ʻO nā haumāna e like me Bob Gates e lilo i mea lapaʻau no ka hanauna mua o nā kāne o CIA, no laila ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia e pili ana i kahi honua a lākou i hana ai me ka haʻalele ʻole a me ka hana ʻino. I ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hana hoʻolimalima, a me ka koi ʻana i kahi ʻano o nā hoʻokolohua substantive a me ka noʻonoʻo (ʻoiai he nīnauele psychiatric no kāna mau luna hou), ʻike ʻia ka CIA ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana - e pili ana i ka ʻike diploma o ka honua a me ka hōʻoia. noʻonoʻo.
Ma ka makahiki 1965, ua pane pū ka Agency i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka hoʻonaʻauao aupuni ma ke ʻano he mea kaua Cold War. Ua hana ʻia kēia no nā makahiki ma hope o ka haʻalulu o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka Soviet i ka makahiki 1957 SputnikʻAʻole i manaʻo ka CIA, a me ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika mai kā lākou poʻe Lūkini caricature. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi loa, ua noho ʻo ia ma luna o kahi prototype intercontinental ballistic missile. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hana a Gates e hana ʻia e kēlā hanana koʻikoʻi - he Commie rocket hiki ke hōʻea iā Wichita - ʻoiai ʻo ia he 14 mau makahiki, e hoʻomau mau ana i nā pōpoki a piʻi ikaika i ka Boy Scouts.
Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Sputnik i mea hoʻomaka i ka US e hoʻoulu i ka ʻepekema pili i ka pūʻali koa a me ka ʻenehana mai ke kula papa a hiki i ke kula puka. Ua hāʻawi pū ka 1958 National Defense Education Act i nā miliona i ʻike ʻole ʻia no ka 'aʻo ʻana i nā wahi ʻē,' ʻāpana o ka hoʻoikaika nui e hana i nā loea i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma ka Soviet Bloc a me ka Honua ʻEkolu, kahi ʻano ʻenemi ʻike i kaʻana like ʻia e nā kumu. Ahaolelo. No laila, ʻo ka irony o ke aupuni-financed graduate study e pale aku i ka socialist menace, a me Carnegie a me Ford Foundation philanthropy e hoʻopakele i ka capitalism ma ka uku ʻana i nā ʻōpio ʻAmelika e heluhelu iā Marx a me Lenin.
ʻO nā kulanui e like me Indiana me ka ʻoi aku o nā makana maʻamau i ka mōʻaukala Lūkini a me nā ʻōlelo Slavic i mākaukau no ka CIA recruiters a ʻo Bob Gates kā lākou pahuhopu kūpono. Me he mea lā ua hoʻohiki i kahi honua hou - no Wichita a me Wakinekona. Akā ʻo ka hūnā ʻana e like me kahi moʻo make ʻo kēlā Baltic Syndrome kahiko, me kona ʻano hoihoi a me nā pale maka, kahi i aʻo mau ʻia ai ka poʻe loea o ʻAmelika i ke aupuni Soviet.
ʻAʻohe ʻike kūʻokoʻa ʻAmelika kūʻokoʻa i ka Soviets e ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ka hoʻokomo kālā post-Sputnik. I ka makahiki 1960, ʻike nā haumāna i kapa ʻia ʻo Bloomington liʻiliʻi bucolic, Indiana, 'Novocherkassk' - ma hope o ke kūlanakauhale Cossack i lilo i ke kapikala o ka mōʻī 'Whites' i ke Kaua Kivila o Rūsia. Ua kūpono ka inoa. I ka makahiki 1965, ua hoʻomau ʻia ke kumu kula Soviet Affairs o Indiana e nā emigrés, a i ʻole nā emigré-indoctrinated, ʻo nā papa i hāʻawi ʻia i ka wā i hōʻea ai ʻo Gates ua ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka huakaʻi maʻamau o nā mea weliweli Kremlin.
