He lāʻau hoʻokahi e kū ana ma ka pōʻai kaʻa ma waena o nā hale keʻena kila a me nā aniani o ka Pāremata ʻEulopa ma Brussels. ʻO kahi hōʻailona ma lalo o ka lāʻau, i kanu ʻia e ka Society of European Affairs Professionals (SEAP), penei: 'Pono e hoʻoholo ʻia nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ma ke kūkākūkā a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana, me ka manaʻo paʻa, hoʻomanawanui a hoʻolaʻa.'

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻOkakopa, ua hoʻopiʻi kekahi pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻoikaika i ʻoi aku ma mua o kekahi o kēia mau pono, ʻo ke kālā a me ka hoʻohana malū ʻana i ka mana e hoʻoholo ai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi. Ma kahi kūʻē i ka wā ʻaina awakea, ua uhi ka poʻe hana i ka lāʻau me ka nui o nā ʻoki pepa melemele o ka Euro, a paʻa i kahi hōʻailona no lākou iho: 'End Lobbying Secrecy.' Hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe hoʻoikaika i nā hui ʻoihana ikaika e like me SEAP, ka mea i hōʻike ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 hui lobbyists, hoʻokō pono ʻole i nā hoʻoholo kānāwai ʻEulopa, hana malū a pale i ka nānā ʻana.

"ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ka mea nāna e hoʻopaʻa inoa," wahi a Caroline Lucas, he lālā Pelekane o ka European Parliament (MEP), ka mea i puka mai i nā hale kūhelu e hui pū me ka mea hoʻoikaika. 'Aia kahi lobby hui nui ma aneʻi, akā he mea huna a hiki iā ia ke komo i ke Komisina ma kahi ala e hiki ai iā mākou, ma ke ʻano he poʻe pāremata, hiki ke moeʻuhane wale. ʻAʻohe ʻano papa inoa - manaʻo wau he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia. ʻO ia wale nō ke ala e hōʻoia ai ka hilinaʻi o ka poʻe i ka ʻōnaehana, i nā hoʻoholo i hana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi.'

Aia ka ʻōnaehana i kēia manawa ma mua o 15,000 lobbyists e hana nei ma Brussels e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ikaika i nā ʻumi o nā hui nui o ʻEulopa (EU) e hoʻokele ana i nā ʻumi piliona kālā i ke kālā a hoʻoholo pū i nā kānāwai koʻikoʻi kaiapuni, hana a me ke kālā e hoʻokele ana i ka EU 27. ʻāina lālā. Ma kahi o 90 pakeneka o kēia mau lobbyists i manaʻo ʻia e hana ma ka ʻoihana, me nā hui kīwila e like me nā mea hana kaiapuni a me nā uniona kālepa i emi iho ma lalo o ʻumi pakeneka. Hoʻohana pū lākou i kahi 750 miliona Euros ($1 biliona) i hoʻokahi makahiki e hoʻoikaika i nā bureaucrats ʻEulopa.

Hoʻokahi hola ma hope o ke kūʻē ʻana ma ka lāʻau, ua hui pū nā mea hana i nā haneli o nā limahana a me nā lobbyists ma kahi lumi hoʻolohe pāremata e hoʻolohe i ka hoʻolohe mua ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā lobbyists i loko o ka ʻōnaehana EU. ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā hui mai Daimler-Chrysler, ka mea hana kaʻa, a me Kraft, ke kanaka nunui meaʻai i hoʻoponopono ʻia, e kūʻē i nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā hui kaiapuni me nā Hoa o ka Honua a me nā Makaʻāinana Aupuni.

Ma hope o ka hoʻolohe ʻana o ka pāremata i ka hoʻoholo o Malaki e ka Komisina ʻEulopa ikaika loa (ʻo ia ka lālā hoʻokō o ka European Union, e like me ka Hale Paʻa, ʻike i ka pahu) e hoʻomaka i ka mālama ʻana i kahi papa inoa o nā lobbyists. He ʻāpana o ka European Transparency Initiative, hoʻomaka ka hoʻopaʻa inoa manawaleʻa e hoʻomaka i ka pūnāwai 2008. Inā ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki, hiki i ke Komisina ke noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa koi.

