ʻO ke ahi ʻana o nā pana pua e hōʻailona ana i kēlā me kēia puka i ka "liberated
territory,” he wahi moe ma kahakai e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ke kūlanakauhale awa lepo
o Gonaïves mai ka Caribbean. Ma waho aʻe o nā pā, nā kānaka
e kiaʻi pono mai ko lākou poʻo e like me nā kāne, nā wahine, a me nā keiki
kauo i na hulk o na kaa kaa i hemo a me ka makeke nahaha
kū i loko o nā hui. Hoʻolaha ʻo Graffiti "Down with
Aristide” a i ʻole nā mea kupanaha, ʻawaʻawa: “Aristide—The people
ʻaʻole maopopo iā Raboteau. Ma lalo o ke ala lepo, laina
ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua me nā awāwa ʻōmaʻomaʻo i piha i ka lepo a me nā hale ʻeleʻele.
ke neʻe mai nei nā haneli o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi, e oli ana, e hīmeni ana, e ʻuā ana
ko lakou huhu a me ka huhu.
“E hai mai
na ʻAmelika e hoʻihoʻi i kā lākou ʻōpala," i ʻuā ai kekahi wahine,
e pili ana i ka 1994 US pūʻali noho, ka mea i hoʻihoʻi mai i Pelekikena
ʻO Jean-Bertrand Aristide ka mana ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ʻekolu makahiki
(1991-1994). “Ua pau mākou me Aristide. ʻAʻole mākou
pono hou iā ia. Aristide, kipi.
"mākou
hana ʻo Lavalas, a nānā i kahi i loaʻa ai iā mākou," wahi a kekahi kanaka ʻōpio.
e pili ana i ka aoao kalaiaina o Aristide Family Lavalas. ʻO kēia
ʻO Raboteau, ka home o Amiot "The Cuban" Métayer,
alakaʻi kū'ē i ka wā o ke kipi a me ke kākoʻo leo ʻo Aristide ma hope
"ka hoʻi mai," a ma ʻAukake, kahi o ka Raboteau Revolt
i ka wā i kū mai ai ka ʻūhā—alakaʻi ʻia e Métayer—e kūʻē i ka
ua lilo ke kahuna pule mua i pelekikena. ʻO ka moʻolelo ma hope o ka Revolt
ʻo ia hoʻi ka moʻolelo o ka ʻōpū ʻino o ko Aristide kālaiʻāina
mīkini a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka neʻe kaulana o Haiti.
Metayer
ʻo ia ka mea kākoʻo ʻo Aristide kaulana loa a me ke alakaʻi alanui ma ka
kūlanakauhale kahakai o Gonaïves. I ka wā hoʻokahuli aupuni, ʻo ia a me kona ʻohana
ua hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia a i kekahi manawa i hopu ʻia no ko lākou pili
i ka Raboteau Democratic Popular Organization (OPDR) i kēia manawa,
ʻo kekahi o nā haneli o nā hui kaulana i kūʻē i ka pūʻali koa
aupuni. No laila, i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai kahi ʻelele mai ke kapikala ma Iulai
2 a ua makemake ka peresidena e ike iaia ma ka Halealii Lahui.
ʻAʻole pūʻiwa ʻo Métayer a komo i ke kaʻa kali.
I ka hele ʻana naʻe, ua ʻike ʻo ia e hele ana ʻo ia i ka hale paʻahao.
oiai
Ua ʻōlelo nā luna ʻaʻole pili ka hopu ʻana iā Métayer,
i hoʻokahi lā ma mua o ka Organization of American States (OAS).
hoʻopuka i kāna hōʻike 80 ʻaoʻao e pili ana i ke aupuni Aristide a
Ua kapa ʻia kāna ʻohana Lavalas ʻo "ka ho'āʻo hoʻokahuli aupuni"
o Kekemapa 17, 2001. I ke kakahiaka nui o ia kakahiaka, ma kahi o 20 mau mea kaua
komo i ka Halealii Lahui a noho no kekahi mau hora, me ka luku
kekahi mau keʻena a laila pakele. Ma hope o ka pana ʻana a me ke alualu ʻana, ma hea
ua ʻeha kekahi mau kānaka a ua make kekahi mau mākaʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā
pakele ka poe hoouka.
e like me
i ka OAS, a kū'ē i nā koi a ke aupuni, ka hanana
ʻaʻole ia he hoʻāʻo kipi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hele ka hōʻike a hiki i ko Aristide
nā hoa paio, ka hui aupuni Demokarata Convergence o na aoao kalaiaina,
ka mea i ʻōlelo he "auto-coup" i kuke ʻia e hōʻuluʻulu kaulana
kākoʻo, ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe noiʻi OAS i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā mākaʻi.
