Ma ka 19 Malaki 2003, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Pelekikena Bush Jr. i kāna kaua kalaima me Iraq ma ke kauoha ʻana i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ka Pelekikena o Iraq ma ke kūʻē ʻana i ka ultimatum 48-hola āna i hāʻawi ai i ka lehulehu i ka Pelekikena Iraqi a me kāna mau keiki kāne e haʻalele i ka ʻāina. . Ua kūʻē kēia hana hoʻopunipuni i nā kānāwai maʻamau o ke kaua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka 1907 Hague Convention on the Opening of Hostilities kahi i hui pū ʻia ai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻia e nā paukū 20, 21, 22, a me 23 o US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Pelekikena Bush Jr. e pepehi i ka Pelekikena o Iraq, he hewa honua ia ma kona pono ponoʻī. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kaua kaua a ka hoʻomalu ʻana o Bush Jr. e kūʻē iā Iraq he Crime against Peace e like me ia i wehewehe ʻia e ka Nuremberg Charter (1945), ka Nuremberg Judgment (1946), a me nā Nuremberg Principles (1950) a me ka paukū 498 o ka US Army. Field Manual 27-10 (1956).
ʻO ka mea aʻe i hele mai ai ka hoʻolālā koa a ka Pentagon no ka hoʻokau ʻana i "ka haʻalulu a me ka weliweli" i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Bagdad. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka ʻatikala 6(b) o ka 1945 Nuremberg Charter i wehewehe i ka huaʻōlelo "War crimes" e komo: ". . . ka luku wale ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale, nā kūlanakauhale a i ʻole nā kauhale, a i ʻole ka luku ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻāpono ʻia e ka pūʻali koa. . .” ʻO ka hoʻokau ʻana o ka hoʻokele ʻo Bush Jr. i ka "hoʻoweliweli a me ka weliweli" ma luna o Bagdad a me kona poʻe kamaʻāina ʻo ia ka luku ʻole ʻana o ia kūlanakauhale, a ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole i hoʻāpono ʻia e ka "pono kaua," i wehewehe mau ʻia e nā kānāwai kaua. ʻO ia mau mea hoʻoweliweli weliweli o nā kūlanakauhale he hana hewa ia ma lalo o ke kānāwai o ka honua ma mua o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua: Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Tokyo, Dresden, London, Guernica-Fallujah.
Ma ka lā 1 o Mei 2003 ua pae keaka ʻo Pelekikena Bush Jr. ma luna o kahi mokulele mokulele US mai ke kapakai o San Diego e haʻi aku: "Ua pau nā hana kaua nui ma Iraq." Ua kamaʻilio ʻo ia i mua o kahi hae nui e kūkala ana: "MISSION ACCOMPLISHED." Ma ia lā, ua lilo ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka poʻe hakakā o Iraq ma lalo o ke kānāwai a me ka hana.
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia kūlana kānāwai e ka UN Security Council Resolution 1483 o 22 Mei 2003. No ke kumu o kēia loiloi ma aneʻi, ʻo nā ʻāpana kūpono o kēlā Security Council Resolution 1483 (2003) penei:
E ʻike ana i ka leka o 8 Mei 2003 mai nā Lunamakaʻāinana mau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me United Kingdom o Great Britain a me Northern Ireland i ka Pelekikena o ka Security Council (S/2003/538) a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mana kikoʻī, nā kuleana, a nā kuleana ma lalo o ke kānāwai pili honua o kēia mau mokuʻāina ma ke ʻano he mau mana ma lalo o ke kauoha i hui pū ʻia (ka "Authority"),
5. Kāhea i nā mea a pau e pili ana e hoʻokō piha i kā lākou mau kuleana ma lalo o ke kānāwai o ka honua, me nā Geneva Conventions o 1949 a me ka Hague Regulations o 1907; . . .
Ma kēlā palapala i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o 8 Mei 2003 mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka Pelekikena o ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā, ua hoʻohiki nā ʻāina ʻelua i ka Security Council e: "ʻO nā mokuʻāina e komo ana i ka Coalition e mālama pono i kā lākou mau kuleana ma lalo o ke kānāwai honua, e komo pū ana. ʻO nā mea e pili ana i nā pono kanaka koʻikoʻi o ka poʻe o Iraq. ʻAʻohe mea e hoʻokō ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e palapala i ka hewa nui a me ka hana pinepine ʻana o kēlā hoʻohiki kūpaʻa a paʻa i ke kānāwai e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai ia lā a hiki i kēia lā no ka mea e koi ʻia kahi puke ʻokoʻa e helu i nā hewa kaua āpau. nā hewa kūʻē i ke kanaka, a me ka uhaki ʻana i nā kuleana kanaka nui i hoʻokau ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me United Kingdom ma Iraq a me kona poʻe.
