Hiki i nā kaukani o nā papahana hoʻokele waiwai like ʻole, a ʻaʻa kūloko, a me ke kumu o ke kumu no kahi koho democratic kūpono i ka kapitalisme? Me he mea lā ʻaʻole paha e hiki i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e like me ka limahana, nā mea kūʻai, a me nā hui hale, nā kālā kaiāulu, nā kīhāpai kūlanakauhale, nā hui kālepa kūpono, nā kaiāulu i manaʻo ʻia, a me nā hui kōkua kōkua kaiāulu e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ke kukui i nā mea āpau a me nā mea āpau. hoʻokele waiwai hoʻokele waiwai. ʻO kēia mau 'mokupuni o nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kai kapitalista' he liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano, haʻahaʻa i nā kumuwaiwai, a liʻiliʻi ka pūnaewele. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui i kekahi i kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kā lākou hana me nā hiʻohiʻona nui a paʻa o kahi ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka capitalism, ua pena pinepine ʻia nā papahana hoʻokele democratic i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he mau hana hanohano akā ʻokiʻoki ʻia, e hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mana o ka mākeke. Akā hiki ʻole kēia? Hiki paha i ka poʻe hana hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e hana ana i nā ala e kū ai i nā pono kumu o ko lākou mau kaiāulu i ka wā e hoʻoulu ai i ka demokala a me ka hoʻopono, ke kanu nei i nā hua o kekahi ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i waena o mākou? Hiki i ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻupena ākea, ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa democratic like ʻole a me nā hui hoʻololi kaiapili i loko o nā pūnaewele o ka ʻike like ʻana a me ke kākoʻo, e hoʻoulu i kahi neʻe kaiāulu a me ka ʻike waiwai e hiki ai ke hoʻokūkū i ke kauoha kapitalista honua?
I kēia mau manaʻo wiwo ʻole, hoʻonohonoho nā mea hoʻokele waiwai a puni ka honua ma lalo o ka hae o economÃa solidaria, a i 'ole ka 'solidarity economics,' e pane i ka 'ae!' ʻO kēia mau ʻike hou a lalo o ka hana, hoʻololi, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana e kūkulu nei i ke kumu no ka mea a ka poʻe e kapa nei he 'moʻomeheu hou a me nā ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai.'
Nā kumu o ka hoʻokele waiwai Solidarity
Ua puka mai ka manaʻo a me ka hana o ka 'solidarity economics' ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka waena o 1980s a ua mohala ma ka waena a hiki i ka hopena o nā makahiki 90, ma ke ʻano he hui ʻana o ʻekolu mau ʻano kaiapuni. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka hoʻokele waiwai i ʻike ʻia e ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana o ke kaiāulu, i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻaiʻē a me nā papahana hoʻoponopono kūkulu ʻia i kau ʻia e ka International Monetary Fund, ua koi ʻia nā kaiāulu he nui e hoʻomohala a hoʻoikaika i nā ala noʻonoʻo, kūʻokoʻa a me nā ʻano aʻa kūloko e hālāwai ai i nā pono kumu. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau hana e like me nā hui limahana a me nā mea hana, nā hui kaiāulu a me nā kaiāulu, nā hui mālama kālā a me nā hōʻaiʻē, nā lumi kuke hui, a me nā hui kōkua ʻole o nā limahana hana ʻole.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka hauʻoli i ka moʻomeheu o ka ʻoihana mākeke nui i alakaʻi i nā pūʻulu o nā poʻe i ʻoi aku ka pono o ka ʻoihana e ʻimi i nā ala hou e hoʻoulu ai i nā ola a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā lawelawe. Mai ka hapa nui o ka 'counter-culture' waena - e like me ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai ka makahiki 1960 - ua puka mai nā papahana e like me nā hui kūʻai aku, nā ʻoihana mālama keiki a me nā hana mālama ola kino, nā hui hale, nā kaiāulu i manaʻo ʻia, a me nā kaiaola.
He mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ka papa a me ka moʻomeheu ma waena o kēia mau hui ʻelua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā hana a lākou i hana ai i kaʻana like i kahi pūʻulu maʻamau o nā waiwai hana: ka hui pū ʻana, ka mana kūʻokoʻa mai nā mana kikowaena, a me ka hoʻokele ponoʻī ʻana e ko lākou mau lālā.