ʻO ka mea nui, ua helu lākou i kekahi mau luna Lavalas a
nā lālā o ka ʻaoʻao a lākou i ʻōlelo ai ua hoʻoulu a kōkua i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana
kū'ē i nā lālā o ka hui Convergence a me ke keʻena poʻo i mālama ʻia
ma kekahi mau kūlanakauhale a puni ka ʻāina i ka lā aʻe.
In
ʻO Gonaïves, no ka laʻana, ua ʻōlelo ka OAS ua alakaʻi ʻo Métayer i kahi
pūʻali koa i puhi i nā hale o kahi hui Convergence a koi aku
e hui me kona alakai. ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā ia, ua hopu lākou i kahi palekana
kiaʻi, pepehi iā ia me ka pahi pahi, a laila puhi i kona kino
me ka hinuhinu.
he oiaio, ua
ma mua o ka hoʻāhewa ʻana i kēlā a me nā hoʻouka kaua ʻē aʻe - ma kahi o nā keʻena he ʻumikūmālua,
Ua puhi ʻia nā hale, a me nā kikowaena moʻomeheu i ke ahi a ʻaihue ʻia-ʻo ka mea aʻe
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Yvon Neptune iā lākou, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana: "ʻO ka
Ua ʻike nā kānaka i ko lākou ʻenemi.
aka,
Ua kūʻē ʻo Lavalas i kona ʻenemi ponoʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Democratic Convergence.
me ia i hakaka no elua makahiki no ke koho balota hoopunipuni.
Ua alakaʻi ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i nā mea hāʻawi kālā a me nā mea hāʻawi kālā e hoʻokuʻu i kahi $ 500 miliona
ma ke kokua a me ka aie. Me ka OAS ka mea uwao nui, ka Lahui
Pono ka Halealii e pane i ka hoike 1 Iulai a me ka Metayer
ʻO ka hopu ʻana i ka lā aʻe i ʻike ʻia e ka lehulehu ma ke ʻano he hoʻāʻo e kiola i ka
He hōʻailona ʻo OAS, no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe - a ʻaʻole hoʻi kekahi o nā Lavalas
nā luna—ua lawe ʻia.
"The
ʻAʻole i lawe maʻalahi ʻo Cuban" i kāna kuleana kanaka hāʻule. Ua hoʻohewa ʻo ia
ʻO Aristide i nā nīnauele lekiō, a ma Gonaïves kona mau kākoʻo-ma mua
ʻO nā lālā OPDR a me kekahi poʻe pōā e kapa nei iā lākou iho he "Cannibal
Army"—kūkulu ʻia nā pā ahi, hoʻopau i nā ʻoihana
hale, a uhi ʻia nā pā o ke kūlanakauhale me nā kiʻi kiʻi. I kekahi manawa, he ʻelele
mai ka Halealii Lahui i hoea mai ma ka helikopa e "negoticate,"
wahi a kekahi me ke kōkua o kahi ʻeke piha i ke kālā. I loko o nā hola,
Ua pani ʻia nā oli o "Down with Aristide" e "Long
ola ʻo Aristide akā manuahi ʻo Métayer” a i ka pō ka huaʻōlelo
"I lalo" i ka graffiti anti-Aristide ma nā pā a puni
Ua pani ʻia ke kūlanakauhale e "E ola."
aka,
he mau pule wale no ke kuikahi ana. Hoʻomaka koke nā demo i kēlā me kēia lā, a
ma ka la 2 o Augate, ua hao wale aku na lala o ka Puali Cannibal i ka bulldozer
a wawahi i ka lua e like me ka hale ma ka paia o ka halepaahao, e hookuu ana ia Métayer
a ma kahi o 150 mau mea ʻē aʻe ʻoiai ʻo kā lākou "koa" i hoʻouka ʻia.
mālama ʻia nā mākaʻi a me nā kiaʻi-ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e lawe wale ana i nā pu panapana-ma
kai kūʻono. Ua ʻaihue a puhi lākou i ke ahi ma ka Hale Hoʻokolokolo a me ke kūlanakauhale
Hale a puhi i ke kaʻa makai a me ke kaʻa ʻōpala wale nō o ke kūlanakauhale.
