Ke hoʻouna nei i kahi hōʻailona weliweli i nā neʻe kūʻē ʻana o nā haumāna ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa, hiki i nā kulanui ma waena o US ke hoʻolako hou i kā lākou mau mākaʻi me nā mea kaua castoff, e hoʻopaʻa mau ana iā lākou i loko o ka pūʻali koa-ʻoihana.
I ʻAukake, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Loio Kuhina Jeff Sessions ma kahi ʻaha Fraternal Order of Police e hoʻomaka hou ka Polokalamu 1033 i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lako kaua ex-military i nā hui mākaʻi, me nā keʻena mākaʻi o ke kulanui.
Ua holo ka papahana 1033 mai ka makahiki 1990 akā ua hooki ʻia ʻo ia i ʻelua makahiki i hala e Pelekikena Obama. ʻO kahi o ka pahuhopu mua o ka papahana no “hoʻohana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e ka federal a me ka moku'āina hoʻokō kānāwai.” E like me kā mākou i ʻike pono ai, ʻo ka "kaua ma luna o nā lāʻau lapaʻau" he hemahema ʻole.
Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka papahana, aia ma ka liʻiliʻi loa Ua loaʻa i nā koleke a me nā kulanui he 117 mau lako kaua. Ma kahi o 117 mau wahi o ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo e pono lākou i nā mea kaua. Aia ma kahi o 117 mau kula hoʻonaʻauao i kēia manawa me nā mea kaua. ʻO kēia ke kūlana o ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe ma US.
ʻO Jen Day Shaw, ka hope pelekikena a me ka dean o nā haumāna ma ke Kulanui o Florida, i haʻi aku i ka Chronicle of Higher Education, "Noʻu, he hoʻoko kālā kēia no ka poʻe ʻauhau."
I kēia manawa, ʻo Michael Qualls, he kumu aʻoaʻo o ka hoʻoponopono kalaima ma Fort Valley State University, mai la, "Inā mākou e hoʻomau i ka papahana 1033, no ka lilo ʻana o kēlā mau mea i mea kahiko ma ka pae koa a inā loaʻa lākou, no ke aha e loaʻa ʻole ai? ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻole ʻia. Kainō?
He aha nā kulanui e loaʻa nei
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kēia mau hoʻoili ʻana e pili ana i nā mea maʻamau e like me ka gauze - ʻae, gauze - a me kekahi mau kaʻa kiʻi maʻamau. Ke Kulanui o Wisconsin-Milwaukee loaa nā mea maʻamau, e like me ʻehā kumu hoʻopili, ʻelua poʻo kumu hoʻonohonoho kī a me ʻehā mau papa no ka lawelawe meaʻai. ʻAʻohe mea, manaʻo wau, he pilikia me kahi kulanui nona kēia mau mea.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka spectrum he mau kaʻa kaua. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka papahana, ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka huina o ʻeiwa mau kaʻa kaua kaua - ʻo kekahi he mau kaʻa huki kāhiko, a ʻo kekahi ʻo "Mine Resistant Vehicles." ʻO MRAPS, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ua hoʻolālā mua ʻia e kū i nā mea pahū improvised ma Iraq a me Afghanistan. ʻO ke Kulanui o Florida kekahi o nā mea i loaʻa i kahi kaʻa kaua.
Ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa i nā kulanui he nui nā pū a me nā mea kaua. ʻO kēia nā pū liʻiliʻi (pistols) a me nā pu raifela (M-14), a me nā pu raifela hoʻouka kaua (M-16). A ʻelua mau kulanui - Hinds Community College a me University of Central Florida - i loaʻa i nā mea hoʻolaha grenade. No ka nui, ka 2014 hoike ʻōlelo ʻia he 930 pū i hoʻolako ʻia i 87 mau kula like ʻole.
ʻO kēia hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea kaua he ʻāpana o ke kaʻina hana o nā kulanui ma ka US e lawe ana i nā ʻano mākaʻi like ʻole ma waho o ko lākou mau hale. Ma nā kulanui he nui, ua hoʻoponopono kēia mau kuleana i nā pilikia i hāʻule ma lalo o ka lepili "palekana lehulehu" - pinepine e pili ana i ka waiʻona. I nā makahiki he 20 a i ʻole 30 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka nā kulanui i ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana, e hana ana i nā pūʻali mākaʻi i hoʻolaʻa wale ʻia i ka policing i ke ola a me nā palena o ke kulanui. ʻO kēia mau hui ke loaʻa nei kēia mau mea kaua a me nā kaʻa.
ʻO ka hopohopo e pili ana i kēia hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea kaua e hoʻonui ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka nui o nā hui mākaʻi o ka pā kula i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, e alakaʻi ana i ka liʻiliʻi o ka nānā ʻana a me ke kuleana i nā lehulehu. hihia. Ua wehewehe ʻia kahi ʻatikala 2014 Vice i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka pūʻali koa o ke Kulanui o Chicago, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loaʻa pinepine kēia mau mākaʻi pilikino. "ke kūlana kānāwai o kahi mākaʻi pilikino a me nā mana o kahi lehulehu." ʻO ke ʻano o ka mākaʻi ʻia ʻana o kēia mau mākaʻi pilikino he nīnau koʻikoʻi i pane ʻole ʻia ma nā ʻano he nui.
