Cynthia Peters
Nws yog
lub sijhawm ntawd xyoo. Cov tsheb npav daj tau rov qab rau ntawm txoj kev. Cov khw muag khoom yog
stocked nrog Disney-lub ntsiab lus noj su lub thawv, xaum ntawv thiab xoob-nplooj ntawv. Cov me nyuam
tab tom xav txog lawv cov xibfwb. Cov niam txiv txhawj xeeb txog qhov zoo ntawm
kev kawm. Thiab cov kws qhia ntawv tab tom sib cav txog kev kawm philosophies.
ib tug
ntawm cov controversies yog dhau tag nrho cov lus piv rau phonics mus kom ze
nyeem ntawv.
Cov thov
ntawm tag nrho cov lus ntseeg hais tias txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj los qhia kev nyeem ntawv yog kom nkag mus rau hauv
me nyuam hauv cov ntaub ntawv, txhawb kev hlub ntawm phau ntawv, ib qho tseem ceeb rau tag nrho
kev nkag siab (tshwj tsis yog lub suab zoo-los ntawm lub suab "suab tawm"), thiab
kev ntseeg siab tias cov menyuam kawm cov lus zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (xws li
dua li "drill thiab tua" flash cards). Txoj kev nyeem ntawv tag nrho
nqa mus rau kev sau ntawv ib yam nkaus, hais txog qhov ua tau zoo thiab kev nthuav qhia tshaj qhov tseeb
spelling, qauv sau ntawv, thiab kab lus.
Cov thov
ntawm ib tug phonetic mus kom ze rau kev nyeem ntawv ntseeg hais tias cov me nyuam xav tau cov cuab yeej los pab lawv
txiav txim siab sau cov lus, thiab hais tias kawm cov cai ntawm cov tsev neeg cov lus, vowel
suab, lub suab E, thiab lwm yam, yuav ua rau cov menyuam nyeem ntawv zoo dua. Kev txawj sau ntawv
yog cov hauv paus hauv cov qauv sau ntawv raug thiab cov qauv, nrog rau kev hais lus tsawg dua.
In
lub voj voog liberal, tag nrho cov lus suav hais tias yog kev vam meej, holistic thiab zoo
rau txhua tus kawm. National Council ntawm
Cov xibfwb qhia ntawv Askiv (NCTE), nyob rau hauv lawv kev txhawb nqa ntawm tag nrho cov lus
mus kom ze, hais tias lawv txhawb "kev txhawb zog ntawm cov neeg kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv" thiab
ntseeg tias "kev kawm yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thaum nws nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus tseeb, thiab thaum twg
nws ua haujlwm zoo rau cov neeg kawm. "
cov
phonics folks yog cov neeg phem uas yuav xa koj tus menyuam mus rau dictatorial kev cai
thiab rote kawm. Ib qho (tej zaum hnyav) piv txwv ntawm phonics qhia yog qhov
Disstar program, uas ntiav tus kws qhia ntawv muaj zog-tus qauv coj tus cwj pwm rau
Ua kom cov me nyuam paub cov ntawv sib txuas thiab cov suab. Ib txhia hais txog qhov no
program li fascist. (Delpit, 28)
Sau
rau hauv kev sib cav Lisa Delpit - African American scholar, tsev kawm ntawv theem pib
xib fwb, thiab tus sau ntawm Lwm Tus Neeg Cov Menyuam Yaus: Cultural Conflict in the
Chav kawm. Nws cam hais tias thaum tag nrho cov lus purports mus txog
kev txhawb zog, nws yeej ua rau cov me nyuam tsis muaj cai muaj peev xwm nce tau
nkag mus rau lub hwj chim. Qhov teeb meem yog qhov "fluency" thiab "cov ntsiab lus tseeb"
thiab "functional for the learners" yog nom tswv lub tswvyim uas npog
hwj chim hauv chav kawm thiab hais lus.
African
Piv txwv li, cov niam txiv Asmeskas, tej zaum yuav muaj cov me nyuam zoo kawg nkaus hauv Dub
Lus Askiv, lawv "npau taws" tshwm sim hauv tsev thiab hauv lawv cov zej zog hauv rap
nkauj, dhia hlua ua si, thiab piav dab neeg. Tab sis cov txuj ci no yuav tsis ua rau lawv nyob deb
nyob rau hauv ib lub zej zog uas lub hwj chim yog brokered siv dawb nruab nrab-chav kawm American kab lis kev cai
cuab yeej. Cov menyuam yaus dawb hauv nruab nrab loj hlob hauv cov tsev neeg thiab cov zej zog uas cuam tshuam
cov txuj ci, kab lis kev cai cues, thiab kev muaj peev xwm hais lus yuav tsum tau ua nrog dawb
haiv neeg. Cov me nyuam dub mus kawm ntawv rau cov kev txawj no. Yog lawv tsis kawm lawv
nyob ntawd, sib cav Delpit, lawv tab tom hloov pauv.
