Annie Jacobsenโs new book is called Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America. It isnโt terribly secret anymore, of course, and it was never very intelligent. Jacobsen has added some details, and the U.S. government is still hiding many more. But the basic facts have been available; theyโre just left out of most U.S. history books, movies, and television programs.
Tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ob, Asmeskas tub rog tau ntiav kaum rau puas xyoo dhau los ntawm Nazi cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws kho mob, suav nrog qee tus Adolf Hitler cov neeg ua haujlwm sib raug zoo tshaj plaws, suav nrog cov txiv neej ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev tua neeg, kev ua cev qhev, thiab tib neeg kev sim, suav nrog cov txiv neej raug txim vim kev ua tsov ua rog, cov txiv neej raug txim vim kev ua tsov rog, thiab cov txiv neej uas tsis sawv kev mus sib hais. Qee qhov Nazis tau sim ntawm Nuremberg twb tau ua haujlwm rau Asmeskas hauv Tebchaws Yelemees lossis Asmeskas ua ntej kev sim. Ib txhia raug tiv thaiv los ntawm lawv yav dhau los tsoomfwv Meskas rau xyoo, raws li lawv nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv Boston Harbour, Long Island, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, Alabama, thiab lwm qhov, lossis raug ntab tawm los ntawm Tsoomfwv Meskas mus rau Argentina los tiv thaiv lawv ntawm kev foob Cov. Qee cov ntawv sau tseg tseem tau muab cais ua lawv qhov kom tag nrho kom tsis txhob pom cov khoom yav dhau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tseem ceeb. Qee tus ntawm Nazis tau coj los ua kev dag uas tau dhau lawv tus kheej li cov kws tshawb fawb, qee leej tom qab kawm lawv daim teb thaum ua haujlwm rau Asmeskas tub rog.
Cov neeg Asmeskas cov neeg tswj hwm ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib XNUMX tshaj tawm tias tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua tub rog nyob hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes yuav tsum tsum, uas yog ib feem ntawm txheej txheem tsis lees paub. Tab sis qhov kev tshawb fawb tau mus txuas ntxiv thiab nthuav dav hauv qhov tsis pub leej twg paub, nyob hauv Asmeskas txoj cai, ob leeg hauv tebchaws Ntsaws Mes Nis thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas, yog ib feem ntawm txheej txheem uas nws muaj peev xwm saib tau li nazification. Tsis yog cov kws tshawb fawb ntiav xwb. Cov neeg soj xyuas qub dhau los ntawm Nazi, feem ntau ntawm lawv tus qub SS, tau ntiav los ntawm Asmeskas nyob rau tom qab tsov rog teb chaws Yelemees mus soj - thiab raug tsim txom - Soviets.
Tsoomfwv Meskas cov tub rog pauv ntau txoj hauv kev thaum cov Nazis qub tau muab tso rau hauv cov haujlwm. Nws yog Nazi foob pob hluav taws cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau npaj tso cov foob pob nuclear rau saum pob zeb thiab pib tsim qhov cuaj pwm loj. Nws yog Nazi cov kws tshaj lij uas tau tsim Hleb lub tsev loj loj hauv qab Berlin, uas tam sim no tsim cov chaw tiv thaiv av qis rau Asmeskas tsoomfwv hauv Catoctin thiab Blue Ridge Toj Siab. Lub npe hu ua Nazi tus neeg dag tau ua haujlwm los ntawm Asmeskas tub rog txhawm rau sau cov ntawv pov thawj cov tub ceev xwm txwv tsis pub hais lub npe tsis zoo hauv Soviet. Nazi cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov phiaj xwm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nqa lawv cov kev paub txog tabun thiab sarin, kom tsis txhob hais txog thalidomide - thiab lawv txoj kev mob siab rau tib neeg kev sim, uas Asmeskas cov tub rog thiab cov neeg tsim CIA tshiab tau npaj rau hauv lub teev loj. Txhua qhov kev xav tsis meej thiab txaus ntshai txog qhov uas ib tus neeg yuav raug tua lossis ib pab tub rog tau yog qhov txaus siab rau lawv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav. Cov riam phom tshiab tau tsim, suav nrog VX thiab Agent Orange. Tus tsav tshiab mus xyuas thiab tsim riam phom tawm sab nraud tau tsim, thiab qub Nazis tau muab tso rau lub luag haujlwm tshiab hu ua NASA.
