ʻElua papahana o ka hui kūloko e kū nei ma ʻAmelika Hema: ʻo ka Pacific Alliance a me UNASUR. ʻAʻole kūpono nā mea ʻelua, e pili ana i nā makemake geopolitical kū'ē e hōʻike ana i kēlā me kēia ʻāina o ka ʻāina me kahi pilikia. ʻAʻohe wahi no ka noʻonoʻo a me nā mea hoʻowalewale.
"Aia kekahi manaʻo ma waena o kā mākou mau manaʻo hoʻohui e hoʻokomo i ka manaʻo nui i loko o ka haʻiʻōlelo e pili ana i nā papahana sub-regional like ʻole," i kākau ʻo Carlos Chacho Alvarez, ke kākau ʻōlelo nui o ALADI (Tiempo Argentino, Iune 2, 2013). Ma muli o kēia manaʻo ʻo ia ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana i ka Pacific Alliance i kahi Mercosur i hoʻonui ʻia "e hōʻike maopopo ana i kahi hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole, inā ʻaʻole kahi wāwae i hope". Ma nā hanana a pau, hoʻokomo ʻo Alvarez i kāna mau kikoo ma UNASUR a me CELAC "ʻo ia nā papahana koʻikoʻi ʻelua a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻāina", ma ka haʻalele ʻana iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada e hōʻike i ko lākou manaʻo mua (1).
"Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻāina", wahi a ka pelekikena mua o Brazil ʻo Henrique Cardoso e pili ana i ka hānau ʻana o ka Pacific Alliance (Kūlana, Nowemapa 30, 2012). "Ma kekahi mau ʻano e nalowale ana ko mākou pili politika i ka Continent, ka mea i nīnau ʻole ʻia," wahi āna. Manaʻo ʻo Cardoso ʻo ke ala i waho no kona ʻāina he "kūkākūkā hohonu me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa," a mākou i "makaʻu mau ai."
Skating ma luna o na blocs elua, Peruvian Peresidena Ollanta Humala halawai me Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, i loko o ke kaʻina o ka forum "Umi makahiki o ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā ma waena o Brazil a me Peru, 2003-2013" a kuhikuhi mai i loko o XNUMX makahiki "ua loaʻa iā mākou. Ua holomua nui i ka hui Peruvian-Brazilian a ma luna o nā mea a pau i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana he kuʻikahi kūlohelohe kēia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hui ʻelua moana ʻo Atlantic-Pacific. (Ka Leo o Rusia, Iune 6, 2013).
Ma ia hanana like, ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Lula he ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei ua hoʻohewa nui ʻia ʻo ia ma kona ʻāina no ke kau inoa ʻana i kahi ʻaelike o ka hoʻohui ʻana me Peru, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ka poʻe elite Brazil e hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma muli o ka pilina kalepa me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ʻEulopa: "ʻAʻole i ola ʻo ʻAmelika Hema, ʻaʻole hoʻi ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole i noho ʻo ʻApelika a me nā ʻāina Arab. ", wahi a ka pelekikena mua.
Ua kākoʻo ʻo Lula i kāna haʻiʻōlelo me ka ʻike hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia: hele aku ke kālepa bilateral mai 650 miliona kālā ma 2003 a i 3,700 miliona ma 2012. ʻO nā hoʻopukapuka pilikino Brazilian ma Peru he 6 biliona kālā a ua hoʻokumu i kahi pilikia nui: ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā huahana ʻenehana me ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. ka manaʻo e "hiki i nā ʻoihana ʻelua ke hana ma ke ʻano hoʻohui". Pēlā ʻo ia i hoʻokokoke pono ai i ke kumu nui o kekahi kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana.
Hoʻopili pū ʻia nā ʻaelike kālepa manuahi
Ua hānau ʻia ka Pacific Alliance ma ʻApelila 2011 me ka "Lima Declaration", kahi hana a ka Pelekikena Alan García i ia manawa, ma waena o ʻehā mau ʻāina i loaʻa nā ʻaelike Kūʻai Kūʻokoʻa me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: Mekiko, Kolombia, Peru a me Chile. Ma Iune 6 2012 ka "Framework Agreement of Antofagasta" i pūlima ʻia e nā pelekikena ʻo Sebastián Piñera, Juan Manuel Santos, Humala a me Felipe Calderón. ʻO Panama a me Costa Rica nā lālā nānā mua, i hui pū ʻia e Sepania, Australia, Kanada, New Zealand a me Uruguay, a ma nā hui hope i hoʻohui ʻia ʻo ʻEkuador, El Salvador, Farani, Iapana, Honduras, Paraguay, Pokukala a me Dominican. Repubalika.
Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe pale o ka Alliance e hōʻike ana nā ʻāina ʻehā i 200 miliona mau kānaka, 55 pākēneka o nā hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo ʻAmelika Latina a me 40 pākēneka o ka GDP ma ia wahi. ʻElua mau mea hoʻokele waiwai koʻikoʻi o ka ʻāina, ʻo Oscar Ugarteche a me ka Brazilian José Luis Fiori, e nānā i nā kaʻina hana kūloko me he mea lā he pāʻani chess lākou, kahi e hele pū ai ka neʻe ʻana o kahi ʻāpana e kekahi o nā mea pāʻani me ka pane a kekahi. ua lawa ia i ka pilikia i loaʻa. I ka wā i hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai ka "coup constitutional" iā Fernando Lugo mai ke aupuni, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Paraguay mai Mercosur a ua hiki ke komo i Venezuela. Ma keʻano like, pono kekahi e wehewehe i ka hanaʻana o ka Pacific Alliance: ma keʻano he pane i ka hanaʻana o UNASUR i alakaʻiʻia e Brazil.
I ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka Alliance, ua hoʻomau ʻo Ugarche: "ʻO nā aupuni ʻekolu o ʻAmelika Hema o ka hui (Chile, Colombia a me Peru) kaʻana like ʻole ʻaʻole lākou i kau inoa i ke kānāwai e hoʻokumu nei i ka Banco del Sur (Bank of the South), hana lākou. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kēia manawa nā ʻaelike kalepa me Mercosur, kahi lākou e nānā ai, aia lākou i nā ʻaelike Kūʻai Kūʻai kūʻokoʻa i pūlima ʻia me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e pili ana i nā dute zero, kahi e pale ai i kekahi ʻaelike me Mercosur nona ka papahele he ʻelima keneta, a nele lākou i kahi ʻoihana ʻāina nui. ʻāpana" (alai, ʻApelila 26, 2011). ʻO kāna hopena ʻo ka Alliance he "counterweight i ka mana o Brazil ma ʻAmelika Hema", "ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokūkū akā e pale i kēlā mana."
Eia nō naʻe, i loko o kahi ʻatikala i hala aku nei ua hoʻomau ka mea hoʻokele waiwai i nā makahiki i hala iho nei "ʻo ka Pacific Alliance ka mea i hana i nā neʻe nui", ʻaʻole ma muli o kona pono ponoʻī ma muli o ka stagnation kaulana o Mercosur ma muli o ka pilikia o ka pilina ma waena o Buenos Aires. a me Brasilia (alai, ʻApelila 24, 2013). Ma waena o kēia mau neʻe ʻana, ʻo ia ke ala i hana ʻia e Paraguay i ka pōʻaiapili post-Lugo. Eia nō naʻe, ke kū nei ka Alliance i nā pilikia he nui, i waena o nā mea kū'ē i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana Colombian i kahi ʻaelike ʻaʻole e hāʻawi i nā manawa hou akā "hana i ka pōʻino o ke kaulike kālepa a me ka hana ʻana i ka hana."
Nā pilikia me ka hoʻohui
Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā haole (DFI) he x-ray o ka ʻāina. Ua piʻi nui ka DFI ma ʻAmelika Hema, e neʻe ana mai kahi liʻiliʻi ma mua o 30 biliona kālā i nā makahiki mua o nā makahiki he ʻumi o 2000 a i 143 biliona ma 2012. ʻO ia hoʻi ua quintupled ia, e like me ka hōʻike hou loa o CEPAL (2).
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hele ʻana o nā ʻāina Andean ʻekolu o ka Pacific Alliance mai kahi DFI o 11 biliona kālā i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kenekulia a hiki i kahi 58 biliona. ʻO kēia ka ulu nui loa o ka ʻāina. Akā ʻo ka mea e hōʻike ai i ke ʻano o nā ʻoihana ʻāina ʻo ia ka ʻāpana i kuhikuhi ʻia ai kēia hoʻopukapuka.
