E makaʻala, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ke kaua ma mua o nā haʻuki e like me ka leʻaleʻa aupuni ʻAmelika. Mai ka makahiki 1980, ua komo ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā hana kaua ma Grenada, Libya, Nicaragua, Panama, Iraq, Afghanistan, El Salvador, Haiti, Somalia, Yugoslavia, Liberia, Sudan, Philippines, Colombia, Haiti (hou. ), Afghanistan (hou) a me Iraq (hou) a ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka papa inoa piha. ʻO ia ke kumu i ka wā e pono mau ai ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻai nui o ka pūʻali koa-hui.
Ma ke ʻano he mau ʻelele o kahi mana nui i hoʻolaʻa ʻia (a aloha ʻia me) kaua, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka hoʻolālā mau ʻana o ka Pentagon a me nā hui hui i nā ala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e pepehi ai, ʻeha, a hōʻeha i ka ʻeha - a i ʻole lākou e manaʻo e mālama i kēlā ala. ʻO kēlā me kēia kaua o kēia manawa, aia nā ʻōnaehana mea kaua no nā kaua e hiki mai ana ma nā papa kiʻi. 'O ka hoʻolālā no ka mea, ke hoʻomaka nei nā mea kaua-bombers a me nā mea kaua laser o nā makahiki mai 2030 a 2050. I kēia manawa, ma ke Keʻena ʻo Defence's (DoD's) blue-skies research outfit, ka Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), ʻoiai nā papahana ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku - mai nā exoskeletons futuristic i ʻO nā hana o ka lolo/Mīkini - ke ʻimi ʻia nei.
ʻO ia mau papahana, e like me ka makaʻu, he mau mea hoʻokalakupua no ka poʻe nūhou (a me nā mea kākau e like me ʻoe maoli), akā he mea nui ʻaʻole e poina i ka ʻike ʻana i ka nui o nā mea kaua honua i hana ʻia i kēia manawa e hoʻokau ʻia i ka lawelawe i ka manawa kokoke i Iraq. , Afghanistan, a i ʻole kekahi wahi ʻē aʻe i hoʻoholo ai ka US e hoʻohui i ka papa inoa o nā lāhui kahi e hoʻohuli ai i nā poʻe i poʻe pōʻino a i ʻole "hōʻino hōʻino" i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole like ka nani o kēia mau papahana e like me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā koa robotic i ka wā e hiki mai ana, akā he mea weliweli a make lākou, no laila e nānā wikiwiki i kekahi o nā mea kaua e kākoʻo nei kā mākou mau kālā ʻauhau i kēia lā, ma mua o ka hōʻeha, ʻeha, a pepehi i ka la apopo.
E hoʻonoho i nā Phasers i ka ʻeha loa
I kēia mau lā, ua kāhea ka Air Force Research Laboratory no ka "noiʻi e kākoʻo i ka Directed Energy Bioeffects Division o ka Human Effectiveness Directorate." Pono nā mea noiʻi e "hana i ka noiʻi hou e pili ana i nā hopena o nā ʻenehana ikehu kuhikuhi" i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. He aha nā ʻano noiʻi hou? Hoʻokahi wahi e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i "nā paepae o ke kino ola (ka liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia) a me nā hana ʻino mai nā kumu laser a me nā kumu laser ʻole." I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, pehea ʻoe e hana ai me ka ʻole o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā wela wela? A he wahi kula nui? “Pain paepae.” Eia kekahi, ua kāhea ʻia ka hana e: "E hoʻoholo i nā hopena o nā hōʻino electromagnetic a me biomechanical i ke kino kanaka." Ke kani nei me he mea lā Star Trek, akau? Mea kaua o ka wā e hiki mai ana? E noʻonoʻo hou.
Ma kahi ʻāpana i ka pūnāwai i hala, ua ʻōlelo wau a "ʻeha ʻeha ikehu" mea kaua, ka Active Denial System, ua kokoke e hoʻāʻo ʻia e ka pūʻali koa. Hōʻike nā hōʻike hou e hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā Humvees pūʻali me kēia mea kaua i ka hopena o ka makahiki.
