ʻO kēia ka mana lōʻihi o kahi ʻatikala a ka mea kākau i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) ma 6 Pepeluali 2009.
ʻO kēlā me kēia pule, ʻike mākou i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka wānana ʻia e ka poʻe loiloi loa. ʻO mākou i kēia manawa, maopopo, ʻaʻole i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maʻamau akā ke hele nei mākou i kahi pōʻino honua e hiki ke mau no nā makahiki he nui.
ʻO ka pilikia kumu: Overaccumulation
Ua lōʻihi ka pau ʻana o ka ʻoihana Orthodox i ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilikia. ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai non-orthodox, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi i nā ʻike ikaika loa i nā kumu a me ka hoʻoikaika o ka pilikia o kēia manawa. Mai ka hiʻohiʻona holomua, ʻo ka mea a mākou e ʻike nei ʻo ia ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi a i ʻole nā "contradictions" o ka kapitalisme honua: ka pilikia o ka overproduction, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka overaccumulation a i ʻole overcapacity. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o ka kapitalisme e kūkulu, i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā kapikala, ka mana huahua nui e ʻoi aku ana ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka heluna kanaka e ʻai ma muli o nā like ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā e kaupalena ana i ka mana kūʻai kaulana. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hāʻule ʻana o kēia manawa, pono mākou e hoʻi i ka wā i kapa ʻia ʻo Golden Age of Contemporary Capitalism, ka manawa mai 1945 a i 1975. He wā kēia o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana ma nā ʻoihana waena a me nā ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai - ʻo ia ka ʻO kekahi hapa i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hana hou ʻana o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia Hikina ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, a ʻo kekahi hapa e nā hoʻonohonoho socioeconomic hou a me nā mea hana e pili ana i kahi kuʻikahi papa mōʻaukala ma waena o Capital a me Labor i hoʻokumu ʻia ma lalo o ke aupuni Keynesian hou.
Akā, ua pau kēia manawa o ka ulu kiʻekiʻe i ka waena o 1970s, i ka wā i hopu ʻia ai nā ʻoihana waena e ka stagflation, ʻo ia hoʻi ka noho pū ʻana o ka ulu haʻahaʻa me ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia ma lalo o ka neoclassical economics.
ʻO Stagflation naʻe, he hōʻailona ia o kahi kumu hohonu: ke kūkulu hou ʻana o
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻeha loa o ka pilikia o ka overproduction ʻo ia ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa honua i nā makahiki 1980, ʻo ia ka mea koʻikoʻi loa i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua mai ka Depression Nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma mua o ka pilikia o kēia manawa.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Capitalism i ʻekolu mau ala pakele mai ka conundrum o ka overproduction: neoliberal restructuring, globalization, and financialization
Alanui Pakele # 1: Hoʻoponopono Hou Neoliberal
ʻO ka neoliberal restructuring i lawe i ke ʻano o Reaganism a me Thatcherism ma ka ʻĀkau a me Structural Adjustment ma ka Hema. ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻoikaika i ka hōʻiliʻili kālā, a e hana ʻia kēia ma 1) ka wehe ʻana i nā palena mokuʻāina i ka ulu ʻana, hoʻohana a me ke kahe ʻana o ke kapikala a me ka waiwai; a me 2) ka puunaue hou ana i ka loaa mai ka poe ilihune a me ka papa waena i ka poe waiwai ma ka manao e hooikaika ia ka poe waiwai e hookomo a e hoala hou i ka ulu waiwai.
ʻO ka pilikia o kēia ʻano ʻano, ʻo ia i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā i ka poʻe waiwai, ke ʻai nei ʻoe i ka loaʻa kālā o ka poʻe ʻilihune a me ka papa waena, no laila ke kaohi ʻana i ka noi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohuli i ka poʻe waiwai e hoʻopukapuka hou aku i ka hana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki ke ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana i ka manaʻo.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka neoliberal restructuring, ka mea i hoʻonui ʻia ma ka ʻĀkau a me ka hema i ka makahiki kanawalu a me kanaiwa, he moʻolelo maikaʻi ʻole ma ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana: ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka honua he 1.1 pakeneka i nā makahiki 1990 a me 1.4 pakeneka i ka '80s, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 3.5 pakeneka ma i nā makahiki 1960 a me 2.4 pākēneka i nā makahiki 70, i ka wā i mana nui ai nā kulekele interventionist. ʻAʻole hiki i ka neoliberal restructuring ke hoʻoluliluli i ka stagnation.
Alanui Pakele # 2: Globalization
ʻO ka lua o ka pakele ʻana o ke kapikala honua e kūʻē i ka stagnation ʻo ia ka "hui nui" a i ʻole ka honua, a i ʻole ka hoʻohui wikiwiki ʻana o nā wahi semi-capitalist, non-capitalist, a i ʻole nā wahi pre-capitalist i loko o ka ʻoihana mākeke honua. ʻO Rosa Luxemburg, ka mea hoʻokele waiwai radical Kelemania kaulana, i ʻike i kēia i ka wā ma mua i kāna moʻomeheu "ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili kālā" e like me ka mea e pono ai e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā ma nā ʻoihana metropolitan.