ʻO ke kolu o nā ʻano hana e hoʻopili ai i nā ʻano ʻelua o ka hoʻokele waiwai ʻana i kekahi i kekahi a me ka ʻatikala socioeconomic nui aʻe: ua hoʻomaka nā neʻe kūloko a me nā ʻāpana kūloko e hana i nā pilina honua e kūʻē i nā ikaika o ka neoliberal a me ka neocolonial globalization. I ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi koho democratic i ka honua kapitalista a me ka socialism mokuʻāina, ua ʻike kēia mau neʻe i nā papahana hoʻokele kaiaulu ma ke ʻano he mau mea nui o ka hui kaiaulu ʻē aʻe.
Ma ka First Latin Encuentro of Solidarity Culture and Socioeconomy, i mālama ʻia ma 1998 ma Porto Alegre, Brazil, ua hoʻokumu nā mea komo mai Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Colombia, a me Sepania. ʻulaʻula latinoamericana de la economÃa solidaria (Latin American Solidarity Economy Network). I loko o kahi ʻōlelo, ua haʻi ka Network, 'Ua ʻike mākou he nui nā mea like ʻole o kā mākou ʻike: he makewai no ka hoʻopono, kahi loina o ke komo ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me nā kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokele ponoʻī a me ke kūʻokoʻa.' Ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia mau ʻike like ʻole i ke kākoʻo like ʻana, ua hoʻolaha lākou, hiki ke hana i kahi 'socioeconomy of solidarity e like me ke ʻano o ke ola e hoʻopuni ana i ka huina o ke kanaka.'
Mai ka makahiki 1998, ua ulu kēia ʻano hoʻokele waiwai i loko o kahi neʻe honua. ʻO ka World Social Forum mua ma 2001 i hōʻailona i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Global Network of the Solidarity Socioeconomy, i hānai nui ʻia e kahi hui hana honua o ka Alliance for a Responsible, Plural, and United World. I ka manawa o ka 2004 World Social Forum ma Mumbai, India, ua ulu ka Global Network e hoʻokomo i 47 mau ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai aupuni a me nā ʻāpana āpau mai kahi kokoke i nā ʻāina āpau, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻumi kaukani o nā hoʻolālā waiwai democratic ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka World Social Forum hou loa ma Venezuela, ʻo nā kumuhana hoʻokele waiwai i manaʻo ʻia he hapakolu o ka papahana holoʻokoʻa.
Ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai
Akā he aha ke ʻano o kēia 'solidarity economic approach'? No kekahi poʻe theorists o ka neʻe ʻana, hoʻomaka ia me ka wehewehe hou ʻana o ka wahi waiwai ponoʻī. ʻO ka moʻolelo neoclassical koʻikoʻi e pena i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma ke ʻano he wahi kūʻokoʻa kahi e ʻimi ai nā mea hana mākeke (nā ʻoihana a i ʻole nā kānaka) e hoʻonui i kā lākou loaʻa i loko o kahi pōʻaiapili o nā kumuwaiwai liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokani kēia mau mea keaka i kā lākou mau keaka ʻimi waiwai ma ke kahua i wehewehe ʻia e ka dynamics o ka mākeke a me ka mokuʻāina. Ke kūʻē nei i kēia ala haʻiki, ʻo ka ʻoihana lokahi e pili ana i ka ʻike lehulehu a me ka moʻomeheu o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma ke ʻano he wahi paʻakikī o ka pilina pilikanaka kahi e hana ai nā kānaka, nā kaiāulu, a me nā hui i nā ola ma o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo like ʻole - ʻaʻole wale ka hoʻonui ʻana waiwai pakahi. ʻO ka hana hoʻokele waiwai i hōʻoia ʻia e nā neoclassical economists, ma kēia manaʻo, he hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō o nā hana kanaka e hoʻokō i nā pono a hoʻokō i nā makemake.