Ke kaumaha nei au i ka hōʻike ʻana ʻaʻole ʻo Active Denial System wale nō ka mea kaua futuristic i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e kau ʻia i ka wā kokoke. ʻO ka Pulsed Energy Projectiles (PEPs) ke hoʻokuʻu nei i ka turnpike hoʻāʻo mea kaua. He ʻāpana lākou o ka hanauna hou o nā ʻōnaehana mea kaua a ka Pentagon e hoʻolaha ai ma lalo o ka lepili "non-lethal." Hoʻopili ka huaʻōlelo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ia mau mea kaua e hoʻokau i ka ʻeha kino me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona kino maʻamau o ka trauma. (ʻO kēia, ma ke ala, e hana iā lākou - a i ʻole kā lākou mau mamo liʻiliʻi - nā mea hana maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻomāinoino huna).
Hoʻohana nā PEP i nā pahu o ke kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka uila (plasma) e hāʻawi i kahi pulse electromagnetic i ka hopena me kahi mea paʻa. Hoʻopilikia ia mau puʻupuʻu i nā pūnana nerve i loko o ke kanaka (a me nā holoholona) e hōʻeha ai i ka ʻeha. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā PEP e hoʻokau “ʻeha nui mai a hiki i 2 mau kilomita. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ka hopena o ke kino a i ʻole ka noʻonoʻo lōʻihi o kēia mea kaua, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ʻōwili ʻia i ka makahiki 2007 a ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia e kūʻē i nā kānaka kīwila ʻole. Akā, e hoʻomanaʻo kākou, ʻaʻole ka Pentagon ka Food and Drug Administration. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻāʻo no nā hopena e hiki mai ana i ka wā e pili ana i nā mea kaua e pili ana i kekahi.
20th Century Weaponry no ka 21st Century Pepehi ana
ʻO ka mea i hala koke aku nei ua hoʻopuka ke Keʻena ʻOihana Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai-Washington i kahi kelepona no nā ʻenehana like ʻole hiki ke "kokoke koke i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hana / hana i ka pau ʻana o ka loiloi." I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e hana wikiwiki.
Ma waho aʻe o ka plethora o nā mea ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, mai nā mākaʻikaʻi laser no nā mea kaua i nā kamepiula kahua kaua, ua loaʻa i ka US Special Operations Forces kahi noi kūikawā: 40mm rifle-launched flechette grenades. No ka poʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻo nā flechettes he mau ihe make koʻikoʻi me ka ʻili ma ko lākou mau wēlau. I ka wā o ke Kaua Vietnam, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā mea kaua flechette no kona hiki ke ʻoki ola i nā kānaka a kokoke i ke kui ʻana iā lākou i nā kumulāʻau. ʻO ka nīnau, ma hea kahi e hoʻohana ai kēlā mau pūʻali Special Ops i nā grenades a e haehae ʻia nā kānaka e kahi hanauna hou o nā flechettes ʻAmelika. ʻO ka manawa wale nō e haʻi, akā hoʻokahi mea i maopopo - e hiki mai ana.
ʻAʻole nā pūʻali Special Ops wale nō me nā noi kūikawā. Ua hoʻopuka pū ka pūʻali koa i ka leo i nā mea kaua. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku nā luna koa i ka M240B 7.62mm Medium Gun Gun me ka hāʻawi ʻana i "ka hilinaʻi i hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lethal medium kākoʻo i ke ahi i nā ʻāpana ʻāina," ua hoʻopuka lākou i kahi ʻaelike FN Manufacturing Inc. no ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka titanium/steel hybrid o ka mea kaua (ʻike ʻia ʻo M240E6). A he mau mea liʻiliʻi wale nō kēia o nā ʻōnaehana mea kaua hou a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e hoʻomākaukau ʻia e holo wikiwiki ʻia i nā kahua kaua ʻAmelika e hiki mai ana.
Ka Puʻupuʻu Shell
ʻIke loa, ke kūʻai nei ka pūʻali koa i nā pū a me nā mea kaua ʻē aʻe no ke kumu: e hōʻeha, ʻeha, a pepehi. Akā, ʻo ka nui o ka pepehi ʻia e hoʻolālā ʻia nei hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia inā e nānā kekahi i ka nui o nā mea kaua i kūʻai ʻia. E nānā i nā ʻaelike DoD hou i hāʻawi ʻia i hoʻokahi paʻa wale nō - Alliant Lake City Small Caliber Ammunition Company, LLC, he lālā o nā mea kaua-industry giant Alliant Techsystems (ATK):
Hāʻawi ʻia i ka lā 24 o Nowemapa, 2004: "kahi helu kauoha hoʻouna ʻana he $231,663,020 ma ke ʻano he $303,040,883 aelike kumu kūʻai paʻa paʻa no nā Cal .22, Cal .30, 5.56mm, a me 7.62mm mau pahu pahu pahu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi." Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ka hana ma ka lā 30 o Kepakemapa, 2006.
Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Pepeluali 7, 2005: "he nui o ka hoʻouna ʻana he $20,689,101 ma ke ʻano he $363,844,808 aelike kumu kūʻai paʻa paʻa no nā pahu pahu pahu 5.56mm a me 7.62mm Small Caliber Ammunition Cartridge." Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ka hana ma ka lā 30 o Kepakemapa, 2006.
Hāʻawi ʻia i ka lā Malaki 4, 2005: "he helu kauoha hoʻouna ʻana o $8,236,906 ma ke ʻano he $372,586,618 ʻaelike kumu kūʻai paʻa paʻa no 5.56mm, 7.62mm, a me .50 caliber mau pahu pahu." Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ka hana ma ka lā 30 o Kepakemapa, 2006.
Hiki iā ʻoe a me aʻu ke kūʻai aku i 400 pōʻai o nā pu raifela 7.62mm no ka emi iho $ 40. E noʻonoʻo ʻoe, he aha ka mana kūʻai federal a me nā haneli miliona mau kālā e hiki ke kūʻai!
Ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo nei ʻo Alliant Ammunition and Powder Co., i ka hala ʻana o nā makahiki, ʻaʻole e nele ka mana ammo. I Pepeluali 2005, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Alliant i "kahi kauoha hoʻouna he $19,400,000 ma ke ʻano he $69,733,068 paʻa kumu kūʻai paʻa no Services to Modernize Equipment at the Lake City Army Ammunition Plant" - he keʻena aupuni i lawelawe ʻia e ATK. Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Alliant i kēia makahiki ke hoʻoulu nei ʻo ia i 1.2 biliona pōʻai o nā pu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma kāna hale kanu Lake City wale nō. Akā, me he mea lā, ʻaʻole lawa ke nānā ʻia ka hoʻolālā kaua e hiki mai ana. E like me ia, ke manaʻo nei ʻo ATK a me ka pūʻali e hoʻonui i ka mea kanu “hiki makahiki e kākoʻo i ke koi ʻana o ka 'Oihana o ka Puʻukū ma waena o 1.5 biliona a me 1.8 biliona puni e ka makahiki 2006. E noʻonoʻo. I kēia makahiki, hoʻokahi wale nō, hoʻokahi mea kanu ATK e hoʻopuka i nā lako lako, i hoʻokahi pōkā pākahi, e pepehi i kēlā me kēia kāne, wahine, a me nā keiki i ka lehulehu o ka honua. lahuikanaka - a i ka makahiki aʻe e hoʻonui lākou i ka ante.
ʻO ka poʻe kālepa o ka make o ka Hui Pūʻali Koa
I kekahi manawa, ua helu ʻia kahi hui e like me ATK i kekahi o nā "Merchants of Death" o ka honua. A laila, i kekahi manawa - ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka makahiki 1930 ma ʻaneʻi - ʻo ka Senate kahi kahi i makemake ai nā ʻelele o ʻAmelika e hoʻomaka i nā nīnau noiʻi i nā ala e hana ai nā mea hana mea kaua a me kā lākou waiwai nui a me kā lākou hopena i nā hakakā honua. ua pili i ka poe make o na aina like ole. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻaoʻao maʻalahi i ka wā i koho ʻia ai ka hapa nui o ka Senate Democratic Democratic Senators Republican no North Dakota. Gerald P. Nye e poʻo i ke "Komite Munitions Senate."
ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā lālā o ka Hale fawning o kēia lā poʻe poʻokela pōhili no ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana me lākou, ua huki ʻia ka noiʻi o nā makahiki 1930 i kekahi o nā kānaka ikaika loa o ka honua e like me JP Morgan, Jr. a me Pierre du Pont i mua o ke komite. ʻOiai i ka makahiki 1930, akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pūʻali koa-industrial complex a no laila ua hoʻopau ʻia ke Kōmike Munitions Senate i kāna mau noiʻi. ʻO ka hopena, ua pau ka pahuhopu o ke kōmike no ka hoʻolaha aupuni ʻana i ka ʻoihana mea kaua ʻAmelika.