ʻAʻole hoʻokahi wale nō ʻo Indiana. Ua like like ʻo Harvard - kāna papahana haʻawina Lūkia hanohano a kākoʻo nui ʻia e nā kiʻi e like me ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Richard Pipes, he mea hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻohana ʻEulopa Hikina nona nā haʻiʻōlelo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā haumāna haʻahaʻa me ka demology unrelieved o ka Bolshevik Revolution. 'E heluhelu ana mākou iā Karl Marx ʻaʻole i kēia manawa a ʻaʻole i lilo i lālā o ka Communist Party,' i hoʻolaha ʻia e ka mea hoʻokele waiwai ʻo Harvard ʻo John Kenneth Galbraith i kāna papa e pili ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai. Akā, ʻaʻole i koi pinepine ʻia kēlā ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole, a ʻaʻole koi pinepine ʻia kāna papa no nā 'poʻe loea.'
ʻO nā kikowaena kaulana ʻē aʻe o nā haʻawina wahi - ʻo Columbia me ka ʻōpio ex-Harvard Russophobe Zbigniew Brzezinski, he kumu aʻoaʻo hōkū ma nā ʻoihana Soviet - he mau bastions like o Baltic Syndrome orthodoxy. ʻO ka haiki o ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i nā makahiki 1960 ua hoʻoneʻe i kahi ʻoihana mokuʻāina ʻo McCarthy-era-cowed State Department e pane. Ua ʻōlelo aku kona mau luna moʻomeheu, me ka mālie, i nā haumāna puka ʻAmelika e hele ana i Moscow a i ʻole Leningrad ma kahi papahana hoʻololi hou me ka USSR (me ka hoʻomākaukau mua ʻana i ka ʻōlelo ma Indiana) e heluhelu i kā Wright Miller i hoʻowahāwahā ʻole ʻia. ʻO nā Lūkini ma keʻano he poʻe. (‘He aha,’ i nīnau ai kekahi haumāna Lūkia kānalua ma Moscow State University i ka ʻike ʻana i ka puke ma 1964, ‘ua manaʻo paha ʻoe ʻo mākou?’)
Ua hoʻopuka ʻia ke kālā i loko o ka 'ʻoihana kūikawā,' ʻaʻole wale i nā hana Soviet, akā ma Asia, ʻApelika, a me ka Hikina Waena - kēlā mau wahi i hakakā ʻia o kahi honua hakakā kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai he mea koʻikoʻi ka pono o nā kamaʻāina hoʻomaha. E like me ke aʻo ʻana i ka makemakika e hopu i ka poʻe Lūkini ma ka lewa, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka loiloi. No ka hoʻopakele ʻana i ka honua mai nā lima komunista, he mea kōkua kekahi ʻike o kēlā ao.
He Honua o nā 'Slopes' a me nā 'Towel Heads'
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻaʻohe o kēia i hopena nui i ka manaʻo kuhi hewa. Ua lanakila kekahi pūʻali koa ʻAmelika ma Vietnam i ka ʻenemi (a pale aku i kahi hoa pili) i kona mau alakaʻi a me nā kūlana i kapa ʻia ʻo 'gooks,' 'dinks,' a me 'slopes,' a ʻaʻole i paʻa ka politika. E like paha ia me ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka wā i hoʻopau ʻia ai nā pūʻali koa US ma Iraq a me Afghanistan, i kauoha ʻia e nā luna ʻōpio kahiko mai ke Kaua Vietnam, ua lanakila maikaʻi ʻia e ʻelua o ka mōʻaukala koʻikoʻi loa, inā he ʻano haʻahaʻa, nā kipi i hana ʻia e nā 'hajis. ,' 'sand niggers,' a me 'ke kāwele po'o' o ka no'ono'o a me ka ho'oikaika like 'ole.
E like me ka mea maʻamau, holo ka manaʻo nui mai lalo a luna, ʻaʻole i emi iki ka lehulehu ma mua o ka pūʻali koa. I loko o ka Hale Paʻi Keʻokeʻo o Vietnam, ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻo Pelekikena Nixon i nā 'jigs' a me 'nā keikikāne Iudaio,' ʻoiai ʻo Harvard's Kissinger (me kahi kōkua ʻōpio like me ka noʻonoʻo i kapa ʻia ʻo John Negroponte) i hoʻolālā i ka hoʻomake ʻana i ka pōkā ma Vietnam ʻĀkau ma ke kahua, e like me kā Kissinger i ʻōlelo ai. ʻo ia, 'aʻole hiki iaʻu ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole he wahi haki ka mana o ka helu ʻehā.' He mea maʻamau ia o ka anthropology quaint o ka diplomat kaulana a me ka nui o kāna mau limahana, me nā mea kākau ʻōlelo o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Alexander Haig a me Larry Eagleburger. . (Ua haʻi ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Kivila ʻo Nigeria ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā Ibos o Biafra ma mua o ka poʻe Nigerian ʻĀkau, ua haʻi ʻo Kissinger me ka pīhoihoi ʻole, 'Ua ʻōlelo mau ʻoe ʻo Ibos he makana a hoʻokō. hou Negroid?')
