I Kepakemapa 2010 ua mālama ʻia ka Hale Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻole (UAV) i kahi hana ʻenehana. Ma ka foyer o ka Hale Keʻena ʻo Rayburn House, he nui ka poʻe i lele a puni nā papa ʻaina i uhi ʻia me nā palapala, nā pale wikiō e hōʻike ana i nā kiʻi o ka ili honua, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā UAV—i kapa ʻia ʻo "drones." He kāne wale nō ka lehulehu. Ua ʻaʻahu ʻia ka hapa nui i nā ʻaʻahu ʻeleʻele a me nā kaulahao e noho aliʻi ana i Capitol Hill, ʻoiai he poʻe liʻiliʻi i ʻaʻahu i nā lole lele ʻeleʻele o nā mea hoʻokele UAV.
Ma kāna ʻōlelo hoʻomaka i ka ʻaha ʻaha, ʻo Congressman Howard "Buck" McKeon, ka Repubalika Kaleponi nāna i noho a hoʻokumu pū i ka ʻaha hui bipartisan, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana: "E kākoʻo i nā ʻōnaehana unmanned a hōʻoia e hoʻomau mākou i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i ka wā e hiki mai ana. I loko o kēia mau manawa hoʻokele waiwai, ʻo ka ʻenehana unmanned kekahi o nā wahi liʻiliʻi a me ka ikaika o ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻAmelika. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻōlelo kekahi mea nānā ma kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana i ka mahina i hala aku nei e manaʻo ʻia nā UAV he $ 15 biliona-i ka makahiki ʻoihana ma 2015. (ʻOi aku ka nui o nā manaʻo conservative e hoʻopaʻa i kēlā helu ma kahi o $ 4.5 biliona a i $ 11.5 biliona.)
ʻO McKeon, ka lālā kūlana o ke Kōmike ʻOihana Koa o ka Hale a me kona poʻo i ka ʻaha kūkā e hiki mai ana, ua pōmaikaʻi ʻo ia i kēia ulu ʻana. Aia kona apana i ke awāwa Antelope o Kaleponi, ma kahi o 50 mau mile ma ka hikina hikina o ke kaona ʻo Los Angeles, kahi e hoʻohana ai nā ʻoihana aerospace a me nā pūʻali koa ma mua o 20,000 mau kānaka. ʻO nā mea kōkua nui ʻehā i kāna hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka pōʻai koho balota i hala, ʻo ia ka poʻe aelike pūʻali koa—Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Boeing, a me General Dynamics.
ʻO nā ʻōlelo a McKeon ma ka ʻaha hoʻolaha e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā UAV, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi i ka ʻenehana mai nā mea kaua e hana mau ai kāna mau kākoʻo. "ʻO nā hōʻike o ka 'drone strikes' i kā mākou hakakā me nā mea hoʻoweliweli e hoʻopiha mau i ka nūhou," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, "akā ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana o kā mākou ʻepekema i nā ʻōnaehana unmanned e nānā a wānana i nā ʻano o ka wā, pehea ka hoʻohana ʻana o Customs a me Border Protection i nā ʻōnaehana unmanned. e pale i ko mākou mau palena, a i ʻole pehea e hoʻohana ai ke kānāwai kūloko i nā drones e mālama pono i ko mākou mau kaiāulu a me nā mākaʻi.
Ua hoʻokani ʻo McKeon i nā manaʻo i hana ʻia ma ʻAukake 2010 ma ka hōʻike makahiki o ka Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI), ka hui kākoʻo UAV-ʻole waiwai nui loa ma ka honua. I ka wehe ʻana i ka plenary o ka hanana ʻehā mau lā ma Denver, ua hana ʻo AUVSI Pelekikena John Lambert i nā ʻeha e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻano maikaʻi o nā UAV: "E noʻonoʻo i ka nui o nā ola e hiki ke hoʻopakele ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana unmanned," wahi āna.
ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia kēlā hui ʻana i nā kūkākūkā panela he nui, nā papa aʻoaʻo, a me nā hōʻikeʻike loea i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻohana kīwila o nā ʻōnaehana unmanned, ʻo ke koʻikoʻi o nā hōʻikeʻike 453 e uhi ana i ka papahele hui nui ma luna o nā noi koa. ʻO ka nui o nā hōʻike i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe ʻoi aku ma mua o 6,500 i hōʻike ʻia i nā kiʻi o nā koa koʻikoʻi me nā mea kaua, a i ʻole nā kaʻa kaʻa ʻole i hele pū ʻia me nā slogans e like me "combat proven," "superior visual intelligence," a "miona mākaukau."