He aha ka mea e kākoʻo ai iā mākou i ka wā i pani ʻia ai nā hale hana, i ka wā e piʻi ai ka wai, a i ʻole ka lawa ʻole o ka uku? I ke alo o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mākeke a me ka mokuʻāina, ola pinepine mākou ma o nā pilina hoʻonohonoho ponoʻī o ka mālama, ka hui ʻana, a me ke kaiāulu. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka moʻomeheu kapitalista i ka hoʻokūkū a me ka manaʻo ponoʻī, ʻo nā hana kumu o ka lokahi kanaka ke kumu i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kaiāulu a me ke kaiāulu. 'O ka 'oia'i'o, hiki i ka 'oihana Kapitalisma ke loa'a mai i kona hiki ke ho'ohui a ho'ohui i kēia mau pilina o ka launa pū 'ana a me ke kōkua like 'ana.
I ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻāpana o ka 'hoʻokele waiwai,' ʻoi aku ka ʻoihana lokahi me nā kahawai ʻē aʻe o ka manaʻo hoʻokele waiwai radical o kēia wā. No ka laʻana, ua manaʻo nā mea hoʻokele waiwai Marxist e like me Stephen Resnick lāua ʻo Richard Wolff, he nui nā 'ʻano hana' e noho pū ana me ke ʻano hana uku-lima. Ua hōʻike ka poʻe hoʻokele waiwai wahine i ka hūnā ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā manaʻo neoclassical i nā ʻano kumu o ke ola a me ka hana mālama i hana pinepine ʻia e nā wahine. ʻO ke kanaka kālaihonua wahine ʻo JK Gibson-Graham, ma kāna mau puke ʻO ka hopena o ka Capitalism (E like me kā mākou i ʻike ai) (1998) a me ka He Kalaiaina Postcapitalist (2006), hoʻohui i kēia a me nā kahawai ʻē aʻe o ka noʻonoʻo i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka 'kuanaʻike kālā like ʻole.' Ke kamaʻilio nei i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai solidarity, nīnau ʻo ia, 'Inā mākou i ʻike i ka ʻāina hoʻokele waiwai me ka ʻole o ka colonized, homogenized, systematized, ʻaʻole paha mākou e ʻike i nā wehe no nā papahana o ka mea noʻonoʻo noncapitalist? ʻAʻole anei mākou e ʻimi i nā ala e kūkulu ai i nā kaiāulu a me nā hui like ʻole, e kūkulu ana ma luna o nā mea e noho nei?'
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hana mua o ka ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i nā hana hoʻokele waiwai i kēia manawa - ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia a i ʻole ka palena i ka lens nui - e hoʻoikaika i ka hui ʻana, hanohano, kaulike, hoʻoholo ponoʻī, a me ka demokala. ʻO Carola Reintjes o ka hui kālepa kūʻokoʻa Spanish Iniciativas de economÃa alternativa y solidaria (IDEAS), 'aʻole ia he māhele o ka hoʻokele waiwai, akā he ala transversal e komo ana i nā hana ma nā ʻāpana āpau.' Ke ʻoki nei kēia papahana i nā laina kuʻuna o ka formal/informal, market/non-market, and social/economic in search of solidarity-based practices of production, exchange and consumption — mai nā hui limahana limahana i kūkulu ʻia ma ke kānāwai, e komo ana i ka mākeke kapitalista me ka hui. nā waiwai, i nā pūnaewele makana kaiāulu pili pili ʻole. (E nānā i ka 'A Map of the Solidarity Economy,' pp. 20-21.) Ma kahi hālāwai kūkā ma Dublin i ka makahiki 2000 ma ka 'Third Sector' (ka ʻāpana 'voluntary', e kū'ē ana i ka ʻāpana waiwai a me ka mokuʻāina). Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Brazilian activist ʻo Ana Mercedes Sarria Icaza penei: 'ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻana i kahi hoʻokele waiwai hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole ia e ʻōlelo i kahi universe homogeneous me nā ʻano like. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokele waiwai solidarity e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā ākea a me nā ʻano, e like me ka mea a mākou e kapa ai i nā 'ʻano kūlana' (ka nui, ka hoʻolālā, ka hoʻokele) e like me nā ʻano qualitative (nā pae o ka solidarity, democracy, dynamism, and self. -hooponopono).'