ʻO Estonian Siim Kallas, ke komisina anti-fraud czar, nāna i hoʻopuka i ka 'European Transparency Initiative' he mea kākoʻo ikaika no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻoihana. Ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo Brussels a me Wakinekona ma ke ʻano he mau poʻokela lobbying ʻelua o ka honua. Ma nā wahi ʻelua, ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā kānāwai e pili ana i nā ola a me nā pono waiwai o nā haneli miliona o nā kamaʻāina, 'i kākau ʻo ia i kahi op-ed no ka lā 6 Pepeluali 2006. Wall Street Pai. 'He haʻaheo, a he hōʻailona maoli nō ia o ka naʻaupō, ke ʻōlelo ʻana ʻaʻole hiki i nā kālai'āina ʻEulopa ke hana ʻino.'

Manaʻo pū ka manaʻo hoʻomaʻamaʻa a ke Komisina e hoʻopuka nā lobbyists i ka hōʻike kālā e manaʻo ana i kā lākou loaʻa kālā makahiki, me ka haʻihaʻi pakeneka o nā mea kūʻai aku a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hāʻawi e uku i ka mea. 'No ka mea, ʻaʻohe hewa o ka lobbying, ʻaʻohe mea e hūnā,' i kākau ai ʻo Kallas.

He nui naʻe, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia: He wehewehe ākea ka European Transparency Initiative no ka mea he lobbyist a me ka mea e pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano he hana lobbying. A no ka mea ʻaʻole pono ka poʻe lobbyist e haʻi i ka poʻe pāremata a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻoihana ʻoihana e hoʻohana iā lākou, aneane hiki ʻole ke nānā a loiloi i ka hopena o kā lākou hoʻoikaika ʻana.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole pili ka manaʻo o ke Komisina ʻEulopa i nā lobbyists e hui pū me nā lālā o ka Pāremata ʻEulopa, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai koʻikoʻi, i ka ʻōnaehana aupuni o ʻEulopa. E hoʻolālā ʻia nā lula o ka Pāremata e Alexander Stubb ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana, he MEP Finnish, ʻo ia ka rapporteur no ka lobbying no ke komite kumukānāwai o ka Pāremata ʻEulopa. Ua haʻi aku ʻo Stubb i ka Public Affairs News, he makasina ʻoihana, ʻaʻohe pono e hana i kahi ʻōnaehana kauoha. 'No ka mea, ʻo koʻu manaʻo no ka lobbying inā ʻaʻole i haki, mai hoʻoponopono.'

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o kēia manawa, ma lalo o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lobbyists i hoʻokahi makahiki e komo ai i ka hale Parliament ʻEulopa ma hope o ke kau inoa ʻana i kahi code of ethical behavior, ua lawa, hoʻomau ʻo ia. "I loko o koʻu mau makahiki ʻekolu, a ua ʻike au ma kahi o 500 mau lobbyists ʻokoʻa i loko o koʻu keʻena, ua loaʻa iaʻu ka hoʻomāinoino ʻole i ke code of conduct a manaʻo wau ua hana maikaʻi loa ia," wahi āna.

Ma hope o kēia makahiki, e koho ana ke kōmike o Stubb i kahi hōʻike e hoʻopili ʻia i ka manaʻo ʻokoʻa, a e ʻōlelo ʻo ia i nā lula e uhi ai i ka lobbying ma ka hale pāremata. (Ma ke kumumanaʻo hiki i ka Parliament ke kauoha i nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka mea i kau ʻia e ka European Commission.)

US nā mea lobby

Nui a koʻikoʻi e like me ka ʻoihana lobbyist EU, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi e kāna hoa US. Aia ma kahi o 35,000 mau lobbyists i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i nā lilo o $ 2.61 biliona i ka makahiki 2006, e like me ka Center for Responsive Politics, kahi Washington, DC-based non-profit.