Kev ua tsov ua rog tas mus li kev xav, kev txwv tsis pub ua tsov rog, thiab kev ua tsov ua rog xav txog kev tshawb fawb uas kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau kov yeej txoj kev tuag thiab kev txom nyem, txhua tus neeg nkag mus. Thaum ib tus qub Nazi hais lus rau tus poj niam noj su ntawm Rochester Junior Chamber of Commerce hauv 1953, qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb yog "Buzz Bomb Mastermind mus rau Chaw Nyob Jaycees Hnub No." Qhov ntawd tsis zoo rau peb, tab sis tej zaum yuav ua rau txhua tus neeg nyob hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas txhua lub sijhawm ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Saib zaj yeeb yaj kiab Walt Disney no TV program featuring a former Nazi who worked slaves to death in a cave building rockets. Before long, President Dwight Eisenhower would be lamenting that โthe total influence โ economic, political, even spiritual โ is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government.โ Eisenhower was not referring to Nazism but to the power of the military-industrial complex. Yet, when asked whom he had in mind in remarking in the same speech that โpublic policy could itself become the captive of a scientific-technological elite,โ Eisenhower named two scientists, one of them the former Nazi in the Disney video linked above.
Qhov kev txiav txim siab txhaj 1,600 ntawm Hitler tus txuj ci thev naus laus zis-thev naus laus zis mus rau Asmeskas tub rog tau tsav los ntawm kev ntshai ntawm USSR, ob qho tib si tsim nyog thiab tshwm sim los ntawm kev dag dag ntshai kev tsis ncaj ncees. Kev txiav txim siab hloov zuj zus mus dhau lub sijhawm thiab yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm ntau lub siab tsis ncaj. Tab sis tus phaw nres nrog Thawj Tswj Hwm Harry S Truman. Henry Wallace, Truman tus thawj coj ua tus lwm thawj coj uas peb nyiam los xav tias yuav tau coj lub ntiaj teb txoj kev coj zoo dua li Truman tau ua tus thawj tswj hwm, qhov tseeb tau thawb Truman ntiav cov Nazis ua haujlwm haujlwm. Nws yuav zoo rau Asmeskas kev lag luam, tau hais tias peb tus phab ej hnyav. Truman tus neeg saib xyuas qis tau sib cav, tab sis Truman txiav txim siab. Raws li cov khoom me me ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Paperclip tau paub, Asmeskas Kev Tshawb Fawb Tebchaws Asmeskas, Albert Einstein, thiab lwm tus tau hais kom Truman tas nws. Tus kws kho mob Nuclear nuclear Hans Bethe thiab nws tus khub ua haujlwm Henri Sack nug Truman:
"Puas yog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg German yuav txuag tau lub tebchaws txog ntau lab daus las uas txhais tau tias qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov thiab kev ua pej xeem neeg tuaj yeem tau yuav? Tebchaws Asmeskas puas tuaj yeem tso siab rau [tus kws tshawb fawb German] ua haujlwm rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thaum lawv cov neeg ntxub neeg tawm tsam nrog cov neeg Russia tuaj yeem txhawb kev sib cais ntawm lub zog loj? Tau muaj kev tsov rog tau tawm tsam kom Nazi lub tswv yim nkag mus rau peb lub tsev kawm txuj ci thiab kev tshawb fawb los ntawm lub qhov rooj tom qab? Peb puas xav tau kev kawm nyob rau nqe twg? โ
Xyoo 1947 Kev Ua Haujlwm Paperclip, tseem me me, tau nyob hauv qhov txaus ntshai ntawm yuav tsum txiav. Hloov chaw, Truman hloov txoj kev ua tub rog Asmeskas nrog Txoj Cai Kev Nyab Xeeb Hauv Tebchaws, thiab tsim txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws uas Kev Ua Haujlwm Paperclip tuaj yeem xav tau: CIA. Tam sim no qhov kev pab cuam tau ua tiav, txhob txwm thiab txhob txwm ua, nrog kev paub thiab kev nkag siab zoo ib yam nrog Tsoomfwv Meskas tus thawj coj uas tau tshaj tawm tias yog tus neeg koom siab koom siab hais tias yog tias cov neeg Lav Xias yeej yeej Meskas yuav tsum pab cov neeg German, thiab lwm yam, kom ntseeg tau tias cov neeg feem coob muaj peev xwm tuag, tib tug thawj tswj hwm uas tau ua phem thiab poob rau ob lub foob pob nuclear rau hauv lub nroog Nyij Pooj, tib tug thawj tswj hwm uas coj peb ua tsov rog rau Kaus Lim Kauslim, kev ua tsov rog tsis tshaj tawm, kev tsov rog tsis pub lwm tus paub, lub tebchaws txuas ntxiv mus, cov tub rog zais cia rau hauv txhua qhov teeb meem, tus thawj tswj hwm tsis muaj huab tais, thiab cov tub rog-industrial complex. Asmeskas Kev Tshawb Fawb Ua Rog Kev Tshawb Fawb coj txoj kev kawm txog German tshuaj riam phom thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog txhais tau tias txuas ntxiv mus rau tom hav zoov. George Merck ob qho tib si kuaj mob riam phom kev hem thawj rau cov tub rog thiab muag cov tub rog tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv rau lawv. Kev ua tsov ua rog yog kev ua lag luam thiab kev ua lag luam tau mus tau zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev los.