In
nā hōʻikeʻike Métayer-i kāhiko ʻia i kahi ʻulaʻula e hoʻohanohano ai
Ua kāhea ʻo Ogou, ka ʻuhane kaua Voodou—a me nā lālā o ka pūʻali Cannibal
no ka aina holookoa "e ala pu mai, no ka mea, o Aristide
pono e hele ka mea kumakaia." Metayer, Simeona, a me na haneri o
hoʻohiki kekahi i ka Hale Aliʻi Aupuni i kapa ʻia ʻo Métayer i ke kakahiaka nui o Dekemaba
17 me nā kauoha e hele i nā alanui me nā lima, e "paʻa i lalo
ke kaona,” e puhi i ke keʻena kūʻē.
"Inā
e hopu ana lākou i kekahi, ʻaʻole pono ka Cuban,"
Ua hoʻohenehene ʻo Jean Simeon, he 54 mau makahiki mason i ka wā o kahi huakaʻi. “ʻO lākou
e hopu ia Aristide, no ka mea, oia ka mea nana lakou i kii
mākou…. Ua puhi mākou nona, pepehi mākou nona…. Manaʻo mākou
he kipi.
By
i ka hopena o ka pule, e like me ka hikiwawe mai o ka Raboteau
Ua pau ke kipi. Ua hoʻouna ʻo Métayer i kāna "Cannibal Army"
hoʻi i ka hale paʻahao a loaʻa koke iā ia he hui ʻeono loio.
Ua haʻi ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻolaha ua hoʻōho ʻo ia "Down with Aristide"
me ka "hapalua o kona puʻuwai" a ua ʻōlelo kāna mau loio
ʻaʻole i hemo i waho o ka hale paʻahao akā ua "ʻaihue ʻia, me ka ikaika, i ka pū."
I kēia lā,
Ke noho nei ʻo "ka mahuka" i ʻelua mau poloka mai ka mākaʻi
hale, hui i kekahi manawa me nā mea hoʻolaha a hoʻomākaukau i kāna pale.
Ua oki na kamaaina o Raboteau i ka hele ana a me ka hooho ana.
e hoʻomaka hou i kā lākou ʻano hoʻopiʻi maʻamau i ʻoi aku ka makaʻala a me ka cryptic o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana—elliptical
a me ka ohumu malie. Akā ʻo ko lākou huhū, ʻaʻole i kumakaia i kēia manawa e
ʻO ko lākou pelekikena, akā na ko lākou alakaʻi pū kekahi, ʻike ʻia.
As
Ua emi mai ka nohona pili kanaka a me ka waiwai ma Haiti—no ka mea,
ma waena o nā kumu ʻē aʻe, i nā makahiki he ʻumi o nā kulekele waiwai neoliberal,
ʻO ka pilikia politika ʻelua makahiki, ka palaho, a me ka hāʻule ʻana o kēia manawa
o na haneri o na uniona aie kuikahi pyramid scheme—kue i ke aupuni
ua laha aku nā kūʻē a puni ka ʻāina. ʻAʻohe lā e hala me ka ʻole
e piʻi ana nā pā a i ʻole nā hale o ke kūlanakauhale i pani ʻia. ʻO kēlā mau mea maʻamau
ma nā alanui ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia akā huhū maoli a
nā makaʻāinana—māʻona i ka hoʻokele waiwai, ke piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai,
me ka nele o nā lawelawe a me nā kula aupuni, me ka 70 pakeneka o ka nele i ka hana,
me nā moʻolelo ma hope o nā moʻolelo o ka palaho aupuni, me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole
ke piʻi nei ka hewa, me ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka pepehi kanaka ʻana i nā mea nūpepa. ʻO ka
ʻike pinepine ʻia nā hōʻikeʻike me ka ikaika koʻikoʻi. Ua pana ka makai
a pepehi i ka poe hoikeike, a ma kekahi hana i hala iho nei ua make he 40 kao
a me ka hapalua kakini bipi o ka poe mahiai i hooki i ke kaa no ke koi
uila no ko lakou wahi.