Ua kono ʻia ʻo Craig Holman, he lobbyist i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia mai Public Citizen, kekahi Washington DC-based nonprofit, e hōʻike i ka poʻe parliamentarians i ka lā 8 ʻOkakopa. loaʻa iā ia ka uku nui no ka hana hoʻopaʻa ʻana, hana ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi hui lobbying i loko o ka manawa ʻeono makahiki, a hoʻolaʻa i ka hapalima o kona manawa i ka hana lobbying no kekahi mea kūʻai. Pono kēia mau lobbyists e papa inoa i ka mea a lākou e kamaʻilio ai no ka mea kūʻai aku, a me nā nui a me nā kumu o kā lākou loaʻa kālā.

Hoʻoholo ʻia i Kepakemapa, ua hōʻemi nui ke kānāwai federal US hou i ke ʻano o nā makana i hiki i nā lobbyists ke hāʻawi i nā poʻe loio. No ka laʻana, hoʻopaʻa ia i nā hālāwai kakahiaka i ke kofe a me nā donuts, nā ʻaina ahiahi i nā 'meaʻai manamana lima,' a pāpā i ka ʻaina ahiahi noho.

ʻO ka Center for Public Integrity, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi waiwai ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Wakinekona, DC, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o nā lula no ka US federal lobbyists ma mua o ka poʻe ma nā mokuʻāina āpau. No ka laʻana, 37 mau mokuʻāina e koi i kekahi ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i nā lilo o kēlā me kēia lobbyist, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ke aupuni pekelala. Loaʻa i kekahi mau mokuʻāina he 24 nā komisina kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā lālā o ka lehulehu a i ʻole nā ​​​​luna kānāwai i hoʻomaha e noiʻi a hoʻokō i nā lula lobbying.

Nā Kū'ē o ka Hulehua

Aia nā Lobbyists i ka puʻuwai o kekahi mau hoʻopaʻapaʻa politika koʻikoʻi US i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa Europa. I ka makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo 22 a me kā lākou mau limahana no ka palaho, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea pili i ka lobbying.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa o ka hoʻopiʻi nui ʻana ʻo Jack Abramoff, nāna i ʻae i ka hewa ma Ianuali 2006 i ʻekolu mau hewa felony e pili ana i ka palaho o nā luna aupuni a me ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i nā ʻohana ʻAmelika. Eia kekahi, mai ka makahiki 1995 a hiki i ka makahiki 2001, ua uku ʻia ke keʻena loio o Abramoff ma kahi o $6.7 miliona e ka Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) no ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā kulekele e hiki ai i nā mea hana ke hoʻonui i ke kūlana o Marianas ma ke ʻano he ʻāina US: ʻO nā mokupuni. hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa inoa i kā lākou huahana 'Made in the USA,' a i ka manawa hoʻokahi ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā kānāwai neʻe a me nā hana hana. ʻO nā hana a Abramoff me kahi hui ikehu Lūkia i kau ʻia ma lalo o kahi noiʻi Federal Bureau of Investigations. Ua hoʻolauna nā luna hoʻokō o Naftasib i nā miliona ma o Abramoff e hoʻoikaika i nā koho balota i ka US Congress ma ke kānāwai i kōkua i hiki i ka International Monetary Fund ke hoʻopakele i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Rūsia.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokau ʻia kēlā mau hōʻino nui i ʻEulopa, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau hanana liʻiliʻi i nā hemahema o ka ʻōnaehana. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kekahi mau parliamentarians a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe o ʻEulopa no ka lawe ʻana i nā hana 'revolving door' me ka ʻoihana ke haʻalele lākou i kā lākou mau hana aupuni. Ma hope o kona noho ʻana ma ke ʻano he luna hoʻokele nui o ʻEulopa no ka ʻoihana, ua lilo ʻo Jean-Paul Mingasson i kākāʻōlelo nui ma UNICE, ka hui ʻoihana ʻEulopa; i kona haʻalele ʻana i kāna kūlana ma ke ʻano he luna hoʻokele kaiapuni ʻEulopa, ua komo ʻo Jim Currie i ka British Nuclear Fuels Limited.