Pehea? Ma o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana maʻalahi, ma ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mākeke hou, ʻoiai he palena ʻole, ma ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu hou o nā huahana mahiʻai a me nā waiwai maka, a ma ka lawe ʻana i mau wahi hou no ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i nā ʻoihana. Hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana ma o ka liberalization kalepa, ka wehe ʻana i nā pale i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kapikala honua, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pale i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana.
Ma ka waena o nā makahiki mua o ke kenekulia 21, ma kahi o 40-50 ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā o nā hui US mai kā lākou hana a kūʻai aku ma waho, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma
ʻO ka pilikia o kēia ala pakele mai ka stagnation ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka pilikia o ka hoʻonui ʻana no ka mea e hoʻohui i ka hiki ke hana. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka nui o ka mana hana
Alanui Pakele # 3: Hoʻolilo kālā
Hāʻawi ʻia i nā loaʻa palena ʻole i ka pale ʻana i ka hopena depressive o ka overproduction ma o ka neoliberal restructuring a me globalization, ʻo ke kolu o ke ala pakele - ʻo ke kālā - lilo i mea koʻikoʻi no ka mālama ʻana a hoʻonui i ka loaʻa kālā.
Me ka hoʻokomo kālā ʻana i ka ʻoihana a me ka mahiʻai e hāʻawi ana i nā waiwai haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka overcapacity, nui nā kālā keu i kaʻahele a hoʻokomo ʻia a hoʻokomo hou ʻia i ka ʻāpana kālā - ʻo ia hoʻi, ke huli nei ka ʻāpana kālā iā ia iho.
ʻO ka hopena he bifurcation hoʻonui ma waena o kahi hoʻokele waiwai hyperactive a me kahi hoʻokele waiwai stagnant. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia e kekahi luna kālā ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka waiwai Times, "Ua piʻi nui ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā ʻoihana waiwai maoli a me nā ʻoihana kālā i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Ua ulu ka hoʻokele waiwai maoli ... ʻO ka mea a kēia mea nānā ʻaʻole e haʻi mai iā mākou ʻo ka ʻoki ʻana ma waena o ka ʻoihana maoli a me ka hoʻokele waiwai kālā ʻaʻole ia he pōʻino - ua pahū pololei ka hoʻokele waiwai kālā e hoʻokō i ka stagnation ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai maoli.
ʻO kahi hōʻailona o ka super-profitability o ka ʻāpana kālā ʻoiai ʻo ka loaʻa kālā ma ka
ʻO ka pilikia me ka hoʻokomo kālā ʻana i nā hana ʻoihana kālā he like ia me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka waiwai mai ka waiwai i hana mua ʻia. Hiki iā ia ke hana i ka waiwai, ʻae, akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokumu i ka waiwai hou - ʻo ka ʻoihana wale nō, ka mahiʻai, kālepa, a me nā lawelawe i hana i ka waiwai hou. No ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka loaʻa kālā ma luna o ka waiwai i hana ʻia, lilo nā hana hoʻopukapuka i mea paʻakikī loa a hiki i nā kumukūʻai o nā kumulāʻau, nā paʻa, a me nā ʻano ʻano kālā ʻē aʻe ke haʻalele loa i ko lākou waiwai maoli - no ka laʻana, hiki ke piʻi mau ke kumukūʻai o nā mea hoʻomaka pūnaewele. ʻike ʻole ʻia, alakaʻi nui ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o nā loiloi kālā.
A laila, hilinaʻi ka waiwai ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka haʻalele ʻana o ke kumu kūʻai mai ka waiwai o nā waiwai, a laila kūʻai aku ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kahi "hoʻoponopono," ʻo ia ka hāʻule ʻana i nā waiwai maoli. ʻO ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā kumukūʻai o kahi waiwai i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā kumu waiwai maoli ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi ʻōpala.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā ke hilinaʻi nei i nā hoʻopiʻi kuhi hewa ʻana, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka holo ʻana o ka ʻāpana kālā mai kekahi pahu i kekahi, a mai kekahi mania speculative i kekahi. Ma muli o ke alakaʻi ʻia ʻana e ka mania speculative, ua loaʻa i ka capitalism hoʻokele kālā ma kahi o 100 mau pilikia kālā mai ka wā i hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mākeke kapikala i nā makahiki 1980, ʻo ka mea koʻikoʻi loa ma mua o ka pilikia o kēia manawa ʻo ka Asian Financial Crisis o 1997.
Dynamics o ka Subprime Implosion
ʻO ka hāʻuleʻana o Wall Street i kēia manawa i kona mau aʻa i ka Technology Bubble o ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990, i ka wā i piʻi ai ke kumukūʻai o nā kumukūʻai o nā mea hoʻomaka pūnaewele, a laila hāʻule, e hopena i ka lilo o $ 7 trillion waiwai o ka waiwai a me ka emiʻana o 2001-2002.