Hoʻomaka hou i ka papahana 1033
He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea a pau, e like me ka Pelekikena Trump lāua ʻo Jeff Sessions, e hana maikaʻi ana i kahi hoʻohiki hoʻolaha, i ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻomau lākou i ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā mea kaua i nā keʻena mākaʻi ma ka ʻāina. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Jeff Sessions, "ʻAʻole mākou e kau i nā hopohopo ma luna o ka palekana o ka lehulehu. ʻO ke kauoha hoʻokō a ka pelekikena e kau inoa i kēia lā e hōʻoia e hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā mea ola e pono ai ʻoe e hana i kāu ʻoihana a hoʻouna i kahi leka ikaika ʻaʻole mākou e ʻae i ka hana hewa, ka hana ʻino a me ka hewa e lilo i mea maʻamau hou. A e mālama mākou i ke kālā o ka mea ʻauhau i kēia manawa.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻana e pili ana kēia i ke kuleana kālā ke ʻimi nei i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mākaʻi ma nā pā kula he hopena koʻikoʻi i ke kaiāulu o ka pā kula, a ʻoi aku ka hopena i ka pili ʻana me nā kaiāulu ma waho o ka hui haumāna. Ke hopohopo nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka mākaʻi ma nā kaiāulu āpau. I ka wā ma ka pā kula, ʻo kēia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mākaʻi he mea pale i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā haumāna, a he mea keakea ma waena o ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma loko a ma waho o nā kaiāulu kulanui.
ʻO kēia mau mea a pau he ʻāpana o kahi ʻano ākea o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mākaʻi, a pili pū ʻia me ka nele i ka hana. I kēia manawa o ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole i hoʻopuka ka ʻōnaehana i nā limahana keu wale, e like me ke ʻano o ka capitalism i nā manawa a pau, akā. lilo loa nā limahana i kahi degere i loaʻa ʻole ma mua. A ma ʻAmelika, ke noi aku nei mākou i ka nui o kēia mau limahana hoʻolimalima e uku i nā ʻumi kaukani kālā e hele i ke kulanui. ʻO ka ʻawelike Ua waiho ʻia ka haumāna i puka i ka makahiki 2016 me $37,172 ma ka hōʻaiʻē haumāna.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka hele ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā koi ʻoihana koa i nā mokuʻāina me ka ka nui o ka ilihune. ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻilihune me ka piʻi ʻana o nā mea hana pūʻali koa he mea ʻai no ka pōʻino. ʻAʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau mea kaua no ka mālama ʻana i nā haumāna i ka laina, ua hoʻomau lākou i ka hoʻokaʻawale lāhui a me ka papa ma waena o ka pā kula a me ke kaiāulu. He ʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no nā pā kula kūlanakauhale, kahi e noho ʻoluʻolu ai nā hale multimillion-dollar hou i loko o nā paia ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka pā kula, aʻo nā hale a me nā hale i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma waho. ʻO kēia pā i ʻike ʻole ʻia kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka nui o kēia mau mākaʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ka pā ke ala maʻamau no nā kaʻa hui ma nā pā kula.
ʻO nā kahua hoʻomoana o ke Kulanui ma ke ʻano he mau wahi mākaʻi
Pono ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika e huhū i ka hana ʻana o nā koleke i ka militarization o ko lākou mau pā kula a ke kākoʻo ikaika nei nā luna hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe i kēia kaʻina hana. Ke hana ikaika nei nā luna hoʻomalu i ka hoʻouka kaua a me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i kā mākou poʻe 17-22 makahiki, e hōʻike ana iā lākou i ka ikaika o ka mokuʻāina. Ua kākau mua ʻo Henry Giroux e pili ana i kēia mau hoʻololi i ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe ma kāna prescient buke Ke Kulanui i loko o nā kaulahao: Ke kū'ē nei i ka pūʻali koa-industrial-academic Complex. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea kaua i nā kulanui i kēia manawa ke neʻe nei i nā pilina ma waena o ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻahana ʻoihana koa.
Ke lilo nei ʻo Academia i ʻāpana pololei loa o ka lima hoʻomalu ikaika o ka neoliberal state apparatus ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana iā ia iho i loko o ka pūʻali koa-ʻoihana. ʻAʻohe wahi i ʻoi aku ka maopopo ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka Polokalamu 1033, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka "hoʻopakele kālā" ma ke ʻano he ala e hoʻokomo ai i ka pūʻali koa i ka pā kula, a kahi e nānā ai nā luna hoʻomalu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana e hoʻopau ʻia ai ka ʻae ʻana e ka hōʻike o ka ikaika pololei. He aha hou aʻe ke kaʻa kaua ma waho o ka hōʻike ikaika? ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka pūʻali koa i ka pā kula e hāʻawi ana i nā haumāna i ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ka noho ʻana i kahi mokuʻāina mākaʻi, a hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi noho mua ma ka lumi papa o ka politika neoliberal i ke kenekulia 21.
Frank G. Karioris, Ph.D. he kōkua polopeka o ka sociology a me ka luna o ka Center for Critical Gender Studies ma ka Ke Kulanui ʻAmelika Hui Pūʻāina ma Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Hana ʻo ia i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe, ka moekolohe a me ka pilina kāne. Hiki ke loaʻa iā ia ma: [pale ʻia ka leka uila].
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