Tsoomfwv Iraqi yog los tshawb xyuas Tebchaws Meskas cov tub rog siv cov phosphorus plhaub dawb thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Fallujah - qhov kev nug uas tuaj yeem nthuav tawm seb cov tub rog Asmeskas puas tau ua txhaum txoj cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb riam phom.
Iraq tus thawj coj saib xyuas Tib Neeg Txoj Cai, Narmin Othman, tau hais nag hmo tias ib pab neeg yuav raug xa mus rau Fallujah los sim ua kom paub tseeb tias cov pej xeem puas tau raug tua lossis raug mob los ntawm riam phom incendiary. Kev siv cov phosphorus dawb (WP) thiab lwm yam riam phom incendiary xws li napalm tawm tsam cov pej xeem raug txwv.
Cov lus tshaj tawm tuaj thaum John Reid, Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv ntawm Lub Xeev rau Kev Tiv Thaiv, tau ntsib kev hu xov tooj rau kev nug txog kev siv WP los ntawm cov tub rog Askiv nrog rau qhov uas Tebchaws Askiv paub txog nws kev xa tawm los ntawm cov tub rog Asmeskas. Yawg Reid tau hais tias nws yuav saib xyuas qhov teeb meem.
Qhov kev txav los ntawm tsoomfwv Iraqi thiab qhov kev txhawj xeeb loj zuj zus ntawm Westminster ua raws li Pentagon qhov kev lees paub rau Kev ywj pheej ua ntej lub lim tiam no uas WP tau siv thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Fallujah lub Kaum Ib Hlis thiab nthuav tawm cov pov thawj pom zoo tias cov pej xeem tau nyob hauv cov neeg raug tsim txom.
Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshiab ntawm Fallujah, uas tau npau taws rau tag nrho 12 lub hlis, tau pib ua rau lub lim tiam dhau los los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Italian lub xeev tshaj tawm, RAI, uas tau lees tias muaj ntau tus neeg raug tsim txom. Ib tus kws tshaj lij Pentagon tau hais nag hmo nws yuav "tsis xav tsis thoob" yog tias WP tau siv los ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog nyob rau lwm qhov hauv Iraq.
Lt-Col Barry Venable tau hais tias cov foob pob hluav taws kub hnyiab yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog cov foob pob hluav taws. "Kuv yuav tsis txiav txim siab tias nws tau siv rau lwm qhov chaw." Lub Pentagon qhov kev lees paub ntawm WP txoj kev siv - nws tuaj yeem hlawv ib tus neeg mus rau hauv pob txha - tau ua pov thawj tias yog ib qho kev txaj muag loj rau qee lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas.
Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv rau cov ntawv xov xwm no, tus kws tshaj lij Asmeskas rau London, Robert Tuttle, tau thov tias Asmeskas cov tub rog "tsis txhob siv napalm lossis WP ua riam phom".
Tau ntsib nrog Pentagon qhov kev lees paub, tus kws tshaj xov xwm hauv tebchaws tau hais tias Mr Tuttle yuav tsis tawm tswv yim ntxiv thiab "tag nrho cov lus nug ntawm WP" yuav tsum raug xa mus rau Pentagon. Lub Tebchaws Asmeskas hauv Rome tau tshaj tawm qhov tsis lees paub zoo ib yam.
Qhov loj lossis qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov kev nug yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm tsoomfwv Iraqi tsis meej, thiab nws tsis paub tias thaum twg nws cov neeg tshawb nrhiav yuav tuaj txog hauv Fallujah. Ib tug thawj coj ntawm lub chaw saib xyuas kev cai tib neeg tau hais tias thaum nws tseem tsis tau paub tias yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas, "cov neeg ntawm Fallujah yuav tau sab laj tag nrho". Lub Pentagon hais tias kev siv riam phom incendiary tawm tsam tub rog lub hom phiaj yog tsis txwv.
Tab sis tsab xov xwm ob, raws tu qauv III ntawm 1980 UN Convention on Certain Riam phom txwv tsis pub lawv siv rau pej xeem.
Tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb rau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav Iraqi, qhov kev cog lus tseem txwv lawv txoj kev siv tawm tsam cov tub rog lub hom phiaj "hauv cov neeg pej xeem tshwj xeeb tshwj tsis yog thaum lub hom phiaj ua tub rog no tau cais tawm ntawm cov neeg pej xeem".
Yawg Reid tau lees paub nag hmo tias cov tub rog Askiv tau siv WP hauv Iraq, txawm hais tias nws tau hais tias lub plhaub tsuas yog siv los ua cov pa luam yeeb los ua kom pom cov tub rog txav mus los, uas cov kws tshaj lij hais tias yog lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.