aka,
ʻAʻole nā hōʻike kūʻē aupuni i ka hapa nui
hōʻike wale i ka "wela alanui" ma Haiti i kēia mau lā. Mālama no
ʻO kāna kipi manawa, nā pūʻali koa e like me ka Cannibal Army
ʻO ka maʻamau e holo nei i ke aupuni a—ʻoi aku hoʻi—pro-Aristide
hoikeike. I ka lilo ʻana o ka pelekikena i ke kākoʻo kaulana, ʻo ia a me kāna
Ua hilinaʻi nui ka mīkini politika i kēlā mau pūʻali e hōʻike
e hoʻopaʻa i nā pā, e hoʻohewa i kēia a i kēlā kanaka kālai'āina,
a i ʻole hoʻoweliweli i ka poʻe kūʻē kūpono. Nā hui kuleana e like me Amnesty International
a ua hōʻole ka OAS Inter-American Human Rights Commission
lakou ma ke ano he "paramilitaries," "mercenary" a
"nā pūʻali palekana parallel," akā kāhea ka nūpepa kūloko
ʻo lākou "nā hui kaulana" no kekahi o ko lākou mau alakaʻi
ua hele mai i mua i ka 1990s ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka neʻe kaulana.
“ʻO kēia
he mau mea kaua nui ko na hui. Hiki iā lākou ke komo i loko o ka hale paʻahao. Hiki iā lākou
hoouka i ka makai. He mau pūʻali koa maoli lākou, he pūʻali koa
ʻaʻole hewa loa," wehewehe ʻo Elifaite St. Pierre, Kakauolelo
Nui o ka Papahana o nā Hui Kuleana Kanaka Haiti. ʻO ka
nā pū mai nā kumu like ʻole-mai ka wā hoʻokahuli aupuni, mai
ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, a, ʻōlelo kekahi, mai ka poʻe pili me ka
Halealii Lahui. "He poʻe paramilitaries lākou i hui pū me ka
ka mana kālai'āina, me Lavalas, a hana lākou no ke aupuni,
e like me ka hana a nā pūʻali make ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ka
He loea kanaka kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o UN no Haiti, loio Farani
Louis Joinet, kipa iā Haiti i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa a pīhoihoi i ka mea
ua loaʻa iā ia: "nā alakaʻi kaua lehulehu" o ka pūʻali koa i kūkulu ʻia
nā pūʻulu e hana ana me ka "impunity."
ka
nā alakaʻi pūʻulu—kapa kekahi iā lākou he "crowd brokers" - are
uku ʻia nā māka "zombi" mai nā ʻoihana mokuʻāina e like me ke kelepona
hui a hana paha ma ka Halealii Lahui ma ke ʻano he "kōkua." I ka manawa
Pono nā kino mahana, puʻunaue ʻia ke kālā ma ke ʻano i kēia manawa pēlā
ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole kānalua ka poʻe pōā alanui e hōʻike i kahi kūlana maikaʻi
mea kākau moʻolelo kā lākou hōʻoia. Ua hana ke kuhina nui i kahi kuhikuhi
iā ia ma hope o ʻelua mau brokers kaulana-me nā pilina pili loa
ʻO Aristide—ua lawe ʻo ia i ka nalu i Kepakemapa e hoʻolaha i kahi "neʻe"
e hoʻokuke iā ia mai ka ʻoihana. ʻO kona mua i puka i ka nui like
he mau mahina wale nō ma mua.
