntawm kev hloov chaw State Route 201 thiab tsim kom muaj thaj tsam tsis nyob ib puag ncig. impoundment. Tus kws pab tswv yim tau qhia rau Kennecott tias qhov kev raug kaw yog "tsis tsim nyog txaus ntshai" thiab tias lub tuam txhab tau ntsib lub peev xwm rau kev nplua thiab raug nplua yog tias lub tuam txhab tsis ceeb toom rau pej xeem. Kennecott's General Counsel qhia PB&L tias Joklik yuav "tawm PB&L tus sawv cev yog tias lawv qhov kev xav tau muab rau nws, thiab nws tau qhia PB&L kom rhuav tshem cov kev xav."
Tom qab nws dewatering dej num, Kennecott commissioned lwm "seismic kev ntsuam xyuas" kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Woodward thiab Clyde, nyob rau hauv 1993, rov ntsuam xyuas lub peev xwm rau ib tug tailings txhaum nyob rau hauv lub Magna Corner ntawm impoundment. Woodward thiab Clyde qhov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tias muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua li KL txoj kev tshawb fawb.
Gardner's 1997 memo sau tseg tias "qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom ruaj khov ntawm Magna Corner tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev siv dej dewatering zoo li yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tom qab los muab kev txhawb nqa, los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas txoj hauv kev siv tau los tiv thaiv qhov cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm seismic tsis ua haujlwm. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov kev xaiv dewatering tseem tsis tau muaj pov thawj. "
Kennecott cov tub ceev xwm tau ntsib nrog Utah State Engineer los tham txog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas thawj KL. Raws li cov feeb npaj los ntawm lub tuam txhab, Lub Xeev Tus Kws Ua Haujlwm tau pom zoo los ntawm Kennecott qhov kev hloov kho seismic tag nrho thiab pom zoo nrog KL qhov kev tshawb pom. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Gardner's 1997 memo, "Cov feeb ntxiv qhia tias KL cov kev tshawb fawb tau koom nrog Lub Xeev Engineer, tab sis tsis tau khaws cia los ntawm lub koom haum cov ntaub ntawv vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb "lawv yuav poob rau hauv pej xeem sau." Lub Xeev Tus Kws Ua Haujlwm tau muab kev lees paub tsis raug cai tias nws tsis muaj "tsis muaj lub siab xav ... ntawm kev mus rau pej xeem nrog cov ntaub ntawv." Tus thawj tswj xyuas qhov project qhia tias Lub Xeev Tus Kws Ua Haujlwm tsis tau khaws cov ntawv luam ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv geotechnical ua haujlwm sawv cev ntawm Kennecott. "
Hloov chaw ntawm kev ua kom tiav tag nrho seismic upgrade ntawm tailings impoundment, Joklik tso cai Kennecott's Land Department mus nyiag 200 lub tsev nyob rau hauv Green Meadow Estates. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub tuam tsev tsis tau piav qhia meej txog qhov laj thawj ntawm kev yuav khoom. Txij xyoo 1991 txog rau xyoo 1992, lub tuam tsev tau yuav 39 lub tsev, los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev tseem tsis tau paub, uas tau xauj tom qab. Cov neeg xauj tsev tshiab yeej tsis tau qhia txog qhov txaus ntshai cuam tshuam nrog kev tawg ntawm cov tailings impoundment. Xyoo 1995, Kennecott tau pib nrhiav kev xaiv los muag cov khoom, tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm rau cov neeg yuav khoom txog kev phom sij tailings.
Shockingly, xyoo 1992, Kennecott lub tuam txhab niam txiv, Rio Tinto, tau ua "kev soj ntsuam kev pheej hmoo" los txiav txim siab lub tuam txhab muaj peev xwm lav tau thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev. Lub tuam txhab tau thov rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Av kom tag nrho "kwv yees cov neeg koom nrogโฆ kwv yees li kev sib kis ntawm cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog (ib txwm, hluas, hnub nyoog) [sic]โฆ kwv yees li ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus nyob hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawvโฆ kwv yees tus nqi tso rau kev poob. lub neej los ntawm Utah cov tsev hais plaub, nrog kev hloov pauv raws hnub nyoog. "
Gardner's 1997 memo xaus lus tias "Qhov tsis muaj kev ceeb toom rau pej xeem yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tshwj xeeb. Tsis zoo li cov lus qhia tsis tseeb ntawm ob lub tuam txhab kev cai lij choj, Kennecott txoj kev tswj hwm tsis tau muab cov lus ceeb toom uas tsim nyog vim tias Mr. Joklik ntseeg tias nws yuav ua rau "kev ntshai thiab kev foob"โฆ ntawm lub tuam txhab kev txo qisโฆ.Lub tuam txhab txiav txim siab tib neeg lub neej tsis tsim nyog tus nqi ntawm kev ua kom tiav cov seismic upgrade nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau yuav yield ib tug tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nyab xeeb. "
Txawm hais tias Kennecott qhov kev hloov kho, dhau 20 xyoo dhau los, lub impoundment Magna Corner tseem ua tsis tau raws li Utah tus qauv kev nyab xeeb yam tsawg kawg nkaus rau qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj av qeeg ntawm M 7.2 ntawm Richter Scale. Kennecott hais tias qhov kev txhim kho zaum kawg yuav tiav hauv kaum xyoo.
ZNetwork tau txais nyiaj tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua siab zoo ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem.
Pab Nyiaj