Hoʻi i ka fair Washington, ʻo Vaughn Fulton, ka luna papahana no ka unmanned aerial system (UAS) ma Honeywell Aerospace ma Albuquerque, i hoʻolauna i kāna hui ʻo T-Hawk, he "maka i ka lewa" i kapa ʻia ma muli o ka ʻinikene mokuʻāina o New Mexico, ka hawk tarantula. ʻO ka ʻū ʻana o ka ʻōpala kekahi o nā mea ʻeha loa o ka honua pepeke, wahi a Fulton me ka ʻakaʻaka. Hiki i ka T-Hawk ke "hover a nānā" - hiki ke nānā mai kahi kokoke loa - a me ka hahai. Wahi a Fulton, ma kahi o 260 ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia me ka pūʻali koa US ma Iraq a me Afghanistan.
Ke kūʻai aku nei ʻo Honeywell i ka T-Hawk ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka Miami-Dade Police Department i kēia manawa he ʻelua o lākou. E hoʻohana ʻia kāna T-Hawks no nā hana "tactical" a i ʻole nā kūlana kime SWAT e pili ana i nā poʻe pōʻino, ʻoiai ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻelua i kēia manawa ke kali nei i ka ʻae ʻia mai ka Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Manaʻo ʻo Honeywell a me nā hui ʻē aʻe e hana ana i nā micro UAV e lilo koke nā keʻena mākaʻi kūloko a me nā mākaʻi mokuʻāina a me ka US Border Patrol i kā lākou mea kūʻai aku - nā manaʻolana i hoʻokumu ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka US Customs and Border Protection a me ka Sheriff's Office of Queen. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Anne's County, Maryland ma ka hale kūʻai.
I kēia manawa, palena loa nā hana UAV kūloko. Akā me ka ulu kupanaha o ka ʻoihana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o AUVSI, ka UAV Caucus, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻokuʻu i nā palena FAA, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i kahi pahū o ka hoʻohana ʻana e nā keʻena makai kūloko a me ke aupuni pekelala i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO kekahi o ia mau hoʻohana—mai ke kaua ʻana i ke ahi a hiki i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka poʻe nalo—ʻaʻole pili i ka pepehi kanaka, ka nānā ʻana i nā palena, a i ʻole ka hoʻomalu hewa. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ʻenehana, pono mākou e nānā pono i ka pehea a me kahi e hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā UAV. Aia nā kumu āpau e hopohopo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai a me nā ʻoihana "homeland security" e hoʻohana pono i kā lākou mau mea hana hou.
Ke hana nei i nā pilikia?
E like me kā McKeon lāua ʻo Lambert mau haʻiʻōlelo, ʻo ka palapala hoʻolaha hoʻolaha a Honeywell e hoʻokūpaʻa ana i ka T-Hawk "mālama i nā ola" - ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe koa e hoʻohana ana iā lākou e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā alanui, e hoʻopaʻa i nā palena, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pōkā ma ke alanui. Eia kekahi, ʻōlelo ka poʻe kākoʻo, ma muli o kā lākou ʻimi pololei ʻana a no ka ʻike kikoʻī i hāʻawi ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana unmanned, ʻaʻole pale wale ka ʻenehana i nā koa, akā ʻo nā kānaka kīwila pū kekahi e noho kokoke ana i ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia no ka pepehi kanaka.
