Source: The Conversation
ʻO ka US 39th regiment ma Seattle, e hoʻohana i nā masks e pale ai i ka maʻi maʻi. Dek. 1918. E hele ana na koa i Farani i ka ma'i ma'i 'Spanish' Influenza 1918-19.
Kiʻi na Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com
Ma India, i ka wā o ka maʻi maʻi influenza 1918, he mea weliweli 12 a 13 miliona mau kānaka i make, ka hapa nui ma waena o nā mahina o Kepakemapa a me Dekemaba. Wahi a kahi mea ʻike maka, "ʻAʻohe mea nāna e wehe i nā kupapaʻu a hana nā ʻīlio hae i ʻahaʻaina."
I ka manawa o ka maʻi maʻi, ua noho ʻo India ma lalo o ke aupuni colonial Pelekane no 150 mau makahiki. He ʻokoʻa loa ka pōmaikaʻi o ka poʻe Pelekania mai ko ka poʻe India, a ʻaʻohe wahi i ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka maʻi ma mua o ka wā maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi, e like me kaʻu i ʻike ai i ka wā e noiʻi ana. koʻu Ph.D. ma ke kumuhana.
ʻO ka hopena o ka pōʻino e alakaʻi i nā loli nui ma India - a me ke aupuni Pelekane.
Mai Kansas a Mumbai
ʻOiai ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka maʻi Spanish, ʻo ka maʻi maʻi 1918 paha hoomaka ma Kansas a make ma waena o 50 a 100 miliona mau kānaka ma ka honua a puni.
I nā mahina mua o ka makahiki 1918, ua ulu ka maʻi ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a hiki i ka hikina. kaahele ma ka moana Atelanika me nā koa e hoʻolālā ana no WWI.
Hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā ʻauwaha ma ke Komohana Komohana o ʻEulopa, ua haehae ka maʻi i nā pūʻali i nāwaliwali. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua i kona hopena, ua hahai ka maʻi i nā ala moku kalepa a me nā lawe pūʻali koa e hoʻopilikia i nā kihi āpau o ka honua. ʻO ia ua hōʻea i Mumbai i ka hopena o Mei.
Laha like ʻole
I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka nalu mua o ka maʻi maʻi, ʻaʻole ia he mea make loa. ʻO ka ʻike wale nō a nā luna Pelekāne i ʻike ai, ʻo ia ka hopena o kekahi mau limahana. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike, "I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa no ka ʻoki mauʻu ... ua nāwaliwali loa ka poʻe i hiki ʻole ke hana i ka hana o ka lā piha."
Ma ka mahina o Kepakemapa, hoʻomaka ka moʻolelo e loli. ʻO Mumbai ke kikowaena o ka maʻi, ma muli paha o kona kūlana ma ke ʻano he ʻoihana kalepa a me ka civic hub. Ma Sepatemaba 19, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi nūpepa ʻōlelo Pelekania he 293 mau make maʻi influenza i loaʻa ma laila, akā ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo i kāna poʻe heluhelu "Ua hiki ke ʻino loa."
Akā, ua haehae ka maʻi ma waena o ka subcontinent, ma hope o ke kālepa a me nā ala leka. ʻO ka pōʻino a me ka make i hoʻopiha i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale kuaʻāina like. Ua hōʻike nā nūpepa India e loaʻa ana ka crematoria ma waena o 150 a 200 mau kino i kēlā me kēia lā. Wahi a kekahi mea nānā, "Ua hoʻopiha maoli ʻia nā ghats a me nā ilina i nā kupapaʻu; ʻoiai he helu ʻoi aku ka nui o ka kali ʻana i ka lawe ʻia ʻana.
Akā ʻaʻole like ka maʻi maʻi i kēlā me kēia kanaka. Noho ka hapa nui o ka poʻe Pelekania ma India i nā hale ākea me nā kīhāpai a me nā pā, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā papa haʻahaʻa o nā poʻe India noho kūlanakauhale, ka poʻe i noho ma nā wahi ākea. Nui nā poʻe Pelekania i hoʻohana i nā limahana o ka hale e mālama iā lākou - i ka manawa o ke olakino a me ka maʻi - no laila ua hoʻopā wale ʻia lākou e ka maʻi maʻi a ʻaʻole i hopohopo nui ʻia e ka haunaele i ka ʻāina.