ʻO nā kulekele kālā manuahi a ka Fed ma lalo o Alan Greenspan ua hoʻoikaika i ka Technology Bubble, a i ka wā i hāʻule ai i loko o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana, ʻo Greenspan, e hoʻāʻo ana e kūʻē i kahi hoʻomaha lōʻihi, ʻoki i ka uku nui i kahi haʻahaʻa 45-makahiki o 1.0 pakeneka i Iune 2003 a. mālama ʻia ma laila no hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO kēia ka hopena o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kahi ʻōhū ʻē aʻe - ʻo ka ʻōpala waiwai.
E like me ka makahiki 2002, ua aʻo nā mea hoʻokele waiwai holomua e pili ana i ka ʻōpala waiwai. Eia naʻe, i ka hopena o 2005, ʻo ia ka luna o ka ʻaha kūkā o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo waiwai a i kēia manawa ka luna o ka Federal Reserve Board ʻO Ben Bernanke ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai hale o ʻAmelika i "nā kumu waiwai ikaika" ma kahi o ka hana speculative. He mea kupanaha paha ua hopu ʻia ʻo ia me ke kiaʻi ʻole i ka wā i haki ai ka Subprime Crisis i ke kauwela o 2007?
ʻAʻole ʻo ka pilikia subprime moraki he hihia o ka lako ma mua o ka koi maoli. ʻO ka "koi" i hana nui ʻia e ka mania speculative ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā mea hoʻomohala a me nā mea kālā i makemake e loaʻa nā waiwai nui mai ko lākou komo ʻana i ke kālā haole - ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea ma ʻAsia a me Kina - ka mea i kahe i ka wai.
Pehea i lilo ai nā moraki pilikia i pilikia nui? ʻO ke kumu, ua "hoʻopaʻa ʻia" kēia mau waiwai - i hoʻololi ʻia i nā waiwai spectral i kapa ʻia ʻo "collateralized aie obligations" (CDOs) i hiki ai ke kuhi i nā kuhi ʻaʻole e uku ʻia ka moraki. Ua kūʻai ʻia kēia mau mea e ka poʻe hoʻokumu moraki e hana pū ana me nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā middlemen i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pilikia i hiki ke hoʻokuʻu koke iā lākou i nā panakō a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā. Ua hoʻokuʻu aku kēia mau ʻoihana i kēia mau securities i nā panakō a me nā ʻoihana kālā ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka manaʻo e kūʻai koke aku, loaʻa kāu kālā i mua, a loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā maʻemaʻe, ʻoiai e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka pōʻino i ka poʻe suckers ma lalo o ka laina - ʻo nā haneli haneli o nā hui a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka hoʻokahi i kūʻai i nā securities i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka moraki. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo "ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pilikia," a ua ʻike maoli ʻia ʻo ia he mea maikaʻi no ka mea ua hoʻomāmā i ke koena o nā ʻoihana kālā, hiki iā lākou ke komo i nā hana hoʻolimalima ʻē aʻe.
I ka wā i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ai ka uku paneʻe ma nā hōʻaiʻē subprime, moraki hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, a me nā hōʻaiʻē hale ʻē aʻe, ua piʻi ka pāʻani. Aia ma kahi o ʻehā miliona mau moraki subprime e lilo i mea paʻa i loko o nā makahiki ʻelua e hiki mai ana, a ʻelima miliona mau hewa hou mai nā moraki hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia a me nā "hōʻaiʻē maʻalahi" ʻē aʻe i hoʻolālā ʻia e kāʻili i ka mea kūʻai home makemake ʻole e hiki mai i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. makahiki. Akā ʻo nā mea palekana e holo ana i ka nui o $2 trillion ua hoʻokomo ʻia, e like me ka maʻi virus, i loko o ka ʻōnaehana kālā honua. Ua loaʻa i ka maʻi maʻi nui ka ʻōnaehana holo moku nui o ka honua capitalism. A, e like me ka maʻi ahulau, ʻaʻole mākou ʻike ʻo wai a me ka nui o ka poʻe i make a hiki i ke kiʻi ʻana no ka mea ua lilo ka ʻōnaehana kālā holoʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia no ka nele o ka hoʻoponopono.
No Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Bear Stearns, Bank of America, a me Citigroup, ʻo nā poho i hōʻike ʻia e kēia mau mea waiwai ʻawaʻawa i hoʻopau wale i kā lākou mau waihona.
Hiolo o ka Waiwai Maoli
Akā ma kahi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kā lākou hana mua o ka hōʻaiʻē e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana huahua, paʻa nā panakō i kā lākou kālā a kūʻai paha i nā mea hoʻokūkū e hoʻoikaika i kā lākou waihona kālā. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana kaʻapuni o ka honua holoʻokoʻa, he manawa wale nō ia ma mua o ka hoʻokele waiwai maoli, ʻoiai me ka wikiwiki weliweli i nā pule i hala. ʻO Woolworth, kahi kiʻi kūʻai kūʻai, ua pelu
Ua hōʻoia ka Globalization e iho pū ana nā ʻoihana i piʻi pū i ka boom, me ka wikiwiki like ʻole, i loko o ka puʻu, ʻaʻohe wahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka hopena.
ʻO Walden Bello ka polopeka ma ke Kulanui o ka
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