Delpit cov
pab txhawb rau kev sib cav txog tag nrho cov lus piv rau phonics yog tias nws
paub txog lub neej ntawm lub hwj chim hauv chav kawm thiab nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai dav.
Tshwj tsis yog peb lees paub qhov muaj nyob ntawm lub hwj chim ntawd, thiab qhov tseeb qhov txawv
cov menyuam yaus muaj ntau qhov kev nkag mus rau nws, peb yuav tsis pom txoj hauv kev uas a
tag nrho cov lus mus rau kev nyeem ntawv thiab kev sau ntawv tuaj yeem txwv tsis pub
cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb los ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev txom nyem. Delpit hais tias, โYog tias koj tsis yog
twb yog ib tug koom nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm lub hwj chim, raug qhia meej meej cov cai
ntawm cov kab lis kev cai no ua rau kom tau txais lub zog yooj yim dua. " (Delpit, 24) Nws hais ntxiv tias,
thaum
Kuv hais, yog li ntawd, ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm lub hwj chim, kuv tsis hais txog qhov kuv xav tau
tej yam yuav ua tab sis ntawm lawv li cas. Kuv ntseeg ntxiv tias kom ua raws li lub zog ua
tsis muaj nyob yog los xyuas kom meej tias lub hwj chim xwm txheej quo tseem zoo li qub. Hais rau
cov menyuam yaus lossis cov neeg laus (tab sis tau kawg cov neeg laus yuav tsis ntseeg koj lawm) tias nws
tsis muaj teeb meem li cas koj tham los yog koj sau li cas los xyuas kom meej lawv qhov kawg
ua tsis tiav. Kuv nyiam ua siab ncaj rau kuv cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Kuv qhia rau lawv tias lawv cov lus
thiab kev coj noj coj ua yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab zoo kawg nkaus tab sis hais tias muaj hwj chim nom tswv
game uas tseem tab tom ua si, thiab yog tias lawv xav tau hauv qhov kev ua si ntawd muaj
qee qhov kev ua si uas lawv ib yam yuav tsum ua si.
Tag nrho
cov neeg hais lus muaj lub siab zoo. Lawv xav txhawb txoj kev hlub mus ib txhis
nyeem ntawv, uas nyob rau hauv lem txhawb autonomous kawm thiab txawj xav. Tab sis
kev kawm philosophies yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub hav zoov ntawm
lub zog hauv chav kawm thiab hauv zej zog. Raws li ib tug niam txiv thov ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv,
"Kuv cov menyuam paub yuav ua li cas dub - koj txhua tus qhia lawv yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau zoo
tus txiv neej dawb lub ntiaj tebโ (Delpit, 29). Delpit tus qauv lees paub qhov
tseem ceeb ntawm biculturalism, uas nws ntseeg hais tias yuav tso cai rau cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub
non-dominant kab lis kev cai kom muaj nuj nqis rau lawv haiv neeg style thiab lus, tab sis tib yam
lub sijhawm yuav pab lawv nrog cov cuab yeej thiab kev txawj uas lawv xav tau los sib tham
kab lis kev cai. Qhov no yog ib lub tswv yim luv luv tseem ceeb. Nws yuav pab tau
Cov tub ntxhais hluas African Asmeskas muaj kev sib tham ua haujlwm zoo lossis sau hom
tus kheej sau ntawv uas yuav ua rau nws mus kawm ntawv qib siab.
In
lub sij hawm ntev, ntawm chav kawm, peb yuav tsum tau hais txog qhov sib npaug ntawm lub hwj chim - nrhiav
txoj hauv kev los tawm tsam cov koom haum kev ntxub ntxaug kom cov tawv nqaij dawb, lus Askiv dawb, thiab dawb
kab lis kev cai tsis yog tus yuam sij rau qhib qhov rooj rau lub hwj chim thiab lub hwj chim thiab
muaj cai. Vim tias, raws li Delpit sib cav, "cov uas muaj hwj chim feem ntau tsawg kawg nkaus
paub txog - lossis tsawg kawg txaus siab lees paub - nws muaj [thiab] cov nrog
Lub zog tsawg dua feem ntau paub txog nws lub neej, "cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tau ua ntej
mloog cov niam txiv hauv cov zej zog uas lawv qhia. Cov kws qhia ntawv sib ntaus sib tua
tshaj li qhia nyeem thiab sau ntawv yuav ua tau zoo rau ncua thiab mloog dab tsi
cov neeg zej zog yuav tsum hais txog qhov lawv xav tau rau lawv cov menyuam.
Kev cog qoob loo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tiag tiag ntawm kev koom tes hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv yuav ua tau
ntxiv rau kev ywj pheej, sib txawv thiab hais txog kev muaj hwj chim hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab
haiv neeg tshaj ib qho kev kawm philosophy.