ʻO Yvon
Pono e hele ʻo Neptune, ”ʻōlelo ʻo Paul Raymond i ka poʻe nūpepa.
microphones. “Ua lawe mākou iā Cherestal a e hana mākou i ka
like me Neptune. ʻO Raymond, he lālā o kahi "ti
kominote legliz” (hui kaiaulu e pili ana i ka ekalesia) ma Aristide's
ʻO ka hale pule mua, ʻo St. Jean Bosco, a laila heluhelu i ka papa inoa o nā luna
Ua kapa ʻo ia i "ka poʻe hopu" a me "nā ʻaihue" a ua pane ʻia
me ka lehulehu o na kanaka, kana "hui kaulana," e hooho ana
“Nakinaki iā lākou.” No kekahi mau pule, ua ike ke kapikala i na hoikeike
a me nā ʻaha kūkā, i hele pū ʻia e ka lehulehu hoʻokahi, akā hikiwawe
pau lakou. ʻIke loa, ua hoʻoholo ka mea lima o Raymond i nā demos
ʻaʻole i hana a i ʻole i hoʻokō i kā lākou kumu i kahi ʻike ʻole ʻia,
pae kālaiʻāina lumi hope.
ka
Aia pū kekahi pūʻali koa politico-paramilitary i ka wā i kipa aku ai ʻo Aristide
ke keʻena ʻauhau mokuʻāina i ke kakahiaka nui o kēia hāʻule. ʻO kekahi o kēlā mau helehelena like
Ua ālai ʻia nā alanui o ke kaona, e ʻoliʻoli nui ana a paʻa iā Aristide
paʻi kiʻi i kēlā me kēia manawa e maʻalo ai ʻo ia a i ʻole ke kāmela. I kēlā pule hoʻokahi, lākou
aia ma ka lima no kahi hana ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi
100 o nā lālā "hui kaulana" e pale i kahi maluhia
hōʻikeʻike o nā kumu kula kulanui, nā haumāna, a me kā lākou mau kākoʻo.
E paʻa ana i nā hōʻailona nui i hoʻomalu ʻia e ko Aristide maka ʻakaʻaka,
ʻo ka poʻe hōʻike kūʻē, ʻo kekahi o lākou ka poʻe ʻelemakule, nā wahine ʻilihune
ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā alanui o ke kūlanakauhale, hoʻopilikia i ka poʻe hele,
e kiola ana i na ream o Aristide lele, na omole mimi a me na pohaku
nana ka makai. ʻO ka uku maʻamau i kēlā lā he $10, ʻo ia ka mea like
ʻehiku lā hana ma ka uku liʻiliʻi.
ka
ʻO St. Pierre o Platform, he mea hoʻoikaika haumāna mua, pololei
hoʻoweliweli ʻia e kekahi mau lālā o ka hui i hoʻōho: “E
e paopao ia oe. E kiʻi mākou iā ʻoe me ka mea ʻole. ʻO ia mau mea hoʻoweliweli
ʻAʻole hiki ke lawe māmā ʻia i kahi ʻāina kahi, i ka makahiki i hala, he mea kākau moʻolelo
ua ʻaihue ʻia e nā poʻe kākoʻo ʻo Lavalas-mai ka mea i kapa ʻia
"hui kaulana" "Sleep in the Woods" -no ka mea
he mau lālā kūʻē ʻo ia ma kāna papahana lekiō. I kēia mau lā,
Ua hoʻoweliweli pololei ʻia ka poʻe nūhou e nā mākaʻi a me nā luna o Lavalas,
a ua haʻi aku kekahi luna ʻahaʻōlelo o St. Marc e ʻōlelo ana kekahi "I lalo
me Aristide" pono e hopuia. Hoʻokahi pule ma hope mai, ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka Pōʻaono
poʻe pō—ʻo kāna "hui kaulana" i kapa ʻia ʻo "Operation
Clean Sweep”—ma ka huli hale i ka hale no ke kue
nā hoa pāʻina e hahau.
It
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ke kapa ʻia ka hapa nui o ka poʻe he politico-paramilitary
hui "chime,” ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻōlelo Creole he mea kaua
powa. Akā hoʻopaʻa inoa mau ka media nui iā lākou "nā hui
Popular” a i ʻole “OPs,” e hui pū ana me
ʻo nā hui ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i ka hale pule, nā mahiʻai a me nā hui kaulana
i ka 1980s hooweliweli e lawe mai maoli kipi. ʻO ka bourgeois
kela la i keia ʻO The Newsllist ʻoliʻoli i ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana i nā "OPistes,"
ke manaʻo nei lākou e hoʻopuka i kahi papa hana mua o kā lākou mau pā ahi,
i hiki ai i na papa kiekie—e holo ana mai na kuaaina mai
e hoʻolālā i kā lākou huakaʻi kakahiaka.