Ma kona kumu, ua hōʻole ka ʻoihana lokahi i nā hoʻonā hoʻokahi a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele waiwai hoʻokahi, me ka ʻae ʻana i ka manaʻo e hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona kanaka mai lalo i luna, i hana ʻia e ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia. E like me kā Marcos Arruda o ka Brazilian Solidarity Economy Network i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka World Social Forum i ka makahiki 2004, 'aʻole e kū mai kahi hoʻokele waiwai mai nā mea noʻonoʻo a me nā manaʻo; ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hakakā mōʻaukala koʻikoʻi o ke kanaka e ola a hoʻomohala iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he kanaka a me ka hui.' Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻokele waiwai paʻa i nā ʻike mōʻaukala o ka 'cooperative commonwealth,' ua ʻōlelo ʻo Henri de Roche 'o ka cooperativism kahiko he utopia i ka ʻimi ʻana i kāna hana a ʻo ka cooperativism hou he hana i ka ʻimi ʻana i kāna utopia.' ʻAʻole like me nā papahana hoʻokele waiwai ʻē aʻe i hiki mai ma mua, ʻaʻole ʻimi ka ʻoihana lokahi e kūkulu i kahi kumu hoʻohālike o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka hoʻokele waiwai, akā e ʻimi nei i kahi kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokele waiwai e hana ai nā hui, nā kaiāulu, a me nā neʻe kaiāulu e ʻike. hoʻoikaika, hoʻohui, a hoʻokumu i nā ala democratic a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ko lākou pono.
E puka wale mai ana ka holomua ma ke ano he hua o ka hui a paio. 'ʻO nā hana hou i ka micro level hiki ke ola a kūpono i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nohona,' wahi a Arruda, "inā e hui pū kekahi me kekahi e hoʻokumu i nā ʻoihana hui ākea ākea a me nā kaulahao paʻa o ka production-finance-distribution-consumption-education- kamaʻilio.' ʻO kēia paha ka puʻuwai o ka hoʻokele waiwai - ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hale like ʻole e kaʻana like i nā waiwai maʻamau i nā ala e hoʻoikaika ai i kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka palapala ʻana i ka ʻāina hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i nā 'chains of solidarity production,' hiki i nā mea hoʻonohonoho ke kūkulu i nā pilina o ke kōkua like ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā hana e hoʻonui ai i ko lākou ola hui. I ka manawa like, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻoihana e pili ana i ka lokahi a me nā neʻe ʻana i ka lehulehu nui e kūkulu i ke kākoʻo nui no ka ʻoihana lokahi ʻoiai e ʻae ana i nā neʻe e hoʻokō i kekahi o nā pono kumu o kā lākou poʻe komo, e hōʻike ana i nā koho kūpono, a pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ka mana a me ka laulā o kā lākou hana hoʻololi.
Ma Brazil, hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ikaika e ka Landless Workers Movement (MST). Ma ke ʻano he neʻe ākea a kaulana no ka hoʻoponopono waiwai a me ka hoʻoponopono agrarian, ua kūkulu ka MST i kahi papahana ikaika e hoʻohui pū ana i ka hana kaiāulu a me ka politika me ka hui like ʻana o ka ʻoihana waiwai. Mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka democratic, nā hoʻonohonoho hui ʻana ma ka ʻāina i hāʻawi hou ʻia mai nā konohiki waiwai ʻole a hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā huahana a me nā lawelawe, nā ʻupena o ka hoʻokele waiwai e hāʻawi nui i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻohana ʻoi aku ma mua o 300,000 - ma luna o kahi. miliona kanaka. ʻO ka Brazilian Solidarity Economy Forum, kahi o ka MST he ʻāpana, e hana ana ma kahi ākea ākea, e hoʻopili ana i ʻumikūmālua mau ʻupena aupuni a me nā hui lālā me nā hui Solidarity he iwakāluakūmākahi a me nā tausani o nā ʻoihana hui e kūkulu i nā ʻōnaehana kākoʻo like, hoʻoikaika i nā hoʻololi, hana. nā papahana incubator hui, a hoʻolālā i nā kulekele lehulehu.
Ke kukulu ana i ka nee ana
ʻO ka hiki no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻupena kūloko, ʻāina, a me ka honua holoʻokoʻa o ke kākoʻo a me ka hoʻololi ʻana he mea nui a ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻOiai ʻo kekahi mau ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Sepania, a me Venezuela, ua hoʻokumu i nā ʻoihana hoʻohui waiwai ikaika e pili ana me ka ulu ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka kekahi. He laʻana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Koe nae ka Hui Rural Coalition/Koalición Rural, he hui ʻoihana mahiʻai ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua aneane kaʻawale ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai nā kamaʻilio honua e pili ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai lokahi. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka poʻe i loko o ka 'opu o ka holoholona' e noʻonoʻo e hiki ke koho i nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka capitalism. Ua ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā hana hoʻokele waiwai ʻē aʻe ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua? He liʻiliʻi wale nā hoʻolālā e pili ana i ka hui like ʻana me ka pūnaewele?