ʻO ia mau ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi e hūnā i ka "hōʻino koʻikoʻi" i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hahau UAV: kahi New America Foundation hoike Ua hōʻike ʻia ua pepehi ʻia nā haneli o nā makaʻāinana Pakistan e ka hana UAV mai ka makahiki 2004.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā UAV ke hoʻonui i ka hiki ke kaua. Ma kahi hālāwai liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka ethics ma ka hōʻike Denver, ua kamaʻilio ʻo Noel Sharkey, ke kaukaʻi o ka naʻauao artificial a me nā robotics ma ke Kulanui o Sheffield ma ʻEnelani, i kēia mea. Ua ʻae ʻo Sharkey e ʻoi aku ka pololei o nā UAV. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi no ka pepehi kanaka i manaʻo ʻia, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻomake ʻana i kahi ʻāpana. Ma ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻo Sharkey, he ʻano hoʻopunipuni ko lākou pololei - ʻo nā pahuhopu i loko o nā hale, a ʻo ka huli ʻana e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka naʻauao hewa pinepine. A ʻo ka paona i kau ʻia ma luna o ka pololei e hoʻopio i nā manaʻo pili kānāwai o ka honua: ʻAʻole ʻae ka hahau UAV i ke kaʻina kūpono a hāʻawi ʻia paha.
ʻAe nā UAV iā Wakinekona e hana i nā mea ʻaʻole ia e hana. Ua haʻi aku kahi mea hana CIA i hoʻomaha loa iā Sharkey, me ka ʻole o nā UAV, ʻaʻole hiki i ka pūʻali koa ke hoʻouka i nā pahuhopu ma nā ʻāina e like me Pakistan, Somalia, a me Yemen. No Sharkey, hōʻike kēia i nā robots ʻaʻole he mea hou i nā mea kaua. Akā, hana lākou i nā ala hou loa e hoʻouka kaua. Ke alakaʻi nei nā robots i kahi asymmetry e lilo ai ke kaua e like me ka terrorism. Ma ka hihia o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka emi ʻana o ka pilikia i nā koa ʻAmelika, ʻo ia ka mea e emi pū ana ka kūʻē ʻana o ka lehulehu i ke kaua. Ma kēia mea, aia nā UAV i ka wā lōʻihi e hiki ai i ke kaua - ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻai no ka hoʻopakele ola.
Ua hoʻohana nā mākaʻi UK i nā micro UAV e nānā i ka 'anti-social behavior,' e like me nā kūʻē politika.
ʻO ka leo o Sharkey he mea kūʻē ʻole mai ka manaʻo nui ma Denver a me Wakinekona, ʻo ia ka mea e paʻa ana he "mea hana ʻē aʻe i loko o ka pahu hana" nā UAV. Mai kēia hiʻohiʻona, he nui ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻenehana - hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokuʻi i ke kui me ka hāmare, a i ʻole ʻoki i ka iwi poʻo-a no laila ʻaʻole kūʻokoʻa i ke ʻano politika. Akā e like me ka manaʻo o Sharkey, hiki i nā ʻenehana ke hoʻololi.
Ua like ka manaʻo o ka home: e hōʻoia paha nā UAV he mea hana ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole e loli paha? E hoʻololi maoli paha lākou i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā hui manuahi?
ʻAʻole paha mākou i ʻike i nā pilikia maoli o nā noi kūloko a hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā UAV hou aku, akā ʻaʻole paha i mamao loa kēlā manawa. ʻEono mau keʻena mākaʻi ma Kanada a me nā keʻena he nui ma ʻEulopa i hoʻohana i nā mea hana. Ma Kanada ua kaupalena ʻia kā lākou hoʻouna ʻana i nā wahi liʻiliʻi no nā kumu mai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā wikiō o nā hiʻohiʻona hewa a hiki i ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i nā ala hoʻopiʻi i manaʻo ʻia ma ka palena o US. Ma United Kingdom, ua hoʻohana nā keʻena mākaʻi kūloko i nā micro UAV no nā makahiki i hala iho nei e hana i nā hana ʻimi-a-hoʻopakele, kōkua i ka hopu ʻana i pili i ka lāʻau, a nānā i nā "hana kū'ē i ka pilikanaka," e like me ke kūʻē ʻana i kahi hui o ka poʻe. racist British National Party i ʻAukake 2009.
Manaʻo nā mana o UK e hoʻohana i nā UAV ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka ikaika, a ma kahi ʻano i hoʻonui nui ʻia, i ka wā e hiki mai ana. E like me na palapala i loaa mai eke Kahu, Hoʻolālā ka Home Office o Pelekane e hoʻohana i nā UAV ʻano koa no ka mākaʻi i ka ʻOlumepika kauwela 2012. Eia kekahi, ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻoihana mākaʻi ʻeono o UK no kahi papahana pailaka e hoʻohana i nā UAV no ka "nānā, ka nānā ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili hōʻike." Manaʻo nā luna e hoʻokomo ʻia nā UAV i "ka hana maʻamau a nā mākaʻi, nā luna palena a me nā keʻena aupuni ʻē aʻe" ma waena o United Kingdom.