โTsis yog nws lossis lwm yam foob pob hluav taws raug siv tawm tsam cov pej xeem. Nws tsis yog riam phom chemical, "nws hais. Hais lus ntawm Nato kev cob qhia kev tawm dag zog hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes, qhov chaw nws tau mus xyuas cov tub rog Askiv khi rau Afghanistan, Mr Reid tau hais tias Asmeskas kev siv WP yog "qhov teeb meem rau Asmeskas".
Txawm li cas los xij, lub lim tiam dhau los Mr Reid tau qhia tias nws yuav tsa cov teeb meem muaj nyob hauv RAI cov ntaub ntawv yog tias nthuav tawm nrog cov pov thawj.
Tab sis nag hmo MPs tau qhib siab tawm ntawm Mr Reid cov lus thiab tau hu xov tooj rau kev nug, hais tias lawv tau dhau los ua yuam kev txog Asmeskas kev siv napalm hauv Iraq. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau kos qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pa napalm thiab hloov kho Mk 77 foob pob hluav taws, uas cov kws tshaj lij hais tias zoo ib yam.
Mike Gapes, Tus Thawj Coj Ua Haujlwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Txawv Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws, tau hais tias: "Kuv xav tias muaj qhov teeb meem ntawm no hais txog seb puas yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev sib tham txog riam phom tshuaj lom neeg kom suav nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb no vim tias nws tau txhais tias yog incendiary tsis yog riam phom tshuaj, yog li ntawd. nws raug cais tawm ntawm qee qhov kev txhais. "
Sir Menzies Campbell, tus kws tshaj xov xwm ntawm Liberal Democrat txawv teb chaws, tau hais tias: "Kev siv riam phom no tuaj yeem ua raws li txoj cai, tab sis nws cov txiaj ntsig yog qhov uas nws yuav muab kev tshaj tawm yeej rau kev tawm tsam. Kev tsis lees paub ntawm kev siv ua raws li kev lees paub yuav tsuas ua rau cov neeg tsis ntseeg tias muaj qee yam zais. " Txog tam sim no, qhov poob-tawm hauv Asmeskas dhau qhov kev tshwm sim tau tsawg heev. Tab sis yav dhau los tus thawj tswj hwm Bill Clinton nag hmo hais rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm American University of Dubai tias nws tsis pom zoo nrog kev txeeb chaw ntawm Iraq.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Fallujah, lub chaw ruaj khov, tau tshwm sim ob lub lis piam dhau los lub Kaum Ib Hlis. Nws coj mus rau 300,000 tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Cov ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog thiab los ntawm tus kws kho mob Iraqi uas nyob hauv lub nroog thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua qhia tias ntau tus pej xeem raug kev kub nyhiab thiab "hlawv ntawm daim tawv nqaij". Cov duab qhia cov kab ntawm lub cev charred yuav luag dhau kev lees paub.
Cov tshuaj siv raws cai lossis WMD? Dawb phosphorus yog dab tsi?
Dawb phosphorus yog cov khoom siv hluav taws kub heev uas ua rau kub hnyiab thaum raug oxygen, thiab yuav hlawv tib neeg cov tawv nqaij kom txog thaum tag nrho cov pa oxygen siv. Tus kws kho mob los ntawm Fallujah piav qhia cov neeg raug tsim txom hauv Asmeskas kev tawm tsam "uas tau ua rau lawv cov tawv nqaij yaj".
Dawb phosphorus, hu ua WP lossis Willy Pete nyob rau hauv tub rog, flares nyob rau hauv spectacular bursts nrog ib tug daj nplaim thaum raug rho tawm los ntawm artillery shells thiab tsim cov pa taws dawb. Nws yog siv los ua lub tshuab luam yeeb rau cov tub rog txav thiab ua kom pom kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Puas yog riam phom chemical?
Tsis yog. Dawb phosphorus muaj thermal zog uas kub hnyiab tau los ntawm cua sov txhua yam nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, es tsis yog tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom uas tawm tsam lub cev lub neej systems. Yog li ntawd nws tsis poob rau hauv 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. Tab sis raws tu qauv III ntawm 1980 Convention on Pa Riam phom txwv nws siv raws li ib tug incendiary riam phom tiv thaiv pej xeem pej xeem.
Yog li dab tsi yog tag nrho cov fuss txog?
Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Meskas rau London, Robert Tuttle, tau hais hauv tsab ntawv rau Lub Tebchaws Independent tias "Cov tub rog Asmeskas tsis siv napalm lossis phosphorus ua riam phom. "Lub luag haujlwm hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas yog tias cov phosphorus dawb siv los ua lub ntsej muag haus luam yeeb yog qhov raug cai - ib txoj haujlwm tau teev tseg los ntawm John Reid, Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv Tiv Thaiv, nag hmo.
Tab sis Pentagon cov lus tshaj tawm rau hnub Tuesday zoo li tau hloov qhov kev sib cav. Nws tau hais tias cov tub rog Asmeskas tau siv cov phosphorus dawb ua riam phom tiv thaiv cov neeg tawm tsam. Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Haujlwm tau kho ib nqe lus, raws li cov phosphorus dawb tau "ntev mus rau saum huab cua kom pom cov yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm hmo ntuj, tsis yog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tua". Tam sim no qhov kev sib cav hais txog seb cov neeg raug tsom puas yog cov neeg tawm tsam lossis cov neeg pej xeem, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw zoo li Fallujah, thaj chaw grey no ua rau Asmeskas ntau dua cov lus tawm.
Humanitarian txoj cai sib txawv ntawm cov combatants thiab non-combatants. Yog tias cov phosphorus dawb tau siv los tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam lawv tsim nyog ua cov tub rog thiab tsis muaj kev ua txhaum cai.
Ob lub tebchaws Asmeskas thiab UK tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus, tab sis Washington tau tshaj tawm thaum lub sijhawm kos npe ntawm txoj cai III hauv 1995 tias nws cov lus qhuab qhia tub rog yuav ua raws li txoj cai cov cai. Cov no qhia tias cov tub rog sib txawv ntawm cov tub rog thiab pej xeem lub hom phiaj.
Yog hais tias nws hloov tawm hais tias cov pej xeem raug tua, qhov kev cai lij choj recourse muaj?
Yog tias qhov kev tshawb nrhiav Iraqi muab pov thawj tias cov neeg pej xeem raug tua los ntawm phosphorus dawb ua riam phom, tsis muaj kev rov qab los raws li Txoj Cai Lij Choj Cov Lus Cog Tseg.
Txawm li cas los xij, 1977 thawj txoj cai rau Geneva Conventions tuaj yeem raug hu. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau kos npe tab sis tsis pom zoo rau cov txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam nrog 4th Convention uas txiav txim siab txog kev kho cov neeg pej xeem.
Tshooj 35 ntawm cov txheej txheem ua kom pom tseeb tias kev siv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv " riam phom ntawm kev ua tsov rog tsis txwv." Txhua yam riam phom lossis siv riam phom uas ua rau "kev txom nyem loj lossis tsis tsim nyog" raug cai. Kev siv tsis raug cai ntawm phosphorus rau cov pej xeem pej xeem yuav raug them.
Kev ua txhaum cai ntawm Geneva Conventions yog coj los ntawm ib lub teb chaws thiab feem ntau tau hnov โโโโlos ntawm United Nations ntawm Security Council, los yog hauv International Court of Justice.
Peter Carter QC, tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg Txoj Cai, tau hais tias qhov kev lees paub zaum kawg hauv tebchaws Meskas tau ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb loj txog seb cov phosphorus dawb tau siv tsis raug rau pej xeem. Nws tau hu rau qhov kev nug ywj pheej, tej zaum los ntawm United Nations, rau kev siv cov phosphorus dawb hauv Iraq.
Vim li cas tag nrho cov no tau tawm ntev heev tom qab Fallujah siege?
Ib daim ntawv xov xwm hauv xov tooj cua Italian lub lim tiam dhau los, liam tias Asmeskas siv cov phosphorus dawb hauv "txoj kev loj heev thiab tsis saib tsis taus" tawm tsam cov pej xeem ntawm Fallujah.
Qhov no tau tsis lees paub los ntawm Pentagon, tab sis cov neeg tim khawv hauv Asmeskas cov tub rog Field Artillery magazine tau piav qhia txog kev tua '"co thiab ci" txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov foob pob tawg siab kom "tawm lawv tawm". Lub Independent qhov kev pab cuam ntawm RAI documentary thiab fallout prompted tsab ntawv los ntawm Ambassador Tuttle.
Tam sim no tus Ambassador hais li cas?
Tsis muaj lus pom. Nws xa tag nrho cov lus nug mus rau Pentagon.
Anne Penketh thiab Robert Verkaik
BUSH'S ARSENAL Cov lus sib liam
Napalm/Mark 77s
Cov ntawv tshaj tawm thoob plaws lub sijhawm thawj zaug US-coj ntxeem tau nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 2003 qhia tias cov tub rog tub rog tau tso cov foob pob hluav taws hla tus dej Tigris thiab Saddam kwj dej ntawm txoj kev mus rau Baghdad.