Ua lawa ka ʻōlelo ʻana ma ʻaneʻi ʻaʻole ma mua o ka Pelekikena Bush i ka 1 Mei 2003 Hōʻike no ka pau ʻana o ke kaua ma Iraq, a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi ma mua o ka UN Security Resolution 1483 o 22 Mei 2003, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me United Kingdom ka poʻe noho hakakā. o Iraq ma lalo o nā ʻEhā Geneva Conventions o 1949, ka 1907 Hague Regulations on land warfare, US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956) a i ʻole ka mea like me ka Pelekane, nā mea kōkua kanaka o ke Kākoʻo Hou I o 1977 i nā ʻEhā Geneva Conventions o 1949, a me nā kānāwai maʻamau o ke kaua honua. ʻAʻole au e lawe i ka manaʻo ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ka poʻe hakakā o ka mokuʻāina holoʻokoʻa o Afghanistan. Akā ʻoiaʻiʻo, pili nā kānāwai o ke kaua a me nā kānāwai kōkua kanaka āpau i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kāna hana kaua ma Afghanistan a me kona noho ʻana ma laila.
ʻAʻole i manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ka poʻe hakakā ma Guantanamo, Cuba. Akā, ʻo kēlā poʻe i paʻa i laila e nā pūʻali koa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hopu ʻia i loko a kokoke paha i nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka hoʻouka kaua ma Afghanistan a me Iraq e pale ʻia e ka ʻEkolu Geneva Convention e pale ana i nā pio o ke kaua a i ʻole ka ʻEhā Geneva Convention e pale ana i nā makaʻāinana. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea i paʻa ʻia e ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma Guantanamo e pale ʻia e ka International Covenant on a Civil and Political Rights, kahi i hui pū ai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hoʻopili pū kekahi ʻano loiloi like i ka pari passu i kēlā mau mea nui akā ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka hoʻomāinoino a me nā hale paʻa i hoʻokele ʻia a puni ka honua e ka Central Intelligence Agency. ʻO ka pae moku Gulag ponoʻī o ʻAmelika. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha ua hana ka hoʻomalu ʻo Bush Jr. i nā mea āpau e hiki ai i ke kanaka ke sabotage i ka International Criminal Court!
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Interim Government of Iraq i ke kauwela o 2004 ʻaʻole i hoʻololi maoli i kēia kūlana kānāwai. Ma lalo o nā kānāwai o ke kaua, ʻo kēia mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Interim Government of Iraq, ʻaʻole ia he "aupuni papeti." Ma ke ʻano he kanaka hakakā o Iraq, ua noa ke aupuni o ʻAmelika e hoʻokumu i aupuni papeti inā makemake ia. Akā, ma lalo o nā kānāwai o ke kaua, ke hoʻomau nei ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ke kuleana piha no ke ʻano o kāna aupuni papeti.
Ua maopopo loa kēia mau hopena ma ka paukū 366 o ka US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956):
366. Na Aupuni Kuloko malalo o ka Hooikaika a me na Aupuni Papeti
ʻAʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā kapu i kau ʻia ma luna o ka mana o ke aupuni hakakā e kekahi ʻōnaehana hoʻohana ʻana i ke aupuni papeti, waena a kūloko paha, e hana i nā hana i kū ʻole i ke kānāwai ke hana pololei ʻia e ka mea noho. ʻO nā hana i hoʻoulu ʻia a koi ʻia paha e ka mea e noho ana, ʻo ia nō kāna mau hana.
Ma ke ʻano he poʻe hakakā o Iraq, pono ke aupuni o ʻAmelika e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ke Aupuni Kūikawā o Iraq i nā ʻEhā Geneva Conventions o 1949, ka 1907 Hague Regulations ma ke kaua ʻāina, US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956), ka nā hāʻawi kōkua kanaka o ke Kumukānāwai Hou I o 1977 i nā ʻEhā Geneva Convention o 1949, a me nā kānāwai maʻamau o ke kaua honua. ʻO ka uhaki ʻana i nā kānāwai o ke kaua, nā kānāwai kōkua kanaka o ka honua, a me nā pono kanaka i hana ʻia e kāna puppet Interim Government of Iraq, ʻaʻole ia e pili i ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma keʻano he kanaka hakakā o Iraq,ʻo ke aupuni oʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia pono'ī a me kona mau luna kīwila a me nā luna koa e pili ana i ke kuleana piha a pilikino ma lalo o ke kānāwai kalaima honua no ka uhakiʻana i nā kānāwai o ke kaua, nā kānāwai kōkua kanaka āpau, a me nā pono kanaka i hanaʻia e. ʻO kāna puppet Interim Government of Iraq e like me, no ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā pūʻali make e hana ana ma lalo o ka mana o ka hope.
