Ma hope o ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā juntas a hiki i ka makahiki 1990, ua hele ka US ma hope o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hema me nā ʻaelike "free trade" ma mua o ka hana hou ʻana me nā extremists. ʻO nā koho balota i hala iho nei o Mauricio Macri o Argentina a me Jair Bolsonaro o Brazil, he mea nui ia i ka holomua socioeconomic a me ka moʻomeheu. ʻO ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo hope loa a ka Pelekikena Lenín Moreno o ʻEkuador e ʻae aku i nā mākaʻi Pelekane e hopu iā Julian Assange ma ke kauo ʻana iā ia mai ka Ecuadorian Embassy ma Lākana, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia ai ʻo Assange i kahi hoʻomaha, he hōʻailona hou ia o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o kēlā ʻāina i nā pono elite US.
ʻAʻole lōʻihi loa hema…
I ka wā i hala iho nei, ua hoʻāʻo ka US e hoʻopili iā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ka paradigm "free trade". Mai ka manaʻo o ka US neoliberal papahana, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻololi pōʻino o nā mea hana i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1990 a i ka makahiki 2010. Ua lilo kekahi mau aupuni hema i ka mana ma Central a me ʻAmelika Hema, kahi ʻāina i manaʻo ʻia e ka poʻe elite o US ʻo ko lākou "hope." Aia nā aupuni: Hugo Chávez o Venezuela, Álvaro Colom o Guatemala, Leonel Fernández o ka Dominican Republic, Mauricio Funes o El Salvador, Evo Morales o Bolivia, Daniel Ortega o Nicaragua, Lula da Silva o Brazil, Luis Guillermo Solís o Costa Rica, a me Manuel Zelaya o Honduras.
Ua hui pū ʻia kēia mau ʻelele e kūʻē i nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka ʻoihana US a me ka noho aliʻi koa.
ʻAʻole i noʻonoʻo ka poʻe loiloi US i kēia mau aupuni e like me ka "communists" (ʻulaʻula), no laila ua wehewehe lākou iā lākou he "ʻulaʻula." Ua kapa ʻia ka neʻe ʻana i ka holomua hema-centrism ʻo "ka ʻulaʻula." E like me nā aupuni ʻEulopa ma hope o ke kau inoa ʻana o ka Maastricht Treaty 1992, "ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lālā o ke au [ʻulaʻula] ... i hana e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia pili i ka nohona i loko o nā palena ākea o nā mīkini mākeke," wahi a ka loea ʻAmelika Latin, ʻo Craig Arceneaux. Ua kākau pū ʻo ia "ʻoiai ʻo ka huhū ma luna o ka neoliberalism i hoʻoulu i ka hoʻololi politika, ʻaʻohe pilikia o nā mākeke manuahi ma Latin America." ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, hāʻawi ka Frazer Institute pro-"free market" iā Latin America 5.3 mai ka 10 no ka neoliberalism ma 1990, me ka nui o ka hana ʻino i kākoʻo ʻia e US; 6.5 i ka makahiki 2000, i ka wā o ka ho'ōla; a me 6.6 i ka makahiki 2008. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Katherine Isbester, ka loea ʻo ʻAmelika Latina, "ua hoʻololi ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina ʻo Pink Tide i ka hoʻolālā neoliberal o kā lākou hoʻokele politika a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ko lākou mau lāhui i ka honua." Ua kākau pū ʻo Isbester ʻo NAFTA, CAFTA a me ka World Trade Organization ka hopena o ka "paʻa i ka neoliberalism, [no laila] ka palena o ka lumi no ka hoʻoponopono hohonu i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻoihana."
Akā, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ko mākou wahi i kēia lā, ma ka ʻōlelo politika. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka neʻe ʻana o ka US a me kāna mau hoa aloha i ka ʻākau, ʻoihana, ʻo ia ka mea ua ʻike lākou i kā lākou "hope" e neʻe loa i ka hema. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ʻAmelika e hoʻokau i kahi poloka "kūʻai manuahi" i hele mai ma ke ʻano o ka US-led Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). Akā ʻaʻole i pale ʻo CAFTA i nā hoʻopukapuka lehulehu, e like me Lula Bolsa Família, ka mea i hoʻokiʻekiʻe aʻe i nā ʻumi miliona mai ka ʻilihune no ka manawa mua ma ka moʻolelo hoʻomāinoino o ka ʻāina.