Eia nō naʻe aia kekahi mea ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka hoʻopunipuni ma mua o ka racism Eurocentric ma ka hana. Imbibed e ka hanauna hou o ka bureaucrats a me nā kānaka kālailai me ka lanakila-naʻau-a-noʻonoʻo, 'oihana-hana fervor 'ano'ē aʻe o bigotry aahu i na kapa o ka naauao mana a me ka ike i ka lawelawe mana. Ua lawe ʻia kahi mea kākau moʻolelo koʻikoʻi a expatriate mai kekahi o nā 'wahi' i hoʻomāinoino loa ʻia o ka honua e hōʻike.
He puke kipi i kona puka ʻana i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970. ʻO Eastalism na Palestinian Edward Said i hōʻike i ka hollowness naʻauao o ka predominant Western ike o ka Arab honua (a, ma ka implication, o ka nui o ke koena o ka honua pū kekahi). Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Polofesa Said olohelohe emepera i nā manaʻo o nā kenekulia ʻelua o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao Western a me nā mea kākau moʻolelo, nā kākau ʻōlelo a me nā kākāʻōlelo, nā koa a me nā mākaʻikaʻi, nā diplomats a me nā dilettantes i hoʻokumu i kahi hui, stereotypical, paradoxical Muslim Orient - stagnant yet-roiling; ano kamalii, maalea nae; nawaliwali ka wahine, aole nae i emi iki ka macho-menacing no ia mea; molowa aka, hoonaukiuki; pili mau i ka feudal despotism, ʻoiai e loaʻa ana no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka kapitalista; ʻo ka mea hoʻoweliweli congenitally a me ka genocidal ma ke ʻano; haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; hoopunipuni pau ole; a ma luna o nā mea a pau, he malihini. ʻO Said's Orient of Western mythology ka mea a kekahi mea kākau i kapa ʻia ʻo 'the quintessential' Other.
"ʻO kā mākou mau keikikāne i kūʻai a uku ʻia, akā pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia kēia poʻe," wahi a Archie Roosevelt, ke kaikunāne o Kermit a me ka hope CIA no ka Middle East ma hope o 1960s. ʻO kona huhū luhi me nā ʻano Arab i manaʻo ʻia o ka hoʻopunipuni a me ka palaho - ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e pili ana i nā luna o Iraqi Baʻath Party ma kāna uku uku i ka 1963 a me 1968 Baghdad coups - ua loaʻa i kahi ʻano manaʻo ʻAmelika e hoʻonui ana mai ka 1940s a 2007, mai Iraq a ʻO Vietnam i Afghanistan a hoʻi hou i Iraq. He ʻāpana ia o ka ʻāina, nā diplomats a me nā kiu i hoʻomaopopo ʻia, he kumukūʻai no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻoihana ma waho o ka English Channel me ka mea i kapa ʻia e ka poʻe he nui, ma ka pilikino o nā hālāwai ma waena o nā keʻena, nā 'kālepa rug.'
Hoʻokomo lōʻihi ʻia i loko o ka manaʻo hewa ʻAmelika - mai nā huakaʻi huakaʻi ʻo Holy Land a i nā moʻolelo pulp a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hana, nā ʻāpana kālā o ke aupuni mai nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe a hiki i nā plebeians Capitol Hill - ʻaʻohe preconception, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka anti-Soviet mania, i hoʻokumu i ke kulekele US ma mua o ka maʻalahi o kēia manawa. , i kēia manawa-brazen stereotypes o ka honua Arab. (ʻOiaʻiʻo, pili loa kēia i kahi pilina pili ʻole no ka ʻIseraʻela, ʻoiai ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka penchant kumu kūʻai, ke hoʻomau nei ka Orientalism Express.)