Eia kekahi, he moʻolelo hoʻopunipuni, hoʻopunipuni, wahaheʻe, a me ka hoʻolaha kūʻokoʻa no ka hoʻomalu ʻana o Bush Jr. e hoʻomau i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka "mana" i kāna aupuni Interim o Iraq i ke kauwela o 2004. Ma lalo o nā kānāwai o ke kaua. , ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ke aupuni mai ka mōʻī i pio e like me Iraq i kahi mea hakakā e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia ma ka paukū 353 o ka US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956): "ʻO ka noho hakakā ʻana i ke kaua ʻē aʻe, ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina ʻenemi, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i kau ʻia ka mana o ka ʻāina i noho ʻia. ka mana noho. ʻO ka hana he manawa kūpono ʻole. "
Inā he kānalua no kēia mea, ʻo ka paukū 358 o ka US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956) e hoʻomaopopo pono i kēia ʻike kānāwai.
358. 'A'ole Ho'ololi 'ia ka 'Oihana
Ma muli o ke kaua, hā'awi ka noho 'ana i ka pū'ali koa i ka pū'ali ho'ouka kaua i ke ala e ho'ohana ai i ka mana no ka manawa o ka noho 'ana. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻoili i ka mana i ka mea e noho ana, akā i ka mana a i ʻole ka mana e hoʻokō i kekahi o nā kuleana o ke aupuni. ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau kuleana ma muli o ka mana paʻa o ka mea noho a mai ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i ke kānāwai a me ka pono, pono ʻole i nā kamaʻāina a me ka pūʻali noho. . . .
No laila, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ke aupuni ʻo ʻAmelika kahi "mana" ma kahi mua e hoʻoneʻe i kāna aupuni Interim Aupuni o Iraq. Ma Iraq ke noho mau nei ka mana i ka lima o ka poʻe o Iraq a ma ka moku'āina i kapa ʻia ʻo Republic of Iraq, kahi i noho mau ai. E hoʻomau ʻia ke aupuni kānāwai i hōʻike ʻia ma luna a hiki i ka wā e noho mau ai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i Iraq. I ka wā wale nō i hoʻopau ʻia ai ka noho ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i Iraq, hiki i ka poʻe o Iraq ke loaʻa ka manawa e hoʻokō ai i kā lākou kuleana kūʻokoʻa o ke aupuni ma o ke koho manuahi, pololei, democratic, a me ka hoʻokō ʻole. No laila e like me kēia kākau ʻana, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e noho mau ana i ka poʻe hakakā o Iraq ʻoiai ko lākou "hoʻololi" hoʻopunipuni o kā lākou "hoʻomalu" ʻole i ko lākou Aupuni Kūikawā o Iraq.
ʻOiai ʻo UN Security Council Resolution 1546 o 8 Iune 2004 "Welcoming" i ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka puppet Interim Government of Iraq i ʻike i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kānāwai honua. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka ʻōlelo preambular ma kēia ʻŌlelo Hoʻoholo i "ka leka o ka 5 Iune 2004 mai ke Kakauolelo o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka Pelekikena o ka ʻAha, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia me kēia ʻōlelo hoʻoholo." ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo kēlā leka i hoʻohui ʻia he ʻāpana paʻa i ke kānāwai o ka Resolution 1546 (2004). Ma laila ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo Colin Powell i hoʻohiki ai i ka UN Security Council e pili ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Multinational Force (MNF) ma Iraq: "Eia kekahi, ʻo nā pūʻali i hana i ka MNF ke kūpaʻa mau nei i nā manawa a pau e hana mau. me kā lākou mau kuleana ma lalo o ke kānāwai o ka hakakā kaua, me nā Geneva Conventions. Ma muli o ia mea, ke noho mau nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka poʻe hakakā o Iraq ma lalo o nā ʻEhā Geneva Conventions o 1949, ka Hague Regulations o 1907, US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956) a i ʻole ka mea like me ka Pelekane, ke kanaka kōkua kanaka. nā hoʻolako o ke Kumukānāwai Hou I o 1977 i nā ʻEhā Geneva Convention o 1949, a me nā kānāwai maʻamau o ke kaua honua.