I kēia manawa, ua kūʻē ka Civil Aviation Authority, ka United Kingdom e like me ka FAA, i ka laikini ʻana o ia mau mokulele i ka mokulele "maʻamau" ma muli o ka makaʻu i nā hui ʻana, akā ʻo ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻenehana "sense and avoid" hiki ke waiho i kēia mau hopohopo hoomaha iloko o kekahi mau makahiki. ʻOiai ka hopena o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i nā UAV, wahi a Stephen Graham, Polofesa o nā kūlanakauhale a me ka Society ma ke Kulanui o Newcastle, "ʻoi aku ka hopohopo nui e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono a me ka mālama ʻana i ka nānā drone o ke ola kīwila Pelekane ua ʻike ʻia ma muli o kona nele." Ke hopohopo nei ʻo Graham ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono e pono ai ma United Kingdom e "pale aku i nā keʻena hoʻokō kānāwai mai ka hōʻino ʻana i nā hoʻonui radical i ko lākou mau mana e mākaʻikaʻi a hūnā i nā ʻano āpau o ke ola kīwila 24 mau hola i ka lā."
Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka FAA ikaika e pili ana i ke komo ʻana i ka mokulele i kekahi mau keʻena, e like me ka Los Angeles County Sheriff's, e hoʻopaʻa i kā lākou hoʻolālā UAV. Akā ke koi nei nā keʻena federal ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻohana nui ʻana. I ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻomaka ka National Institute of Justice (NIJ), ka lima noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka 'Oihana Hoʻokolokolo kōkua i ka hoʻokō kānāwai kūloko e kiʻi i nā mea hana mokulele haʻahaʻa. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ʻo Tim Adelman, he loio loea i nā mea mokulele, e alakaʻi i ka papahana. ʻOiai ua pāpā ʻia nā helikopa i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hapa nui o nā keʻena, ʻo UAS, wahi a Adelman, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia ma kahi o $20,000 e kūʻai ai a he mau peni wale nō i hoʻokahi hola e hana ai.
ʻO ke keʻena o ka Makai Nui o ka moku nui ʻo Mesa County o Colorado kekahi o nā mea pōmaikaʻi o ka NIJ initiative. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Ben Miller, ka luna hoʻomalu o ka Makai Nui, e nānā i kahi ʻōnaehana unmanned i Iune 2008; Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hiki i ka mākaʻikaʻi mokulele ma Mesa County ke kōkua i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā poʻe nalowale a mālama i nā mākaʻi mai kahi pōʻino.
Me ke alakaʻi ʻana mai ka NIJ a me ke kākoʻo mai nā hoa hana, ua loaʻa iā Miller ka ʻae ʻia mai ka FAA e hoʻohana i ka Draganflyer X6 Helicopter, he helikopter liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ʻehā paona, me ʻehā mau wāwae wili a me ʻelua skid haiki no nā wāwae.
Ua manaʻo ke kalana i nā makaʻu kaulana o "mission creep," kahi e hoʻonui ai ka mana o nā mākaʻi ma mua o nā mea i koi ʻia e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu i ʻōlelo ʻia. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ke Keʻena Makai Nui i nā kamaʻāina "ʻaʻole he mea hou nā maka i ka lewa," e like me kā Miller i ʻōlelo ai - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana o nā satellites, nā mokulele kanaka, a me nā pahu kiʻi kiʻi ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā micro UAV. I kekahi hihia, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Miller i ka lehulehu ʻaʻole hoʻohana kāna keʻena i kāna UAV no ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i ke kaiāulu, akā e pane i ka hewa a me ka hoʻoweliweli i ka palekana o ka lehulehu.
Ma ke ʻano ʻino loa - ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hāmeʻa mai ka lewa a hahau i kahi hale a i ʻole kekahi kanaka - ʻo kāna kaumaha māmā, wahi a Miller, e pale i ka pōʻino koʻikoʻi. A no ka hui ʻana me nā mokulele ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa kahi e lele ai nā micro UAV i mea hopohopo ʻole, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia.