"The
Hoʻomalu piha ʻia ka paʻi Haitian e ka bourgeoisie, no laila
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ʻoiai e huikau paha kekahi poʻe nūpepa
nā hui kaulana maoli me kekahi hui mai kahi kaiāulu ʻilihune,
aia kekahi poʻe e hoʻokaʻawale i ka huaʻōlelo i mea e
e hoʻokaʻawale i kona manaʻo politika a me ka manaʻo," wehewehe
ʻO Marc-Arthur Fils-Aimé, ka luna hoʻomalu o ka Carl Lévêque
Cultural Institute (ICKL), kahi hale hoʻonaʻauao kaulana i loaʻa
hana pū me nā hui kaulana Haitian mai 1989. “ʻO ia
ʻaʻole kahi kumu ʻāina—e like me kahi kaiāulu ʻilihune—ʻo ia
wehewehe i kahi hui kaulana. ʻO ka mea koho ke koho
e paio no ke ano o ka lehulehu.
Popular
Ua komo nā hui i ke kūlana politika ma Haiti i nā makahiki 1980
ʻoiai ʻo ka neʻe ʻana e hoʻokahuli i ke aupuni Duvalier i ʻohi ikaika.
I ka holo ʻana o "Baby Doc" i ka makahiki 1986, ua puka mai nā haneli haneli
i luna. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā komite kaiāulu e koi i nā lawelawe kumu,
hoʻokumu i nā hui keaka, a me nā kula. Hoʻoulu ʻia nā hui mahiʻai
e kiʻi hou i ka ʻāina ʻaihue a i ʻole e kūʻē i ka poʻe kūʻai kope kofe.
Ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā hui ʻo Liberation theology i hoʻolaha ʻia mai kahi paʻa a i kahi parish,
ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻolaha e hoʻonui i ka ʻike. Ma Port-au-Prince
wale nō, loaʻa nā haʻawina a hiki i ka 150 o ia mau hui ma ka hopena o
ka ʻumi makahiki. Me nā uniona, nā hui ʻoihana, nā haumāna
nā hui, a me nā ʻaoʻao kālaiʻāina, ua hoʻokumu kēia mau hui i ko Haiti
ka neʻe demokalaka a kaulana i lawe iā Aristide i ka mana
i ke koho balota demokratika mua loa o ka ʻāina i ka makahiki 1990.
Aia ma ke keʻena,
akā naʻe, ʻo Aristide ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka poʻe paʻi koʻikoʻi haole
ma ke ʻano he "firebrand" a me "radical" akā ʻo wai naʻe
ua hoʻomaka e hoʻokō i ka neoliberal i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka International Monetary Fund
nā kulekele - hana i nā mea a ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hahau mua i ka hānau ʻana
neʻe ma ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā hana mokuʻāina me nā alakaʻi hui kaulana,
inā he mākaukau a ʻaʻole paha, a ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana iā lākou i loko
kapena papa hana kahiko.
“Aristide
makemake i nā pūʻali koa i ka hoʻokele aupuni, "hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Janil
Louis-Juste, ke kulekele pilikanaka a me ke kumu agronomy ma ke Kulanui o ka Moku'āina
o Haiti. "Akā, ua hoʻolimalima ʻo ia iā lākou i kēlā me kēia kumu. Ua hui pū ʻo ia
aku nō lākou. "
ʻeono
mau mahina ma hope mai, ua loaʻa i ka neʻe kaulana ka lua o ka hahau ʻana i ka wā
Ua hoʻokō ʻo US operatives i ka pūʻali koa Haitian i ka Kepakemapa
30, 1991, hoʻokahuli aupuni. Aneane ekolu makahiki ka puali
a me ka CIA-linked paramilitary FRAPH (Front for Haitian Advancement
a me Progress, nona ka inoa i koho maopopo ia no ka acronym i
leo like me ka ʻōlelo Creole no ka "hit") hoʻoweliweli i ka
ʻāina, e ʻimi ana i nā hui kaulana a me kā lākou poʻe kākoʻo. ʻO kekahi
5,000 kanaka i make. Hoʻokahi tausani lālā hui kaulana
Ua ʻae pū ʻo ia i kahi asylum ma US ma o kahi papahana hoʻopaʻapaʻa
Ua manaʻo ka poʻe holomua e hoʻopau i ka ʻāina
nā mea hana maikaʻi loa.