I kēia lā, ʻo ka manaʻo o ia kōmike e hoʻāʻo ana i kēlā ʻano hoʻokolokolo ma waho o ka pale. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana no ke kaua futuristic o nā ʻano weliweli like ʻole, ʻaʻole e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua e ka pūʻali koa-hui, ʻaʻole i hōʻino ʻia, ʻae ʻia me ka nīnau ʻole ʻia e pono ai no ka palekana aupuni (i kēia manawa) ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi i ka manaʻo o ka pale aupuni.
ʻO kēia hope aʻe
ʻOiai ʻo ka pūʻali koa-academic complex a me nā ʻepekema DARPA e hana paʻakikī ana i ka hana ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mīkini pepehi i kahi hanauna i hala nā mea o nā moʻolelo sci-fi hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia, nā pū kahiko a me nā mea ikaika hou e hoʻohana ʻia e ka ʻAmelika. pūʻali koa imperial i ka lā ʻapōpō a i ʻole he mau makahiki pōkole wale nō i ka wā e hiki mai ana. I Pepeluali 2005, Lā & Zimmerman Inc., he hui mega me kona mau manamana lima i komo i loko o nā mea a pau mai ka palekana nuklea a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua i ka cryogenics a me nā lawelawe huakaʻi, ua kau inoa i kahi kuʻikahi e hāʻawi i 445,288 M67 fragmentation hand grenades (e hana ana i nā mea make i loko o kahi ākea o 15 mika) i ka pūʻali koa ma 2006. Ma ka ʻāina hea e nalowale ai ka maka, ka wāwae, a i ʻole ke ola o ke kanaka kīwila? ʻO nā mea kaua i hana ʻia e pepehi ai, ua hana ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia. I kēia makahiki, e hana ʻo ATK's Lake City Army Ammunition Plant i 1.2 biliona pōʻai o nā pū ma ke kauoha a ka DoD a haʻaheo ka hui, “Ma kahi o 75% ʻO nā mea kaua i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻopau ʻia.
Me kēlā mau kukuna ʻeha ʻē aʻe, nā flechettes, nā pū mīkini ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a me nā pōʻai a me nā pōkā o nā mea kaua i mākaukau no ka hana - a ke hōʻike nei lākou i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua i hana ʻia no ke kaua, ka ʻano ʻAmelika - ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kānaka. ʻoiaʻiʻo e make, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e ʻike i ka "ʻeha nui" mai nā mea kaua PEP a me nā mea like. Ma hope o ʻOkakopa o ka makahiki i hala, he hui o nā mea noiʻi mai Johns Hopkins University, Columbia University, a me Al-Mustansiriya University ma Baghdad, e kīkēkē ana i nā tausani o nā puka a puni ʻo Iraq, hōʻikeʻia ua manaʻo ʻia he 100,000 mau makaʻāinana i make me ka ʻino ma ke ʻano he hopena pololei a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka US i Iraq. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia mau make: hoʻouka ʻia e nā hui hui (heluhelu ʻia ʻo "US") pūʻali. ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana e hoʻohiki i nā mea like.
ʻAʻohe mea e kahaha i kēia mau helu - ʻoiai he nui (a he nui nō hoʻi e hoʻomau i ka hōʻole ʻana i ka pono o kēia mau helu). He mea maopopo ia, ina oe e kukulu ia lakou; e pepehi lakou. A ua manaʻo ʻoe ua "hewa mākou ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke ola"?
He moho kauka ʻo Nick Turse ma ka Center for the History & Ethics of Public Health ma ke Kula ʻo Mailman of Public Health ma Columbia University. Kākau ʻo ia no ka Los Angeles Times, ka Ka Village Voice a maʻamau no Tomdispatch ma ka pūʻali koa-hui a me ka mokuʻāina palekana ʻāina.
Kuleana kope © 2005 Nick Turse
[Ua puka mua kēia ʻatikala ma ʻO Tomdispatch.com, he weblog o ka Nation Institute, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kahe mau o nā kumu ʻē aʻe, nā nūhou, a me nā manaʻo mai Tom Engelhardt, ka mea hoʻoponopono lōʻihi i ka paʻi ʻana a me ka mea kākau o Ka hopena o ka lanakila a Na la hope o ka hoolaha ana.]
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
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