Ma ka hālāwai kūkā 2010 o ka hui kākoʻo UAV nui loa o ka honua, ua hoʻokipa ʻia nā ʻōpio kula waena a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe e kahi heluhelu wikiō, 'he ʻoluʻolu nā robots.'
Mai ʻAukake 2009, ua hoʻolele ke keʻena i kāna UAV ma kahi wahi liʻiliʻi i ʻae ʻia o ka waiwai o ke kalana, no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. No ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka UAV ma waho o ka wahi i kuhikuhi ʻia, pono ke keʻena e noi i kahi palapala hōʻoia o ka hana pilikia. Lawe ʻia ka ʻae ʻia mai 45 mau minuke a ʻelua mau hola, e hoʻohana pono ʻole ai ka UAV i ka wā e makemake nui ai ka 'Oihana e kau iā ia. ʻO ia mau hihia ke hana mau nei, e like me ka Miller.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Miller ua loaʻa i ke Keʻena Makai Nui kāna "holomua nui" i ka wā i alakaʻi ai i ʻewalu mau mokulele UAV no ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi kanaka nalo i makaʻu ʻia e nalowale ma kahi mamao o ke kalana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā luna ke kanaka - ʻaʻole i loaʻa - ua manaʻo lākou ʻaʻole ʻo ia ma ia wahi. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Miller i ka ʻike waiwai i loaʻa iā ia a me kāna mau hoa hana mai ka hana.
Manaʻolana ʻo Adelman lāua ʻo Miller e wehe koke ka FAA i nā palena o nā UAV liʻiliʻi. "ʻO ka poʻe predator, hiki i nā mea āpau ke ʻae, pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia," wahi a Miller, e pili ana i nā UAV he nui i hoʻonohonoho mau ʻia no ka holo pana ʻana ma Pakistan a me Afghanistan. "He ʻelua paona kekahi mea." I kēia manawa ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale ka FAA ma waena o nā mea ʻelua. Manaʻo ʻo Miller ʻo kahi hapa o ka pilikia ka nele o ka ʻikepili kahi e hiki ai i ka FAA ke hoʻokumu i kāna mau hoʻoholo - ʻaʻole lawa nā hōʻike o nā micro UAV e hoʻohana palekana ʻia no nā kumu mākaʻi. Ma kēia mea, wahi a Miller, i kēlā me kēia manawa e ʻae ʻia kāna keʻena, loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻikepili hou, ʻo ia hoʻi, hāʻawi i nā hōʻike i ka FAA o ka palekana a me ka pono o ka ʻenehana. Ua wānana ʻo Miller i ka wā e loli mau ai nā palena, e lilo nā UAV liʻiliʻi i mea pono e pono ai no nā keʻena hoʻokō kānāwai o US: "ʻO ia ka taser aʻe."
Pahee pahee
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike taser a Miller, ʻoi aku paha ka hōʻoluʻolu ma mua o kona manaʻo.
Ua puka mua ʻia ʻo Tasers i nā makahiki 1970, akā ʻo kā lākou hoʻohana ākea ʻia e nā keʻena mākaʻi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me nā hiʻohiʻona hou aʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka makahiki 1999 a me 2003. ʻO nā mea hana Taser a me nā tausani o nā keʻena hoʻokō kānāwai o ʻAmelika e haʻi nei iā lākou he palekana ma mua o nā mea maʻamau. nā mea kaua no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kānaka weliweli a hakakā paha a ʻōlelo lākou ua hōʻemi lākou i nā mea make ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā luna i kahi mea hana make ʻole.
Akā, ua hāpai ka poʻe kānalua i nā kānalua koʻikoʻi. Wahi a ka Amnesty International hōʻike ʻOi aku ma mua o ka Lethal?, 334 poʻe—ma kahi o 90 pakeneka ʻaʻohe mea kaua, a he nui ka poʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia he mea hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi-ua make ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma hope o ka haʻalulu ʻana me nā taser a i ʻole nā mea kaua ikaika i alakaʻi ʻia ma waena o Iune 2001 a me ʻAukake 2008. "Ua wehe maoli ʻia i ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana no ka mea maʻalahi lākou e lawe a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohana a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokau i ka ʻeha nui ma ke kaomi ʻana i kahi pihi me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i nā hōʻailona nui."