ʻO Chile ka lua o ka ʻāina i ka nui o DFI, me 30 biliona kālā i ka makahiki 2012, akā ʻo ka hapalua o kēia ma ka mining (49 pākēneka) a me ka hapalima o ka ʻāpana kālā. Ua loaʻa ʻo Kolombia i ka DFI o 15.6 biliona kālā, akā ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua i hele i ka ʻaila a me ka mining. Ma Peru, i loaʻa iā 12.2 biliona, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mining wale nō ma luna o ka hapalua o nā hoʻopukapuka (ʻo 70 paha keneta, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe ʻikepili).
Ma Pasila, ʻo ia ka pilina: ʻo ka hana ʻana e komo i kahi mea e like me 40 pākēneka o nā hoʻopukapuka (e hāʻule ana mai 47 a 38 pākēneka i nā makahiki i hala iho nei) aʻo nā ʻoihana extractive ʻaʻole i 13 pākēneka. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻē aʻe he 66 biliona kālā (ʻo ka pae ʻehā o ka honua ma hope o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kina a me Hong Kong) i kuhikuhi ʻia i nā ʻāpana e hoʻopuka ana i nā wahi hana kūpono a me ka hana hoʻohui waiwai.
Noho ʻo Argentina ma waena o Brazil a me nā ʻāina Andean. Ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka hoʻihoʻi ikaika ʻana, ua ulu ka DFI i Argentina ma kahi o 27 pākēneka ma 2012 a hiki i kahi 12.5 biliona kālā. I ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka haku mele ʻana e ka ʻāpana o DFI ma Argentina ma kahi o 44 pākēneka i ka ʻoihana a me 30 pākēneka i nā lawelawe.
Ua pilikia ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, mai ke kaʻina hana deindustrialization ma muli o ka hoʻokūkū Kina. Akā ʻaʻole like nā hopena. I kekahi mau hihia, ua nui ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, e hilinaʻi nui ana kēia mau ʻāina i nā kumukūʻai o nā mea kūʻai aku ma ke kumukūʻai kūʻai, a ma ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ka mākeke Kina. He ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka piʻi ʻana o ka Pacific Alliance ma mua o ka uahi e pau i ka wā e hāʻule ai kēia mau kumukūʻai.
ʻAʻole hiki iā Chile ke komo i nā kahe nui o DFI ma kahi ʻano huahua, ʻoiai ʻo 26 pākēneka o kēia mau mea i hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ma waho o ka ʻāina e nā hui Chilean o nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo CEPAL ʻo ka ʻāina Andean, i manaʻo ʻia he kumu hoʻohālike e hahai ʻia e kekahi mau mea hoʻokele waiwai ma ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o "he puka komo no nā mākeke ʻAmelika Latin."
Wahi a Fiori, ʻo nā ʻāina ʻekolu o ʻAmelika Hema o ka Pacific Alliance "he mau mokuʻāina liʻiliʻi a waena paha i hāʻawi ʻia no ka lawe ʻana aku, me ka ʻole o nā pilina kalepa ma waena o lākou iho, a me Mexico." ʻO ka ʻāina wale nō me kahi ea a me nā ʻāina momona, ʻo Chile, "ʻaneʻane pili ʻole i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāina kaʻawale loa o ka honua", wahi a ka mea hoʻokele waiwai o Brazil.
Manaʻo ʻo ia ʻaʻole loaʻa i ka Pacific Alliance kahi mea e hiki mai ana. ʻOi aku ka nui o kā lākou mau mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma mua o Mercosur, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou kālepa intra-zone (2 pākēneka o ka huina i lawe ʻia aku i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 13 pākēneka ma Mercosur). ʻO ka'ōlelo koʻikoʻi, he kuʻikahi kālepa i makemakeʻole i ka hoʻohui.
ʻAʻole nui ka pilikia o nā pono o ka Alliance e like me nā pilikia e kū nei me Mercosur. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo nā ʻāina ʻehā i hoʻokumu iā ia (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay a me Uruguay) e hoʻokuʻu aku i nā huahana like (ma ke kumu soya a me ka pipi) i nā mākeke like. Me kēia ʻano o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia, e koi ana i ke kumu o ka hoʻohui huahana. E like me ka ʻike ʻana o Fieri, mai ka pilikia o 2008 a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o Kina, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika Hema e hoʻohālikelike nei i kekahi papahana o ka hoʻohui ʻana ua hohonu wale nō: ʻo ia hoʻi, "he hui lākou o nā ʻoihana hoʻokele like ʻole e pili ana i nā mākeke o waho" (Kūleʻa, Pepeluali 2013).