Malia paha. Akā ke loli nei nā mea. Ke piʻi nei ka heluna o nā hui US, nā mea noiʻi, nā mea kākau, nā haumāna, a me nā kamaʻāina hopohopo e nīnau nei i ka dogma hoʻokele waiwai kapitalista a ke ʻimi nei i nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi nalu hou o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina ke hoʻoulu nei i ka hanauna hou o nā hui limahana, nā hana kālā kaiāulu, nā hui hale a me nā hui, nā papahana māla kaiāulu, nā hoʻolaha kālepa kūpono, nā hilinaʻi ʻāina kaiāulu, nā hale kūʻai puke anarchist ('infoshops'), a me nā kikowaena kaiāulu. ʻO nā hui e hana ana i nā papahana like ke hana nei i nā pilina me kekahi. E ʻākoakoa ana nā haneli o ka poʻe paʻahana mai nā ʻoihana hui like ʻole a puni ka ʻāina, no ka laʻana, ma New York City i kēia ʻOkakopa i ka hālāwai ʻelua o ka United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives (e nānā i ka ʻaoʻao 9). Ma ke aupuni o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻāpana āpau, ke hana nei kahi hui nui o nā hui e hana i kahi papa kuhikuhi ākea ākea o ka ʻoihana hui a me ka hoʻokele waiwai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada ma ke ʻano he mea hana no ka pūnaewele a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana.
ʻAʻole pono ke kiʻi ʻana, i loko o nā makahiki ʻelima a ʻumi paha, he 'US Solidarity Economy Summit' e hōʻuluʻulu ana i nā kaukani o nā ʻoihana democratic, a me nā kumu ʻāina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻike like ʻole, kūkulu i nā pilina. , a kau i ke kahua no ka US Solidarity Economy Alliance. E neʻe, e nā Luna Nui o ka Pāʻoihana Roundtable!
Manaʻo manaʻo? ʻAʻole paha. Ma ka ʻōlelo a ka mea hoʻokele waiwai a me ka mea hoʻonohonoho ʻo Argentinian ʻo Jose Luis Corragio, 'ʻo ka hiki ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nohona he mea paʻakikī loa ia; he mea pono ke kukuluia.' He kāhea kēia e hana.
He mea kākau ʻo Ethan Miller, mea hoʻokani pila, mea mahiʻai ola, a me ka mea hoʻonohonoho. He lālā o ka GEO Collective a me ka hui mele Riotfolk (www.riotfolk.org), noho ʻo ia a hana ʻo ia ma JED, kahi hui kōkua kōkua ʻāina ma Greene, Maine.
NĀ KUMU: Marcos Arruda, 'Solidarity Economy and the Rebirth of a Matristic Human Society,' World Social Forum, Mumbai, India, Ianuali 2004, www.socioeco.org; ʻO Jose Luis Corragio, 'Alternativas para o desenvolvimento humano em um world globalizado,' olelo Helu 72, 1997; JK Gibson-Graham, ʻO ka hopena o ka Capitalism (E like me kā mākou i ʻike ai), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006; JK Gibson-Graham, He Kalaiaina Postcapitalist, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006; Ana Mercedes Sarria Icaza, 'Tercer Sector y EconomÃa Solidaria en el Sur de Brasil: caracterÃsticas y perspectives,' www.trueque-marysierras.org.ar/BLES36.zip; ʻO ka Hui Latina ma kahi moʻomeheu a me kahi Socioeconomy of Solidarity, 'Letter from Porto Alegre,' Porto Alegre, Brazil, ʻAukake 1998, www.socioeco.org; Euclides Mance, 'Construindo a socio-economia solidaria no Brasil,' Hōʻike mai ka Hui Brazlilian Mua e pili ana i kahi moʻomeheu a me ka Socioeconomy o Solidarity, Rio de Janeiro, Iune 11-18, 2000; ʻO Ethan Miller, 'Solidarity Economics: Nā Hoʻolālā no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻoihana hou mai ka lalo a me ka loko-waho,' Greene, Maine. Mei, 2002, www.geo.coop; ʻO Carola Reintjas, 'He aha ka Solidarity Economy?' Life After Capitalism Talks, World Social Forum III, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2003, www.zmag.org/carolase.htm; ʻO Harriet Fraad, ʻo Stephen Resnick lāua ʻo Richard Wolff, Hoʻihoʻi mai i nā mea a pau i ka home: Papa, Ke kāne a me ka Mana i loko o ka Hale Hou, Lākana: Pluto Press, 1994; Workgroup on a Solidarity Socioeconomy, 'Exchanging Visions of a Solidarity Economy: Glossary of Important Terms and Expressions,' Nowemapa, 2005, www.socioeco.org.