HONODURASA
ʻO nā hanana ma Honduras i hoʻomaka ai e hoʻi i ka wā i hala ʻole. Ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻo Pelekikena Zelaya i ka CAFTA ma ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana i ka uku haʻahaʻa, e hana kokoke ana me ka Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA) bloc, a me ke kāhea ʻana i kahi ʻaha Kumukānāwai aupuni. Ua hoʻokahuliʻiaʻo Zelaya ma kahi hoʻokahuli koa i kākoʻoʻia e ka US ma 2009. Ua kākau nā loea kūloko ʻo José Briceño-Ruiz lāua ʻo Isidro Morales i ka "hoʻopau ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o Honduras a me ka axis Bolivarian." ʻO ke alakaʻi hou, ʻo Porfirio Lobo, "hoʻoikaika a hoʻoikaika i nā hana e hoʻopau i nā kūkākūkā o kahi kuʻikahi kūʻai kūʻokoʻa me Kanada," ʻo ka neoliberal hoa noho o ʻAmelika i hoʻopaʻa inoa pū i kahi ʻaelike "free trade" multilateral me ka European Union, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Comprehensive Economic and Trade. Kuʻikahi (EU-CETA).
Ma kāna puke, Nā koho liʻiliʻi (2014), US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, hōʻike i kona makaʻu i ke aupuni democracy ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana iā Honduras, "home no kahi o 8 miliona o ka poʻe ʻilihune loa ma Latin America. Ua hōʻailona ʻia kona mōʻaukala e kahi ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa pau ʻole a me nā pōʻino. " Ua haʻalele ʻo Clinton i ka hana US. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia iā Zelaya ma nā ʻōlelo racist, ʻo ia "he hoʻihoʻi i ka caricature o ke kanaka ikaika o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me kāna pāpale paniolo keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻiʻo, a me ke aloha iā Hugo Chavez lāua ʻo Fidel Castro." Ke hoʻokuʻu nei i ka ʻōlelo colonial kahiko a me ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana, ua makaʻu ʻo Clinton e ʻike ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika "kaawale i loko o kā mākou pā hale." Ua hoʻokumu ka Pelekikena pōʻino ʻo Trump i kahi ʻino media hui me kāna ʻōlelo "shithole country". Ua hāmau ka pāpā like i nā ʻōlelo a Clinton.
ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua wehe ʻia ka paukū ma hope, kahi i ʻae ai ʻo Clinton i ke komo ʻana o ʻAmelika i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni. Nā koho liʻiliʻi: "Ua hoʻolālā mākou i kahi hoʻolālā e hoʻihoʻi i ka maluhia ma Honduras a e hōʻoia i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā koho balota kūʻokoʻa a pololei, ʻo ia ka mea e hāʻawi i ka nīnau no Zelaya moot a hāʻawi i ka poʻe Honduran i ka manawa e koho ai i ko lākou wā e hiki mai ana". Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Clinton "ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻimi i kahi luna aupuni i mahalo ʻia e hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he uwao." Ua koho ʻo ia iā Óscar Arias o Costa Rica, ka mea i "mahalo ʻia" no ka mea ua hahai ʻo ia i nā kauoha US, ʻaʻole like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he pro-Chávez Zelaya. ʻAʻole like me nā lāhui ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina, ʻo Costa Rica "ʻo ia kekahi o nā loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe loa o kēlā me kēia kapita a me nā ʻoihana ʻōmaʻomaʻo loa ma ʻAmelika Waena," wahi a Clinton. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka haʻi ʻana ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻāina kūloko e pili ana i ka liʻiliʻi o nā hoʻouka kaua US a me nā kaua proxy.
Ma ka hopena o Ianuali 2017, ua pepehi ʻia ʻo 123 Honduran kaiapuni a me nā mea hana ʻāina e nā hui, nā mākaʻi, a me nā pūʻali koa. ʻO ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā o nā hui kaulana a me nā ʻōiwi ʻōiwi o Honduras (COPINH) he hui i hui ʻia me 200 mau lāhui Lenca. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ʻo COPINH e Berta Cáceres, kekahi o nā mea hoʻokele kaiapuni nui o ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Cáceres e kūʻē i ka Dam Agua Zarca. ʻO ka Dam, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā hui ʻEulopa (Voith Hydro a me Siemens), hiki ke hoʻopau i ka muliwai Gualcarque a hoʻopilikia i nā kaiāulu mahiʻai. I ka makahiki 2013, ua wehe nā koa kokoke i ka hui ʻo Honduran e mālama ana i ka Dam ma luna o nā mea hōʻike maluhia, a pepehi i ke alakaʻi ʻōiwi, ʻo Tomás García. Ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Cáceres ma kona home i ka makahiki 2016.