ʻO ka ʻike taser e kamaʻilio i ʻelua pilikia nui e pili ana i nā ʻenehana. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole ʻike mau ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka hoʻomaka. A, ʻo ka lua, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o Langdon Winner i kāna puke maʻamau 1986, ʻO ka Whale a me ka Reactor: He ʻimi no nā palena i kahi makahiki o ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻenehana maoli ka politika, pili i nā pilina o ka mana a me ka mana. No ka mea, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻenehana i loko o kahi moena ākea, ʻaʻole ia he mau mea hana. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou i nā ʻōnaehana kaiapili a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, "he ʻāpana o ko mākou ʻano kanaka." No laila, ʻo kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana e noʻonoʻo i nā mea nui o nā mana koʻikoʻi o kahi hui.
No laila ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ke kūʻai aku nei ka NIJ i nā mākaʻi kūloko ma nā UAV ʻaʻole wale ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ko lākou waiwai i nā hana ʻimi a hoʻopakele, akā i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka marijuana a me ka interception narcotics. ʻO ka mea a lākou e kamaʻilio ʻole ai—i ʻole e hoʻoweliweli i ka lehulehu—ʻo ia ka holo wikiwiki ʻana, wahi a Adelman.
No laila, ʻoiai ke manaʻo nei ʻo Miller e hoʻohana i nā UAV ma Mesa County no ka hoʻopakele ʻana i nā keiki nalowale, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kānāwai UAV e pili ana i nā kaua pili ʻana o Wakinekona i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻoweliweli, a me nā malihini "ʻae ʻole", me nā hopena hoʻopilikia āpau no ke kīwila a me ke kanaka. kuleana o ia mau papahana. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā UAV i kēia mau "kaua," i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano hana kūpono ʻole, he mea ʻai ia no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā pae i ʻae ʻole ʻia o ka mākaʻi a me ka hana hoʻomāinoino. I kēia mahina ʻo Kepakemapa i hala, no ka laʻana, ua koi ʻia ke kiaʻāina ʻo Pennsylvania ʻo Ed Rendell e kala aku ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa "counter-terrorism" i ʻaelike ʻia e ke Office of Homeland Security o ka mokuʻāina e mākaʻikaʻi ana i nā mea antiwar a me nā mea hoʻoikaika i nā malihini a me nā mea kaiapuni e hoʻonohonoho kūʻē i ke kinoea maoli. wili ʻana.
Aʻo no ka wā e hiki mai ana
Aia ka nui o nā ʻōnaehana unmanned a me nā ʻenehana pili i ka papa noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Loaʻa i nā papahana hou nā kaʻa mākaʻikaʻi nui i hiki ke lele ma nā puka makani hāmama, kahi pū mīkini a mea hoʻolele grenade i kau ʻia ma luna o kahi lopako hehi ʻia, kahi humvee lele, a me kahi UAV ikaika i ka lā e hiki ke noho i ka lewa no nā makahiki ʻelima me ka ʻole o ka pae ʻana. . A laila aia ka “snake-bot”—he lopako uila e like me ka nahesa me nā mea ʻike e ʻike a lohe. hoʻoili Ua hōʻike ʻo ia e hiki i kēia robo-snake ke "holo me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ma waena o ka mauʻu a hāpai i kona poʻo e nānā a puni, a piʻi paha i kahi lāʻau no ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana. ʻO ia paha ke kiu robot maikaʻi loa. "
Hoʻomaka ka nui o ka nānā ʻana a me nā ʻenehana mea kaua i loko o nā keʻena koa. ʻO DARPA (ka Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency), ke keʻena noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka Pentagon, he incubator nui. Aia nō ka Air Force Research Lab, e like me ka Pūnaewele maikaʻi hoike, ua hoʻokuʻu i kahi wikiō e pili ana i nā micro UAV e hiki ke lawe i nā "kemika incapacitating, combustible payloads, a i ʻole nā mea pahū no ka hiki ke koho pololei." No ka mea, ua pau ka papahana—i kapa ʻia ma hope o Anubis, ke akua kahiko o ʻAigupita o ka poʻe i make, ua manaʻo ʻo Sharon Weinberger, ka mea kākau o ka hōʻike, aia paha nā micro UAV lethal i ke kula. Ke ho'āʻo nei hoʻi e hopu i "nā manamana lima wela" mai ka lewa a me nā papahana e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pahu hopu me nā pena ola ʻike ʻole a i ʻole nā mea ʻike micromechanical i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā UAV, no laila e hiki ai ke nānā mai kahi mamao.