Lawe kēia i ka ʻikepili i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Kumukānāwai o Iraq i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka puppet Interim Government of Iraq ma lalo o ka mana o ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka Paukū 43 o ka 1907 Hague Regulations no ke kaua ʻāina e pāpā paʻa loa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kekahi kānāwai kumu e like me ke Kumukānāwai o ka mokuʻāina i ka wā o ka noho hakakā ʻana: “Ua lilo ka mana o ka mana kūpono i ka lima o ka mea noho, ʻO ia ka mea e hana i nā hana a pau i loko o kona mana e hoʻihoʻi, a e hōʻoia i ka hiki ke hiki i ka lehulehu a me ka palekana, ʻoiai e pili ana, ke ʻole e pale ʻia, nā kānāwai i mana ma ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia pāpā like ʻole ma ka haec verba i ka paukū 363 o ka US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956). ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka mahalo nui ʻole i kēlā me kēia kānāwai ma Iraq i kū i ke ala o kāna mau hoʻolālā imperial a me nā manaʻo ʻaila, e komo pū ana me ka mua o ka hoʻouka kaua 1990 Interim Constitution no ka Repubalika o Iraq.
ʻO ka mea hou loa, ʻo ia ka UN Security Council Resolution 1637 o 9 Nowemapa 2005, ka mea e hoʻolōʻihi i ka noho pūʻali koa haole o Iraq a hiki i ka 31 Dekemaba 2006 akā e pili pono ana i ka Annex II o ia mea e hoʻopuka ana i kahi leka 29 ʻOkakopa 2005 e US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice i ka Pelekikena o ka 'Aha Kūkākūkā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana: "ʻO nā pūʻali e hoʻokumu i ka MNF e hoʻomau i ka hana like me kā lākou mau kuleana ma lalo o ke kānāwai o ka honua, me ke kānāwai o ka hakakā kaua." Ma laila, ʻo ke aupuni Iraqi hou e hoʻokomo ʻia ma hope o ke koho balota ponoʻī o 15 December 2005 e mau nō ke aupuni papeti e like me nā kānāwai o ke kaua.
E like me nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo o ka ʻaha kūkā palekana ma hope mai, ʻaʻohe mana a i ʻole ka mana o ka United Nations Security Council e hoʻololi i hoʻokahi iota o nā kānāwai o ke kaua no ka mea he mau kuʻuna o ke kānāwai honua. No ka 'Aha Kūkākūkā e manaʻo eʻae i ka uhakiʻana o US i nā kānāwai o ke kaua ma Iraq e hāʻawi i kona mau lālā koho balota i nā mea kōkua a me nā mea hoʻopiʻi i nā hewa kaua US a no laila ua hewa lākou i ka hana hewa kaua ma ko lākou pono pono'ī. Ke ho'āʻo nei ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā e ʻae, ʻae, a ʻae paha i ka uhaki ʻana i nā ʻEhā Geneva Conventions o 1949, nā 1907 Hague Regulations, nā ʻōlelo kōkua kanaka o ke Kānāwai Hou I o 1977 a i nā ʻEhā Geneva Conventions o 1949, a me nā kānāwai maʻamau o ke kaua ma waena o ka honua. ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i Iraq e lilo i ultra vires, he mea ʻole i ke kānāwai, a me ka void ab initio.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua lilo ka United Nations Organization i mea hoʻopiʻi i nā hewa o ka honua US a me UK ma Iraq i ka uhaki ʻana i nā kānāwai maʻamau o ke kaua kaua i hōʻike ʻia ma ka paukū 500 o US Army Field Manual 27-10 (1956): ". . . hoʻopaʻi ʻia nā hewa i ka maluhia, nā hewa kūʻē i ke kanaka, a me nā hewa kaua. Ke hele nei ka United Nations Organization ma ke ala o ka League of Nations i ka "ashcan" a Trotsky o ka mōʻaukala. A ke hele nei ʻo George Bush Jr. lāua ʻo Tony Blair i kā lāua hoʻokolokolo ponoʻī ma Nuremberg, nona ka makahiki kanaono o ka honua e hoʻomanaʻo nei i kēia makahiki. ʻAʻole hou!
[Francis A. Boyle, Kumu Law, University of Illinois, ka mea kākau o Foundations of World Order, Duke University Press, The Criminality of Nuclear Deterrence, and Palestine, Palestinians and International Law, na Clarity Press. Hiki ke loaʻa iā ia ma: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]]
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