Eia kekahi, a pili pono i ka mea i luna, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau ma waena o Brazil a me ʻAmelika e pili ana i nā hoʻoiho ʻoihana (nā kaʻa a me nā lako uila home) ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nei i ka hui kūloko. ʻO kēlā me kēia huahana Argentine e hele mai ana i Brazil e nalowale nā hana no Brazil, a me ka hope. ʻAʻole i hana nā ʻoihana kūʻai aku a me nā koho no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻoihana hiki ke hoʻokō i kekahi i kekahi.
I kā lākou hoʻomaka hou o ka hoʻopukapuka haole i ka makahiki 2012, ʻaʻohe wahi o ka CEPAL no nā kānalua: "Ma ʻAmelika Hema (koe ʻole ʻo Brazil) ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka DFI kahi i maopopo ai kēlā mau ʻāpana e pili ana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe i ka mua, ua hohonu". Hoʻokomo ka mining i ka 51 pākēneka o nā hoʻopukapuka ma ka ʻāina, nā lawelawe 37 pākēneka a me ka ʻoihana he 12 pākēneka wale nō.
Ka manawa e koho ai
"E ʻōlelo paha kekahi me ke kānalua ʻole he ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka 'Pacific rift' ma mua o ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma Latin America a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole ia he wahi liʻiliʻi o ka papahana a Obama no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi Transpacific Association (TPP no kāna acronym English). he wahi koʻikoʻi o kāna kulekele no ka hōʻoia hou ʻana i ka mana hoʻokele waiwai a me ka pūʻali koa ma ka ʻāina Pākīpika", e like me ka ʻōlelo a Fiori (Kūleʻa, Pepeluali 2013).
ʻO kēia paha ke kumu o ka nīnau. He ʻāpana hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Mexico i ka ʻoihana US. Ma hope o ka pilikia o 2008, ka mea i kau i nā palena kālā koʻikoʻi, ʻo ka hoʻolālā o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i loko o ka "outsourcing" i ka hoʻokele ʻana o ko lākou mana honua, akā mālama pono e pale i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā mana āpau e hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i ko lākou kūlana a me ko lākou kūlana. ka ea a me ka moana nui. Ma o ka ʻōnaehana kālā, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Fiori, ke hoʻomau nei ka mana nui i ka hoʻoili ʻana i kāna mau kumukūʻai a me kāna pilikia i nā ʻāina ʻekolu, e like me ka mea i hana ʻia me ko lākou hoa pili nui, ʻo ka European Union, e mālama ana i nā manawa āpau i ka "monopolistic control of technological innovation."
I mua o kēia panorama, hiki i nā koho o nā ʻāina ʻē ke hoʻoholo, a ma luna o nā kuhikuhi āpau e hāpai ʻia e Brazil. Ua manaʻo ʻo Polofesa Ricardo Sennes, ka mea loiloi honua o ke Kulanui o São Paulo, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma hope o 2002 "hohonu i ka divergence ma waena o nā hoʻolālā waiwai o nā ʻāina like ʻole, a hoʻonui i ka asymmetry ma waena o Brazil a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina." (3)
I kēia pilikia paʻakikī, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ma Pasila ka "makemake no ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka pilina kūloko e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka mana kālai'āina ʻo Brazil a ʻaʻole ma ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka hoʻohui ʻāina". ʻAʻole like ka densification o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana me kahi hoʻolālā o ka hoʻohui. I kona manaʻo, aia kēia ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi "coalition kūloko" nāwaliwali e makemake ai i ka hoʻohui ʻana a ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻāla ai i ka hana diplomatic koʻikoʻi e like me nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻohui. I ka hopena, "ʻo ka regionalization, ka piʻi ʻana o nā pilina kūloko i loaʻa ʻole mai ka kulekele a me nā ʻaelike ma waena o nā mokuʻāina, ua holomua wikiwiki a hohonu hoʻi ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻāina."
Hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka wā e ʻike ai kekahi ua hoʻokumu nā lālā o Mercosur i nā kuʻikahi hohonu me nā ʻāina ma waho o kēia kuʻikahi ma mua o lākou i waena o lākou iho. Ua hoʻopau ʻo Sennes ma waho o nā ʻōlelo hoʻolaha, "ʻaʻole ʻo ka papahana kūloko o Brazil kahi ʻāpana o ke aʻa waena o kā lākou hoʻolālā honua." He ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi kēia, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kūpono. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo ia penei: makemake i nā hālāwai kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻaelike hui; "ka hoʻohui waiwai hoʻokele waiwai", i kau ʻia ma nā nīnau pāʻoihana bilateral i ka pōʻino o ka hoʻohui waiwai, kālā a me ka logistic; ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana i nā ʻoihana ʻaiʻē e like me BNDES ma kahi o nā hui kūloko; a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hana hoʻopukapuka kūʻokoʻa ma mua o nā ʻaelike kūloko e hāpai i ka hoʻopukapuka.
E hoʻomaka ana mai kēia puʻu pilikia, hāʻawi ʻo Fiori i kahi koho paʻakikī. Ua lilo ʻo Brazil a me ka ʻāina i "ʻaoʻao pampered" o nā mana nui, e like me Australia a me Kanada, me nā ʻaelike o "nā hoa aloha", ma nā laina o ka manaʻo a Cardoso, a me nā poʻe elites i kēlā me kēia ʻāina, i paʻa loa i loko o ka kuleana o ka poe lawe waiwai. A i ʻole e hana lākou i kahi ala ʻē aʻe, i kau ʻia ma luna o ka hoʻokō ponoʻī i ka ikehu a me nā kumu waiwai kūlohelohe, e hui pū ana i "kahi ʻoihana o ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana huahana kiʻekiʻe e hana ana i nā meaʻai a me nā waiwai" me ka haʻalele ʻole i ke kūlana hoʻokō a me ka hoʻokūkū ʻike. e pili ana iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, "e hakakā nei e hoʻonui i ko lākou hiki no ka hoʻoholo hoʻoholo kūʻokoʻa" ("Brasil e América do Sul: o desafío da inserção internacional soberana", Brasilia, CEPAL/IPEA, 2011).
Ua koho nā elites i kā lākou koho a hakakā no ia. ʻO ka National Federation of Industry (CNI no kāna acronym Portuguese) a me ka Federation of Industries o ka mokuʻāina o Sao Paulo ua hōʻole nui iā Mercosur a ʻaʻole hoʻi e noʻonoʻo iā Unasur. ʻO Aecio Neves, ka moho no ka Social Democratic Party e kū nei i kēia mau ʻāpana, ʻōlelo maopopo: "Pono mākou e noʻonoʻo hou a hoʻoponopono hou iā Mercosur. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka Pacific Alliance he kumu hoʻohālike o ka neʻe a me ka ikaika." (La Nación, Iune 9, 2013).
Kūlike kēia akaka me nā kūlana nebulous a kū'ē i nā ʻāpana holomua. I kēia manawa panorama honua, ʻaʻohe wahi no ka neutrality. "ʻO kēlā mau ʻāina i manaʻo iā lākou iho he kūʻokoʻa mau ʻole, a i ʻole he mau ʻāina i pau i ka waiho ʻana", hoʻopau ʻo Fiori. Ma muli o ia mea, mālama ʻo ia e hoʻokumu ka ʻāina iā ia iho he "hui o nā ʻāina pili i hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻole, inā pono, a hiki ke pale iā lākou iho inā hiki ʻole."
(Unuhi ʻia e Jordan Bishop).
- Ua kākau ʻo Raúl Zibechi, kahi mea kākau moʻolelo Urugyayan, ma Brecha a me La Jornada a he hui pū ʻo ALAI.
Notes
1) ALADI: Hui ʻAmelika ʻAmelika no ka Hoʻohui. UNASUR: Union de South Amneric Nations. CELAC: Kaiāulu o ʻAmelika Latina a me nā mokuʻāina Karipiano.
2) "La Inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina y el Caribe 2012", Santiago, 2013.
3) Revista "Tempo do Mundo", Vol. 3, No. 2, Brasilia, Kekemapa 2012.
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