By
ʻO ka manawa i hoʻi ai ʻo ia i ka mana ma 1994, ua nalowale ʻo Aristide i kāna radical
kumu ʻāina ma muli o ke kuʻikahi āna i ʻoki ai me nā imperialist.
(Ua hoʻi ʻo ia ma luna o nā ʻaʻahu o ka pūʻali koa US "Operation
Hoʻihoʻi hou i ka Democracy" a ua ʻae ʻo ia e hoʻokō ʻoi aku ka hohonu
nā kulekele hoʻokele waiwai neoliberal.) Ua nānā hou ʻo ia i ke kanaka
nā alakaʻi hui kaulana no ke kākoʻo. Hāʻawi ʻo ia iā lākou i nā hana a
nā kaʻa a hoʻonohonoho i ka "Little Projects of the Presidentcy"
nāna i hāʻawi i kahi $7.3 miliona i loko o "nā haʻawina."
Ua hoʻohewa nui ʻia nā papahana no ko lākou makemake a me ka palaho.
I ka manawa like, nā hui aupuni ʻole-kekahi
manaʻo maikaʻi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā mea i kākoʻo ʻia e ke aupuni US
ʻO nā polokalamu "hoʻonui democracy", ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi - ʻohi ʻia
i nā hui me nā papahana "hoʻomohala".
Aristide
Ua hoʻi i ke keʻena ma 2001 ma hope o ka noho ʻana i waho no ʻelima mau makahiki (ka
Ua pāpā ke Kumukānāwai i nā hua'ōlelo hoʻi i hope) i nā koho balota
me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻopunipuni.
Me ka nele i ka legitimacy a me ke kaulana kaulana, huli hou ʻo ia
i nā alakaʻi kaulana a me nā pūʻulu, ka nui o lākou i ulu aʻe
pūʻali koa.
“I kēia lā
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hui kaulana maoli ua hoʻopau ʻia, "wahi a Ertha
ʻO Charles, he kumu a he alakaʻi o ka hui ʻōpio ma ka ʻākau
kulanakauhale o Pilato. "Ua hakakā mākou no ka demokala. Ua pilikia mākou i kā mākou
ola i ka wā hoʻokahuli aupuni. Akā, ʻike mākou i ko mākou mau alakaʻi e holo no ka ʻoihana
a i ʻole e loaʻa nā hana a hoʻopiha i kā lākou ʻeke. I kēia lā, nui ka poʻe-ʻo wau pū kekahi
hoʻopunipuni loa e pili ana i nā manaʻo i loaʻa iā mākou a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki ʻo Aristide
i hana ʻia iā mākou. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o mākou, ʻaʻole maikaʻi. He kakaikahi wale no
opportunists, ka poʻe i hoʻopili iā lākou iho i ka lepa o kekahi,
he mau hana. ʻAʻohe mea a ke koena o mākou.
ka
hoʻoweliweli nā pūʻulu i nā kānaka me nā hewa a lākou i hana ai me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole
i ka wā "off-duty" a, ʻoi aku ka mea nui, hoʻonāwaliwali i ka poʻe
mai ka lawe ʻana i nā alanui, mai ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ko lākou leo, mai
hoʻonohonoho.
aka,
ʻaʻole nā hui kaulana a pau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a i hoʻohuli ʻia paha i poʻe koa
nā pūʻulu. A puni ka ʻāina, ʻoiai nā mākaʻi a me chimé
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻi, aia nā hui - nā hui wahine, nā ʻōpio
nā pūʻulu, nā lekiō kaiaulu, a me nā hui mahiʻai—ʻo ia
ua paʻa i ko lākou mau manaʻo.
“Aia ma laila
ʻO ia ka hoʻihoʻi nui ʻana o ka neʻe mai ka makahiki 1995,
akā e hoʻomaka ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki a me ka hapa i hala, ua ʻike mākou i kahi kūpaʻa,
ʻoi aku ma waena o nā hui mahiʻai, "hoʻohui ʻo Fils-Aimé.