Inā hoʻohālikelike nā mea nui o ka pūʻali koa-ʻoihana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā UAV, pēlā pū lākou e hana ai i ka loko o nā mea noiʻi e hiki mai ana. Hoʻomaka ka pūʻali koa i ka ʻōpio: Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Navy Admiral Gary Roughead ma Denver i kekahi o nā hālāwai plenary i kēlā me kēia lā e hiki iā ia ke "ʻaʻole i hoʻoikaika nui . . . He mea nui ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻepekema, ʻenehana, ʻenekinia, a me ka makemakika ma nā kula haʻahaʻa a me waena.
Ma waho aʻe o ka huli ʻana a me ka hoʻopakele ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā mākaʻi UAV e pili pū me nā kaua pili o Wakinekona i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻoweliweli, a me nā malihini 'hewa' ole.
Ma waena o ka poʻe e pane ana i kēlā mau kelepona ʻo DARPA. Wahi a ka 28 Kepakemapa 2010 o ka Pentagon's Kākoʻo ʻia me ka ʻepekema Webcast, Ke hoʻolilo nei ʻo DARPA i $10 miliona i loko o kahi papahana ʻehā makahiki i kapa ʻia ʻo MENTOR (Manufacturing Experimentation and Outreach) e ʻimi nei e "hoʻomohala a hoʻoikaika i kahi hanauna hou o nā mea hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana a me nā mea hana hou," a "e hoʻāla i ka makemake no ka ʻimi ʻana ma waena o ko mākou lāhui. ʻōpio." Manaʻolana e hiki i hoʻokahi kaukani kula kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO kahi hoʻoikaika hui i kapa ʻia ʻo Robotour kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā hōʻike AUVSI. Ma ka ʻaha kūkā o ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻokipa ʻia ka nui o nā ʻōpio kula waena a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe i kā lākou huakaʻi alakaʻi i ka hale hōʻikeʻike e kahi wikiō heluhelu ʻana, "Robots are WAY Cool (And So Are the Humans Who Create Them)."
ʻO Daryl Davidson—ke poʻo o ka AUVSI Foundation, ka lima hoʻonaʻauao o AUVSI, nona kāna ʻoihana "e hoʻolako i nā hana robotic lima e hoihoi a hoʻokūkū i nā haumāna o nā pae āpau, a e hoʻowalewale iā lākou e ʻimi i kahi ʻoihana ma ke kahua o ka robotics"— wehe i ka hanana. Ma hope o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻike o ke kahua o "kahi honua kahi e pale ʻia ai ke ola kanaka e ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā ʻenehana robotic," ua hoʻopuka ʻo Davidson i kahi wikiō ʻewalu mau minuke e hōʻike ana i nā kiʻi o nā kaʻa ʻole i ka neʻe ʻana ma ka ʻāina, ke kai, a me ka ea. ʻAʻohe hiʻohiʻona o ke kaua, a he nui nā kaʻa i hana i nā hana i ʻike ʻole ʻia e pili ana i ka pūʻali koa. Akā ʻo nā kiʻi o nā koa ʻaʻahu ʻaʻahu, nā kaʻa i pena ʻia i ke ʻano pūʻali koa—ʻo kekahi me nā hōʻailona US ma luna o lākou-a me nā UAV e hoʻoponopono ana i nā crosshair ma luna o nā kānaka a me nā kaʻa, me ke mele ʻana i ka adrenaline-pumping background, me he mea lā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ʻike utopia o Davidson.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōlelo a ka poʻe i hele i ke kaumaha kaumaha o AUVSI. Ma kahi hālāwai plenary, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Army Brigadier General Jake Polumbo i ka pono "e lawe aku i nā poʻe ʻino." Pēlā nō, haʻi aku ʻo Dyke Weatherington, Hope Luna Hoʻokele o Unmanned Warfare ma ka Pentagon, i ka poʻe i ʻākoakoa, "ʻAʻole e hele ka poʻe ʻino." A ua ʻōlelo ʻo Roughhead, "ʻO kā mākou makemake i ka Navy e noho mau i ka honua." ʻO ka mākaukau pūʻali koa, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, he mea koʻikoʻi i loko o kahi honua i "pilikia" a "ʻike ʻole ʻia." Me nā leo e kākoʻo i kā mākou "kaua kaua" i kāhea pinepine ʻia, ʻo ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana no nā UAV e kōkua maoli i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka wāwae o ka pūʻali koa honua o Wakinekona a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hoʻolimalima pale-e like me ke koena o ka honua i hui pū ʻia-i nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana.