Ma kāna leka kūhelu i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Dekemaba, ʻaʻole i haʻi aku ka Lutanela Kiaʻāina o nā Panalāʻau Hui Pū ʻIa i ka maʻi influenza, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia "Ua maloʻo nā mea a pau; akā ua hiki iaʻu ke loaʻa i ʻelua haneli mau snipe i kēia manawa.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ka maʻi maʻi i nā poʻe Pelekane he nui o India, ʻokoʻa ka ʻike i waena o ka poʻe India, nāna i ʻōlelo i ka luku honua. Ua kanikau kahi leka i paʻi ʻia ma kahi nūpepa, "ʻAʻole paha i ʻike mua ʻo India i nā manawa paʻakikī. He uē ma nā ʻaoʻao a pau. … ʻAʻohe kauhale ʻaʻohe kūlanakauhale ma ka loa a me ka laula o ka ʻāina ʻaʻole i uku nui ʻia."
Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ua ʻōlelo ke Komisina Sanitary o ka Punjab, "ua piha nā alanui a me nā ala o nā kūlanakauhale i ka poʻe make a make ... kokoke i nā hale a pau e kanikau ana i ka make, a ma nā wahi āpau i noho aliʻi ai ka weliweli a me ka haunaele."
ʻO ka hāʻule
I ka hopena, ʻike nā wahi ma ke kūkulu ʻākau a me ke komohana o India i ka make ma waena o 4.5% a me 6% o kā lākou heluna nui, ʻoiai ʻo ka hema a me ka hikina - kahi i hōʻea iki mai ai ka maʻi ma hope, ʻoiai e emi ana - nalowale ma waena o 1.5% a 3%.
ʻAʻole ʻo Geography wale nō ka mea hoʻokaʻawale. Ma Mumbai, aneane ʻehiku a me ka hapa ka nui o nā poʻe India haʻahaʻa i make i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ko lākou mau hoa Pelekane - 61.6 no ke tausani kūʻē i ka 8.3 i kēlā me kēia tausani.
Ma waena o ka poʻe India ma Mumbai, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa socioeconomic me ka lāhui i helu ʻia no kēia mau helu make.
Ua haʻi ka Luna Ola no Calcutta i ka ʻokoʻa loa o ka make ma waena o nā poʻe Pelekania a me ka papa haʻahaʻa: "ʻO ka nui o ka make ma Kidderpore ma muli o ka nui o ka poʻe haʻahaʻa, naʻaupō a me ka ʻilihune, e noho ana ma lalo o nā kūlana pupule i loko. nā hale pulu, ʻeleʻele, lepo. He papa paʻakikī lākou e hana ai. "
E hoʻololi i mua
Ua piʻi ka nui o nā make ma India ma ʻOkakopa, me ka lohi ʻana a hiki i Nowemapa a me Kekemapa. Ua kākau kekahi luna kūlana kiʻekiʻe o Pelekane i Dekemaba, "E hoʻoponopono ka ua hoʻoilo maikaʻi i nā mea āpau a ... e hoʻoponopono mālie nā mea iā lākou iho."
ʻAʻole naʻe i hoʻi hou ka Normalcy i India. ʻO ka pūnāwai o 1919 e ʻike i ka ʻO nā hana ʻino o Pelekane ma Amritsar a ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻO Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement. Ua lilo ʻo Influenza i hoʻokahi hiʻohiʻona o ka pono ʻole o Pelekane i hoʻoikaika i ka poʻe India i kā lākou hakakā no ke kūʻokoʻa. A nūpepa paʻi ʻia e ka pono kanaka Ua ʻōlelo ʻo activist Mahatma Gandhi, "ʻAʻohe ʻāina ʻē aʻe i hiki i kahi aupuni ke waiho i nā mea i hana ʻole ʻia e like me ka hana ʻana o ke Aupuni o India i ka wā o ka maʻi maʻi weliweli a me ka pōʻino."
Ua hoʻomaka ka make lōʻihi a lohi o ke aupuni Pelekane.
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