Hana pū kāna hui me nā ʻoihana he ʻumi a puni ka
ʻāina. "Ke hoʻomaka nei nā kānaka e noʻonoʻo i nā mea a lākou
ke hōʻole nei e pāʻani i ka pāʻani o Lavalas vs. Convergence. ʻo lākou
e noʻonoʻo ana i nā mea ʻē aʻe maoli. "
“Lavalas,
ka hui ana, chimè, ua like lākou a pau iā mākou,"
ʻae ʻo Clement François, he lālā o ke komite hoʻokō
of Tèt Kole Ti Peyizan Ayisyen (He poʻo hui liʻiliʻi
Haitian Peasants), nona ma kahi o 10,000 mau lālā ma 8 o Haiti
9 oihana. "Ke hakakā wale nei lākou no ka mana pilikino.
ʻO lākou ke kuleana no ko mākou kūlana weliweli. ʻO ka mea wale nō
ʻO ka mea e hoʻopakele ai i ka ʻāina i kēia manawa no ka poʻe a pau
ka ehaeha—ka poe hana, ka poe mahiai, ka poe i hoohanaia—no kakou
kaua pū, no kākou e hakakā ai.
aka,
ʻo ka ʻumi makahiki o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka cooptation ua hoʻopau ʻia i kahi
kanaka luhi a me kā lākou mau hui kumu. ʻO ka mea i koe
e ʻike ʻia inā ʻaʻole i kūpaʻa ka poʻe i ka loli maoli
hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i loko o kahi pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana mai nā mākaʻi a me nā mea kaua
nā pūʻali koa e like me Cannibal Army, nā pūʻulu i—ka Raboteau Revolt
maopopo—aole e hoomalu mau.
ia
ʻo ia paha ke kumu i kūʻokoʻa ai ʻo Métayer. ʻOiai ʻo Lavalas
Ua makemake nā luna e hopu iā ia a me nā alakaʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole paha
hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka backlash mai kā lākou pūʻali koa. I ka manawa o Metayer
Ua lawe ʻo ia i ka lewa e haʻi aku ua lohe ʻo ia i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻopau ʻia
ia ia i ʻOkakopa, ua hele koke kāna hui ma ke alanui, akā he lā
a i ʻole ʻelua ma hope aku—ma hope o ke kelepona ʻana mai Port-au-Prince a i ʻole kekahi pahu pōkole?—ʻo ia
hamau hou. ʻO Félix "Fefe" Bien-Aimé
ʻaʻole i laki. He luna hoʻokele mua o ka ilina aupuni a me ke poʻo
o ka hui "Galil Base popular organization" (Galil is
he pū mīkini), ua hopu ʻia ʻo ia a me ʻelua mau mea ʻē aʻe ma Port-au-Prince
i ka hopena o Kepakemapa a ʻaʻole i lohe ʻia mai ia manawa mai, ʻoiai
nā kūʻē kūʻē ʻino a kāna mau lālā a me nā koi o nā pono kanaka
nā hui.
In
ʻO kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻoiai ʻo Lavalas e hoʻāʻo e hoʻopaʻa i kāna mau pūʻali i loko
ʻO nā wahi ʻino, nā ʻenemi o kahi ʻano populist o ka loli ma Haiti-e noho ana
ma nā wahi puʻu elite ma luna o Port-au-Prince
na hale moe a pela no hoi ma na keena ea ma Wasinetona—he
e hana ana i ka mea maikaʻi loa e hele i luna o Aristide a e pale aku i kahi radical
ka neʻe ʻana mai ke aʻa hou.
ka
ʻO nā kūʻē waho a me loko paha e alakaʻi i ka huki lōʻihi
make o ka mīkini Lavalas a i ʻole kona pahū koke ʻana. Nā hopena ʻelua
e loaʻa nā hopena ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka embryonic e kūkulu hou
ka neʻe demokala a kaulana. E like me ka ʻōlelo, Se lè
koulèv la mouri ou konnen longe li ("I ka wa wale no
Ua make ka nahesa, maopopo iā ʻoe kona lōʻihi").