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ʻO ka papahana Data Commons
ʻO ka Data Commons Project kahi hoʻoikaika like ʻana ma waena o nā ʻano hui like ʻole ma US a me Kanada e kaʻana like ana i kahi misionari o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi hoʻokele democratic a me ka ʻoihana. ʻO ka pahuhopu ka hoʻomohala pū ʻana i kahi waihona kikoʻī, ākea, ākea ākea o nā ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai a me ka lokahi ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ma ke ʻano he mea hana no ka hoʻokele waiwai democratic. Ke hana nei ka papahana e hoʻokō i kēia pahuhopu ma o nā hana pili ʻelua:
· Ka hana 'ana i ka 'ikepili commons' ma waena o nā hui he nui, i kūkulu 'ia mai nā hi'ohi'ona o ka wehe 'ana i ka 'ike, a me ka ho'ohui 'ana i nā 'ikepili hui 'oko'a i loko o ka waihona 'ikepili ma'amau.
· Ke hoʻolaha nei i kahi pūnaewele puni honua manuahi manuahi i kēia ʻikepili maʻamau, ma ke ʻano he mea hana e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā hui a me nā poʻe e hana ana no ka ʻoihana hui. Me ia ʻano interface, hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke holo i nā hulina ma ka inoa hoʻomaka, ka wahi ʻāina, ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā a i ʻole ka ʻoihana, a me ka huahana/lawelawe, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā papa kuhikuhi ponoʻī iā lākou iho (no laila he 'papa kuhikuhi hoʻoponopono pono'ī. ).
ʻO nā mea hana i kēia manawa i kēia papahana ʻo Grassroots Economic Organizing (GEO), ka US Federation of Worker Cooperatives (USFWC), North American Students of Cooperation (NASCO), Cooperative Development Institute (CDI), ka Regional Index of Cooperation (REGINA), Southern Appalachian Center for Cooperative Ownership (SACCO), a me nā mea nona nā limahana mai Sligo Computer Services a me ka Brattleboro Tech Collective.
No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka Data Commons Project, a i ʻole e ʻike pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke komo, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona iā Ethan Miller, ka luna hoʻonohonoho papahana, ma ke kelepona: (207) 946-4478 a i ʻole leka uila: [pale ʻia ka leka uila].
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Pūnaewele Pūnaewele
'¢www.socioeco.org/en: Alliance for a Responsible, Plural and United World, he hui hana ma ka Socioeconomy of Solidarity. I kēia manawa ke kumu piha loa no nā mea ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania e pili ana i ke kumumanaʻo a me ka hana hoʻokele waiwai.
'¢www.communityeconomy.org: Community Economies Project, he hana hoʻomau ma waena o nā mea noiʻi kula a me nā kaiāulu a me nā mea hoʻoikaika ma Australia, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, a me Asia Hikina Hema, e hoʻomohala ana i nā manaʻo a me nā hana e pili ana i ka manaʻo o nā 'economies like ʻole.'
'¢www.trueque-marysierras.org.ar/biblioteca2.htm: He pūnaewele puni honua o kekahi o nā hui kūʻai kūʻai nui o ʻAselika; he hale waihona puke nui a maikaʻi loa o nā ʻatikala Solidarity Economy ma ka ʻōlelo Sepania.
'¢www.ecosol.org.br: He pūnaewele hui pū i mālama ʻia e kekahi poʻe kākoʻo o ka ʻoihana lokahi; ʻo ka hale waihona puke maikaʻi loa o Brazilian Solidarity Economy i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele.
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