E like me ka ʻoihana aʻoaʻo a i ʻole ka media, ua ʻokoʻa ke aupuni i ka mana o Orientalism - nā loiloi, nā kiu, a i ʻole nā diploma o ka ʻike ākea. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike e lawe lākou i hoʻokahi lā koʻikoʻi i nā makahiki he 60 i hala ma Wakinekona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e Orientalist fervor.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka ʻike maoli i ka wā e pono ai, ʻo ia ka hapa nui o ka manawa, a ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻike ma kekahi ʻano. Hoʻomanaʻo ka poʻe koa kahiko o CIA he kakaikahi ka ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu a ʻelima mau luna i koho ʻia ma ke ʻano he Arabic-fluent 'Arabists' ma nā keʻena ʻoihana i kēlā me kēia manawa ma mua o 1991. ʻOiai paha ua nui aku ka poʻe ʻArabia ma ke kula, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma laila i kālele ʻia i ka politika Arab. ʻokoʻa mai ka pahuhopu mua o CIA ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa: nā misionari Soviet a me kā lākou pilina me nā aupuni hoʻokipa. I loko o ka honua Islam e like me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia ka haunaele ma ke ʻano he kumu kūpono e puka mai ana mai nā kūlana kūloko a kūloko paha ma mua o nā hōʻike hou aku o nā hana machinations Kremlin. ʻO ka politika ma ka honua Arab, e like me ka Honua ʻEkolu ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui o ka mōʻaukala-i-ka-hana ʻana e like me nā pawn dreary i hoʻopunipuni ʻia e nā mana nui.
ʻO ka colonial sociology o ka ʻike o ka poʻe loea, i ka wā i hoʻonoho ʻia me ka ʻike moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o nā bureaucrats kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana kulekele, a me nā poʻe kālai'āina - ʻaʻole e haʻi ʻole i ka pale ʻana i ka pro-Israeli bias - ua hoʻopuka i ka hapalua haneli o ka mālama ʻana o ʻAmelika i nā aupuni repressive ma North. ʻApelika a me ka Hikina Waena. Aia i kēlā me kēia makahiki o ka ʻakaʻaka wai i ka wā e hoʻomau ʻia ana ka dickering ma luna o ka ephemera me nā strata aliʻi, ʻoiai ua poina nā luna o ʻAmelika i ka mea i kapa ʻia ma hope aku ʻo 'The Arab Street.' he ea me ka makani ole i ka makani ino.
E like me ka 9/11 a me nā makahiki e hiki mai ana i wehewehe ʻia, he mea nui ka mea i hala. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu nui ʻana ma waho o ke ken o Wakinekona, ʻo ia nā kai e ʻā ana i ka honua Arab i ka makahiki iwakālua i hala - he lohi, ʻoiaʻiʻo ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o ka lehulehu, ʻaʻole e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi pane kumu i ka hoʻololi ʻole ʻia e nā oligarchies i kūʻai ʻia e US. ʻO kēlā hui ʻana he populist, authoritarian, a me ka sectarian divisively.
Mai ka 1950s ma luna, i loko o ka fetish o ka 'holomua' a ma ke ano he Cold War counter i ka Lūkini, US luna paipai 'Arabia aupuni e headlong 'hoʻomohala,' buttressing kekahi, akā, hoʻokuke loa ma mua o ko lakou mau mea. Me ka emi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai aila i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970 a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka 'hana manuahi' a me ka 'ʻaoʻao hoʻolako waiwai' e hopu ana i ka White House a me ka Congress ma ka ʻāʻī, ua hoʻomaka ka US e hoʻohana i ka International Monetary Fund a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. e koi aku i nā aupuni ʻArabia e ʻoki i nā polokalamu kōkua ma ka Middle East.
ʻO kēia hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kuleana no ko lākou poʻe ponoʻī inevitably haʻalele i ka ulu ʻana o ka poʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka socio-economic, a me ka hoʻomana sectarian, hoʻopakele o nā fundamentalists. ʻO kā lākou hopena hoʻopiʻi - i ka haʻalulu o Wakinekona, ʻoiai ua hiki i kekahi pol mīkini kūlanakauhale kahiko ke wānana - ua ulu nui. He kulekele ʻAmelika ia, mai Carter a Reagan a Clinton, ua lawe ʻia kēlā me kēia hana me ka neo-liberal/neo-conservative obliviousness.
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