KA POE HELE A ME KA KOMOMBIA
He hana ʻino a hoʻomāinoino ʻo Trump i ka poʻe mahuka a me nā malihini, akā ʻaʻole mamao ʻo Obama ma hope. ʻO ka New York Times holo i ka poʻomanaʻo, "Obama's Death Sentence for Young Refugees," e pili ana i ke kulekele pani-palena i mālama ʻole ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā nūhou, a hiki i ka Trump cranked it up a notch. Ua hōʻike ka pepa i ka ʻae ʻana o ka Pelekikena ʻAmelika ʻo Obama a me ka Pelekikena Mekiko ʻo Peña Nieto e keakea i ka poʻe mahuka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hoʻāʻo nei e komo i ka US ma o Mexico. ʻO ka mea kākau moʻolelo, ʻo Nicholas Kristof, i ʻōlelo: "Ma ke ʻano, ua koi mākou a ua hoʻopiʻi iā Mexico e hana i kā mākou hana haumia, ka paʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā poʻe e holo ana i nā hui ma Honduras, El Salvador a me Guatemala." Ua hoʻopau ʻo Kristof: "Ua hoʻomaka ka hui ʻana o ʻAmelika-Mexican i ka makahiki 2014 ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana o ka poʻe ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me 50,000 mau keiki hele ʻole."
Ua hui pū kēia me ka pau ʻana o ka Pink Tide a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka poʻe make kahiko a me nā kālai'āina i nā ʻāina he nui. I ka wā i nīnau ai ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Juan Gonzáles iā Clinton e pili ana i kona komo ʻana i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni a me nā hoʻolālā e hiki mai ana no Honduras, ua pane ʻo Clinton:
"Manaʻo wau e pono mākou e hana hou aku i kahi hoʻolālā Colombian no ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, no ka mea e hoʻomanaʻo i ka mea e hana nei ma Kolombia i ka wā mua o kaʻu kāne a laila ukali ʻia e Pelekikena Bush iā Plan Colombia, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻāʻo e hoʻohana i kā mākou leverage e hoʻomau i ka aupuni i kā lākou mau hana kūʻē i ka [Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)] a me nā guerrillas, akā e kōkua pū i ke aupuni e hoʻōki i ka holomua o ka FARC a me nā guerrillas, a i kēia manawa aia mākou i waena o nā kamaʻilio maluhia. ʻAʻole i hiki i ka pō; he mau makahiki. Akā makemake wau e ʻike i kahi ala ākea loa e pili ana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻo Honduras wale nō.
He ʻōlelo kupanaha kēia, hāʻawi ʻia i ka mea i komo maoli ai ʻo Plan Colombia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka piʻi ʻana i ke kōkua a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o US i ka pūʻali koa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke aʻo ʻana i nā pūʻali koa pepehi kanaka. "Nā kamaʻilio maluhia" i hele mai ma hope o nā makahiki o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana ʻino kūʻē kūʻē i nā makaʻāinana, ʻekolu hapahā o ia mau kuleana o nā pūʻali mokuʻāina a me kā lākou mau pūʻulu pili. No nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua hoʻohana nā elite Kolombia i ka pūʻali koa a me nā paramilitaries e wāwahi i nā mea hoʻoponopono ʻāina, nā uniona haumāna, nā mea kaiapuni, a me ka hema hema FARC.
Mai ka 1980s, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā pūʻali koa Pelekane, me nā pūʻali koa US, i ka pūʻali koa Colombian. I ka makahiki 2001, ua hōʻike ka Pāremata Pelekāne i ke ʻano maoli o ka Plan Colombia a me nā hopena o kāna mau pono kanaka: "ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kāna koi ʻana i kahi hoʻonā koa e hoʻokuʻu i nā kumu pono kanaka o Plan Colombia no ke kōkua pūʻali koa i ka pūʻali no ka lua o ka manawa i ka hoʻolālā. ua loiloi ʻia ... e ʻae maikaʻi ana i nā pepehi kanaka hou aʻe, ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana, ka pepehi kanaka, ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka nalo ʻana o ka poʻe ʻaʻohe mea kaua.
PANINA
ʻO kēia mau hanana a me nā hanana ʻē aʻe i hoʻokumu i ka hiʻohiʻona ma Latin America no ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mākeke i hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia i nā hui US ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka nohona o nā ʻumi miliona o ka poʻe ʻilihune. Hōʻike kēia mau hihia i ka makaʻala o nā poʻe ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hui ʻoihana US a me ka lima hao o ka militarism e hoʻokō nei. Hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia kekahi holomua politika liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano o ka pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai i nā hui palupalu e ka hui pū ʻana o ka hana ʻino a me ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā kuʻikahi "kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa" e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻoihana i nā ʻano hana ʻino kālā.
He ʻatikala kēia mai kaʻu puke hou, ʻO ka Planet Privatized: "Free Trade" ma ke ʻano he mea kaua e kūʻē i ka Democracy, Healthcare a me ke Kaiapuni (2019, New Internationalist).
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