Ua pōmaikaʻi nā mea hana o nā ʻōnaehana unmanned mai kēlā hoʻolimalima. ʻO ka Los Angeles Times hōʻike i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala aku nei ua hoʻolilo ka Pentagon i $ 20 biliona ma nā ʻōnaehana mokulele unmanned, a ua hoʻolilo ʻo CIA a me Congress i nā piliona kālā. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hōʻike AUVSI iā ia iho i ʻelima mau manawa i ka makahiki i hala. Ma Kaleponi Hema wale nō, hoʻohana ka ʻoihana UAV ma kahi o 10,000 mau kānaka.
ʻO nā kumukūʻai a me nā hopena
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe kumu e makaʻu ai e hoʻopau koke ʻia nā humvees lele a me nā mea hoʻolele grenade i kau ʻia ma luna o nā robots hehi ʻia i loko o nā mea kaua o ka oihana mākaʻi kūloko, a i ʻole ma ka palena ʻo US-Mexico. Akā, no ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home o nā kaʻa ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia mai ka pūʻali koa-industrial complex i hoʻāla ai iā lākou (ʻoi loa i ka wā ma hope o 9/11), ʻoi aku paha ka nui o nā mea kaua i puka mai. mai ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana unmanned-systems e hoʻopau ʻia i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Pono mākou e hopohopo? ʻO ka mea kupanaha loa e pili ana i ka AUVSI 2010 a me ka ʻenehana ʻenehana UAV Caucus ʻo ka aneane pau ʻole o ka poʻe i hele mai a me ka poʻe i komo i ka manaʻo e loaʻa paha kahi haʻahaʻa - ke kanaka, kālā, a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe - i ka pili ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana unmanned a me ka lāhui nui. -paʻa palekana kahi i komo ai lākou. ʻO kēlā mau haʻahaʻa e pili pono ana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā pono ʻole e hoʻopilikia nei i ka ʻAmelika a me ka honua. He ʻoiaʻiʻo lākou a ke ulu nei, a ʻaʻole hiki ke loli me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea nui o ka ʻāina.
Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka ʻepekema pili honua a me ka pūʻali koa i hoʻomaha ʻia ʻo Andrew BacevichNā rula o Wakinekona: ʻO ke ala o ʻAmelika i ke kaua mau ʻO ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēia manawa ʻo nā mea nui o ka palekana aupuni ke kumu o ka militarism pau ʻole a me kahi moku kālai'āina-hoʻokele waiwai. Ma kahi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kahi kulekele ʻAmelika e pili ana i ka interventionism honua - me kāna hana ʻino a pau - ua ʻae kēia mau mea nui iā Wakinekona e hoʻopanee a nānā ʻole i nā pilikia e koi ana i ka nānā ʻana ma ka home.
No laila, inā he mau mea paahana wale nō nā UAV, e hāpai mau ana ia mau hopena i kahi nīnau koʻikoʻi: no wai a no ke aha ka pahu hana?
ʻO Joseph Nevins he hoa kaukaʻi o ka palapala honua ma Vassar College. Ua ʻike ʻia kāna mau kākau ʻana i nā puke he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi: The Christian Science Monitor, The International Herald Tribune, The Nation, Los Angeles Times, The Progressive, a me The Washington Post. ʻO ia ka mea kākau o nā puke he nui, ʻo kāna mea hou loa Make e ola: He moʻolelo o ka neʻe ʻana o ʻAmelika i kahi makahiki o Global Apartheid, i paʻi ʻia ma ka Open Media Series e City Lights Books, www.citylights.com
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
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