I Ianuali, ʻo ka hui ʻo Amsterdam ʻo Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) i hōʻike ʻia ʻo Rolf Linkohr, he 25 mau makahiki veteran MEP, i hana i kahi hoʻololi like ʻole. Ma hope o ka hana ikaika ʻana i nā komite pāremata e pili ana i nā pilikia ikehu, ua hele ʻo Linkohr e alakaʻi i kahi kūkākūkā lobbying kalepa: ʻo ka Center for European Energy Strategy (CERES). ʻO kāna mau mea kūʻai aku he mau hui ikehu nui.

ʻOiai ʻo Linkohr e holo ana i ka CERES, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kākāʻōlelo kūikawā no ke Komisina Energy European Andris Piebalgs. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia nā mea kūʻai aku ʻoihana 'CERES' e loaʻa i ka ʻōlelo aʻo mai Mr. Linkohr a me kāna mau hoa hana e pili ana i ka holomua ʻana i kā lākou mau pono kalepa e pili ana i nā kulekele ikehu EU. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i kēlā mau ʻōlelo aʻo a me ka nānā ʻana ʻo ia paha ke kumu nui o ka loaʻa kālā o Mr. Linkohr, 'i kākau ai ka CEO ma kahi leka wehe iā Piebalgs. 'Ma ka manawa like, pono e hāʻawi ʻo Linkohr i ke komisina ikehu me ka ʻōlelo aʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā kulekele ikehu EU e lawelawe i ka makemake o ka lehulehu.'

I ka loaʻa ʻana o Kallas, ka anti-fraud czar, i ka leka CEO, ua noi ʻo ia i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kūikawā 55 a pau i ke Komisina (ua hūnā kekahi o lākou mau ʻike!) I ka pane ʻole ʻana o Linkohr i loko o ka manawa palena, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo ia.

ʻO nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka pilina o ka lehulehu a me ka ʻoihana lobbying ua hopu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa pili pono. ʻO Cancer United, kahi hui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Brussels i ʻOkakopa 2006, kono i nā MEP e hui pū me kāna papa aʻoaʻo. Ua ʻōlelo ka hui e hōʻike i kahi hui o nā kauka, nā kahu hānai a me nā mea maʻi e kākoʻo ana i ke komo like ʻana i ka mālama maʻi maʻi i ka European Union. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Cancer United kahi hui mua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ka lāʻau lapaʻau pilikua ʻo Roche e ka hui pili lehulehu ʻo Weber Shandwick. (Hana ʻo Roche iā Herceptin no ka maʻi ʻaʻai umauma, ʻo Avastin no ka maʻi maʻi ʻōpū a me Tarceva no ka maʻi ʻaʻai māmā.) kahu Ua hōʻike ka nūpepa (UK) i ke kuleana o Roche, ua haʻalele koke nā lālā o ka papa ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka Cancer Union.

ʻO ka Lobbyists Fight Initiative

I ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo o ka Pāremata ʻEulopa, ua hōʻole nā ​​ʻelele ʻoihana ʻaʻole hiki i ʻEulopa ke loaʻa i nā hōʻino kā US. ʻO ka mea hoʻokahi, ua ʻōlelo lākou ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe pāremata ke lawe i nā hāʻawi pilikino i kā lākou hoʻolaha koho balota - kahi kumu nui o ka palaho i ka US (ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻoihana e hoʻolele kālā i ke koho balota ma kekahi mau ʻāina ma ʻEulopa, e like me Finland a me ka Netherlands, ʻoiai ma kahi pae liʻiliʻi loa ma mua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.)

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Lyn Trytsman-Gray, he lobbyist no Kraft a he pelekikena o SEAP, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ʻano o ka US ke kau nei i ke kaumaha ʻole i ka ʻoihana. "Hoʻohana mākou i 40 a 60 mau lā kāne ma US e hoʻokō i ka hōʻike federal," i ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo. (Ua nīnau ʻo Public Citizen's Holman i kāna koho, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻo ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā palapala pono e lawe iā ia i ʻehā hola i kēlā me kēia mahina ʻeono.)