Cov foob pob tawg
33 cov neeg pej xeem, suav nrog ntau tus menyuam yaus, tau tshaj tawm tias raug tua nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas lub foob pob tawg ntawm Hilla, sab qab teb ntawm Baghdad. Cov lus ceeb toom ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Basra kuj tau nthuav dav.
Dawb Phosphorus
Cov tub rog Coalition tau tshaj tawm tias tau siv WP tsis ncaj ncees rau cov pej xeem thiab cov neeg tawm tsam thaum lub sijhawm Fallujah kev tawm tsam ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 2004.
Qhov US hais
Napalm/Mark 77s
Lub Pentagon tsis lees paub cov lus ceeb toom nws tau siv napalm, hais tias nws tau siv riam phom zaum kawg hauv xyoo 1993 thiab rhuav tshem nws cov khoom kawg hauv xyoo 2001. "Peb tsis muaj qhov ntawd hauv peb lub arsenal."
Cov foob pob tawg
General Richard Myers, tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm, tau hais tias pawg tub rog tau poob ze li 1,500 lub foob pob tawg thaum ua tsov rog thiab tsuas yog 26 poob hauv 1,500ft ntawm thaj chaw pej xeem.
Dawb Phosphorus
"[WP tau siv] tsawg heev hauv Fallujah, rau kev teeb pom kev zoo. Lawv raug rho tawm mus rau saum huab cua kom pom cov yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm hmo ntuj, tsis yog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tua neeg. " US State Department
Yuav ua li cas UK thaub qab lawv
Napalm/Mark 77s
"Tebchaws Asmeskas tau lees paub rau peb tias lawv tsis tau siv Mk 77 foob pob hluav taws, qhov tseem ceeb napalm canisters, hauv Iraq txhua lub sijhawm." Adam Ingram, Armed Forces Minister, Lub Ib Hlis 2004
Cov foob pob tawg
MoD tau hais tias nws txhawb nqa kev siv cov foob pob tawg tawm tsam cov tub rog raug cai los tiv thaiv cov tub rog Askiv thiab cov neeg pej xeem, hais kom muaj kev saib xyuas kom tsis txhob muaj neeg nyob.
Dawb Phosphorus
"Kev siv phosphorus los ntawm Asmeskas yog ib qho teeb meem rau Asmeskas," Tony Blair tus kws tshaj lij tau hais nag hmo.
Teb chaws As Mes Lis Kas tuaj huv si li cas
Napalm/Mark 77s
Nws tau siv tsib lub hlis rau Asmeskas lees paub tias nws cov tub rog tau siv Mk 77 foob pob hluav taws (ib tus txheeb ze ze ntawm napalm) hauv kev cuam tshuam. Lub Pentagon tau hais tias lawv txoj haujlwm tau "zoo kawg li".
Cov foob pob tawg
General Myers tau lees paub: "Qee zaum, peb ntaus cov hom phiaj paub tias yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev puas tsuaj." Nws yog "tsis muaj hmoo" uas "peb yuav tsum ua cov kev xaiv no".
Dawb Phosphorus
Pentagon tus kws tshaj lij Lt-Col Barry Venable tau hais rau lub lim tiam no tias WP tau siv, "los tua cov yeeb ncuab" hauv Iraq. โNws hlawvโฆ nws yog riam phom incendiary. Qhov ntawd yog qhov nws ua. "
Yuav ua li cas lub UK tuaj huv si
Napalm/Mark 77s
โUa ntej tshaj plaws lawv tsis siv napalm. Lawv siv foob pob hluav taws. Nws tsis lo rau koj cov tawv nqaij zoo li napalm, nws tsis muaj qhov txaus ntshai ntawm qhov ntawd. "John Reid, Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv Tiv Thaiv
Cov foob pob tawg
Adam Ingram, Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Tub Rog, tau hais tias: "Muaj cov tub rog [thiab] cov cuab yeej siv hauv thiab ib puag ncig cov chaw tsim kho, yog li cov foob pob tau siv los tshem tawm qhov kev hem thawj rau peb cov tub rog."
Dawb Phosphorus
Tsoomfwv tswj hwm nws siv WP hauv Iraq nkaus xwb los tso cov ntxaij lim dej. "Peb tsis siv cov phosphorus dawb tawm tsam cov pej xeem," Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws John Reid tau hais. p >
ZNetwork tau txais nyiaj tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua siab zoo ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem.
Pab Nyiaj