But how big a change did the United States go through after World War II, and how much of it can be credited to Operation Paperclip? Isnโt a government that would give immunity to both Nazi and Japanese war criminals in order to learn their criminal ways already in a bad place? As one of the defendants argued in trial at Nuremberg, the U.S. had already engaged in its own experiments on humans using almost identical justifications to those offered by the Nazis. If that defendant had been aware, he could have pointed out that the U.S. was in that very moment engaged in such experiments in Guatemala. The Nazis had learned some of their eugenics and other nasty inclinations from Americans. Some of the Paperclip scientists had worked in the U.S. before the war, as many Americans had worked in Germany. These were not isolated worlds.
Saib dhau ntawm lub thib ob, kev thuam thiab kev tu siab ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, yuav ua li cas hais txog kev ua txhaum cai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog nws tus kheej? Peb pom cov tebchaws Asmesliskas tsis muaj txim txhaum tsawg vim tias nws tau hla tus neeg Nyij Pooj rau thawj qhov kev tawm tsam, thiab vim tias nws tau foob qee qhov kev ntaus rog. Tab sis ib qho kev txiav txim siab ncaj ncees yuav raug foob Asmeskas tib yam nkaus. Cov foob pob tau poob rau cov neeg tua neeg raug tua thiab raug mob thiab raug rhuav tshem ntau dua lwm cov chaw pw - cov tsev pw hav zoov uas nyob hauv Tebchaws Yelemees tau ua qauv zoo ib feem tomqab Asmeskas cov tsev nyob rau cov neeg Amelikas. Puas yog nws muaj peev xwm hais tias Nazi cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib xyaw rau Asmeskas cov tub rog yog li zoo vim tias ib lub koom haum uas twb tau ua dab tsi twb tau ua dhau los rau tebchaws Philippines tsis nyob hauv txhua qhov uas xav tau nazification?
Tsis tau, qee zaum, peb xav txog kev tsim hluav taws ntawm Nyij Pooj lub nroog thiab kev ua tiav qib ntawm lub nroog German raws li kev tawm tsam tsawg dua uas kev ntiav cov kws tshawb fawb Nazi. Tab sis dab tsi yog nws cuam tshuam rau peb txog Nazi cov kws tshawb fawb? Kuv tsis xav tias nws yuav tsum yog tias lawv koom nrog kev tua neeg-tua rau sab tsis ncaj ncees lawm, ib qho yuam kev sib txig hauv qee lub siab tab sis lawv tom qab ua haujlwm rau kev tua neeg-tua neeg los ntawm sab xis. Thiab kuv tsis xav tias nws yuav tsum yog tias lawv tau koom nrog tib neeg mob kev sim thiab quab yuam ua haujlwm. Kuv xav tias qhov yeeb yam ntawd yuav tsum ua rau peb chim. Tab sis yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau tsim kho cov foob pob ua ntxaij uas siv ntau txhiab lub neej. Thiab nws yuav tsum ua rau peb saib qhov twg yog ua rau.
Nws xav paub xav txog ib haiv neeg tau vam meej nyob qhov twg hauv ntiaj teb ib xyoos txij no. Puas yog cov neeg tuaj txawv teb chaws nrog yav dhau los hauv Asmeskas tub rog tuaj yeem nrhiav haujlwm? Puas yog qhov yuav tau rov tshuaj xyuas? Puas yog lawv tsim txom cov neeg raug txim? Tau lawv drone-ntaus cov me nyuam? Puas yog lawv tau tshaj tawm hauv tsev lossis tua cov neeg phem hauv ib lub tebchaws? Puas yog lawv tau siv foob pob tawg? Xa cov uranium? Dawb phosphorous? Lawv puas tau ua haujlwm hauv Asmeskas chaw kaw neeg kaw? Txoj cai kaw neeg nkag tebchaws? Tuag kab? Yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tshawb xyuas npaum li cas? Puas yuav muaj qee theem ntawm kev ua raws-cov lus txiav txim uas yuav suav tias tsim nyog? Nws puas xav li cas, tsis yog yam uas tus neeg tau ua, tab sis yuav ua li cas lawv xav txog lub ntiaj teb?