Ua kūʻē ʻo Thomas Tindemans mai ka Council of Bars and Law Societies o ʻEulopa i ka hōʻike kālā, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana e kūʻē ana ia me nā kānāwai hūnā ma kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa. 'E hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka hoʻolaha lehulehu no nā mea kūʻai aku o nā loio,' wahi āna.

ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua ʻōlelo kekahi poʻe lobbyist ʻoihana i kahi hoʻoponopono koi o nā lobbyists. "ʻAʻole mākou e kūʻē i kahi ʻōnaehana manawaleʻa, akā ʻaʻole mākou ʻike pehea e hana ai," wahi a José Lalloum o ka European Public Affairs Consultancy Association (EPACA). Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka hōʻole ʻana e kau inoa i ka papa inoa e hoʻokau i nā lobbyists i kahi hemahema hoʻokūkū.

He hoʻopunipuni kēia manaʻo kamahaʻo, wahi a Paul de Clerck o nā Hoa o ka Honua ʻEulopa, ka mea i kono ʻia e kamaʻilio ma ka papa. 'Ke pāʻani nei nā lobbyists i kahi pāʻani lepo. Ua lobby lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana koi, a i kēia manawa ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻōnaehana manawaleʻa, ua hoʻomaka lākou e koi i kahi ʻōnaehana kauoha [ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi].'

ʻO De Clerck kekahi e pani ana i ka Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (Alter-EU), he hui hui o nā mea hana kīwila i hana i ka kūʻē i ka lāʻau ma waho o ka Pāremata ʻEulopa. Ua koi ka hui i nā ʻano hoʻoponopono e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa mandatory, nā lula ethics no nā lobbyists a me kahi code of conduct no nā luna o ka European Union, a me kahi ʻōnaehana nānā kūʻokoʻa me nā hoʻopaʻi kūpono. Ua ʻimi pū ʻo Alter-EU i ka hōʻike kaulike ma nā hui aʻoaʻo 1,000-odd European Union i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā lobbyists hui. ʻO ka hope, ua ʻōlelo ʻo de Clerck i ʻekolu makahiki 'hoʻomaha' ma mua o nā luna o ʻEulopa e hoʻomaha a haʻalele paha ke hana i nā hana lobbying.

Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo ʻekolu a me ka hapa, ua ʻōlelo ʻo rapporteur Stubbs e hilinaʻi ana ʻo ia i nā koi o ka mea hana e hoʻonui i ka nānā ʻana i nā lobbyists. Akā, ua ʻakaʻaka ʻo ia i ka hopena o ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo, i ka wā i hoʻohui ai ʻo ia 'ua wehe ʻo ia i ka lobbying ma kēlā nīnau.'

Nā Lobbyists Lahui

ʻOiai ke kūkākūkā nei ka Pāremata ʻEulopa i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma Brussels, ua hana mua kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Hungary, Lithuania a me Polani i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa pono ʻana. Akā ʻōlelo ka poʻe hoʻoikaika i kēia mau ʻāina ʻaʻole i kūleʻa loa ke kaʻina hana i kēia manawa.

Ua manaʻo ʻo Adam Foldes, mai ka Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hapalua o nā lobbyists ma kona ʻāina i kau inoa. 'He 176 wale nō ka poʻe a me nā hui i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i ke aupuni e ʻōlelo nei ua komo lākou i loko o ka huina o 26 mau hana lobbying. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou i hāʻawi ʻia i nā palapala hakahaka. A ʻike wau ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka poʻe lobbyist maoli, ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi loa, 'i ʻōlelo ʻo ia iā CorpWatch. He mana ko ke aupuni Hungarian e hoʻopaʻi ʻia a hiki i ka Euro 40,000 ($56,000) akā ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia i kēia manawa.

He lālā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻo Pratap Chatterjee o ka Corporate Europe Observatory, nāna i uku no kāna huakaʻi i ka hālāwai kūkā o ka Pāremata ʻEulopa. Ke hoʻokele nei ʻo ia i ka mea hoʻoponopono no CorpWatch.

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