W
hen
Ua noi mai ko'u mea hooponopono ma St. Martin's Press ia'u e hana i ka moolelo
o ka moʻolelo moʻolelo kāne kāne kāne pre-Stonewall, he mea maʻalahi ia:
ehia ka nui e hiki ai? Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau—a i ʻole i manaʻo wau
Ua ʻike au—ʻo ia wale nō ka puke moʻokalaleo kāne i loaʻa ma mua o ka
1969 ʻO nā haunaele pōhaku a me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā kāne
nā moʻolelo inaina iā ia iho e like me Gore Vidal's 1948
ka
Kulanakauhale a me ke kia
a me James Baldwin i ka makahiki 1956
ʻO Giovanni
Room
- ka mea e pau ai i ka pepehi kanaka a i ʻole ka luku ʻana iā ia iho. A i ʻole
aia nā puke junky pulp me nā poʻo inoa like
Ka mea ehaeha,
Ke Ala Mahele
,
Nalo ma ke Alanui Twilight
, a
hope
nāna i hōʻike i nā kiʻi ʻino loa o ke ola kāne. Ua hele au
e hōʻiliʻili ana i kēia mau puke—me kā lākou mau uhi lurid, campy a me kā lākou
ʻO ke kope uhi weliweli e hoʻolaha ana i nā kumumanaʻo e like me "A
ʻO Surging Novel of Forbidden Love" a i ʻole "He Homosexual Looks
iā ia iho"—no nā makahiki, a ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā lākou me he mea lā
leʻaleʻa paha.
I
hoʻomaka ka papahana me ka manaʻo o ka ebullience-ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo wau
uku ʻia e heluhelu i ka ʻōpala campy. Akā ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu ma mua
ʻO kaʻu noiʻi i lawe iaʻu i kahi ala i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. Ma hope o kahi
he mau pule o ka imi ana a me ka heluhelu ana e like me ka nui o na pulp kane kane mai ka
ʻO ka makahiki 1950 e like me kaʻu hiki, ua ʻike wau i koʻu ʻike kumu no ke kāne kāne
Ua hewa ka moʻolelo palapala kāne. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo mau wau i kēlā mau kiʻi
ʻO ke ola kāne kāne kāne a me nā kumuhana i ʻaneʻane kaʻawale loa mai ka mainstream
hoʻopuka ma mua o Stonewall. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo wau i kēlā me kēia mea
ʻO nā palapala i loaʻa i hiki ke ʻike ʻia he hoʻowahāwahā iā ʻoe iho.
aka,
ʻoi aku ka nui o kaʻu heluhelu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o kaʻu ʻike ʻana i nā puke e like me ka makahiki 1959
Sam
,
na Lonnie Coleman, me nā kiʻi kāne kāne i ʻike piha ʻia me ka paʻakikī,
ola huahua. I kekahi manawa ua pau kēia mau moʻolelo me ka hauʻoli. ʻO ka
ʻO nā manawa mua i loaʻa iaʻu nā puke like, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo wau iaʻu iho
hāʻule i kahi moʻomeheu quirk—he moʻolelo i hana nui ʻia
i mālama ʻole ʻia i ka manawa o kona hoʻolaha ʻana. Akā i koʻu hoʻomau ʻana i ka heluhelu ʻana,
ʻaʻole i kākoʻo nā ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēia manaʻo. ʻO Coleman, no ka laʻana,
He mea kākau moʻolelo kaulana ma hope o ke kaua nāna i kākau i ka
ʻoihana
ʻĀina Beulah
trilogy i ka makahiki 1970. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia
e manaoia he mea kakau pohihihi. (ʻOiai he nui nā pulu lesbian
i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1950— ʻo nā moʻolelo a Ann Bannon ka mea nui loa
kaulana—ʻo kēia mau puke he pepa pepa a pau, i kākau ʻia no
he anaina non-mainstream a me ka palapala.)
As
Ua ʻike ʻia kaʻu papahana i kapa ʻia ʻo Pulp Friction
e kaʻu mea hoʻoponopono, ua paʻa i ka hiki ke hana i kahi ala hou o ka nānā ʻana
ma ka palapala gay pre-Stonewall, ua hooikaika au e imi
keia mau buke. Manaʻo liʻiliʻi e like me Nancy Drew ma The Secret
o ka Queer Plot, ua hahai au i kela a me keia clue. He hoaaloha ʻo ia
ʻO ka kākau ʻana e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala hana ma Chicago i ʻōlelo ʻia e makemake paha wau
e nānā i nā moʻolelo na Willard Motley. I kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, ua ʻike au i kahi
kope o kāna puke moʻolelo 1947
Kikeke i kekahi puka
ma ke kaa dala
ma Boston's Brattle Book Shop. Hōʻike ka puke i ka moʻolelo o
ʻO Nick Romano, he keiki Chicago i hānau ʻilihune, hele hewa, a pau
i ka pepehi kanaka makai. He mea kūʻai maikaʻi loa i ka wā i paʻi ʻia ai, ua hana ʻia
i loko o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni kaulana i ka makahiki 1949 me John Derek lāua ʻo Humphrey Bogart. I ka manawa
Hoʻomaka wau e heluhelu
Kikeke i kekahi puka
, Ua kahaha au. Me
ʻoiai he ʻaihue, he hustler ʻo Johnny a ʻo kekahi o ka puke nui
ʻO nā hua'ōlelo he kāne male kāne nāna e uku iā ia no ka moekolohe a mālama iā ia.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka moʻolelo me ka noʻonoʻo kāne kāne - ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe
ua lanakila ʻo Motley i nā wehewehe ʻana i ka nani kāne—a
ʻO Grant Holloway, ʻo Nick's john, ke kikowaena pono o ka hana.
Ua hoʻohuli ʻia kahi noiʻi liʻiliʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he kāne kāne ʻo Motley, ʻApelika
ʻAmelika, a he hema. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ʻehā mau moʻolelo, ʻelua o ia mau puke
mea kūʻai aku. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he mea kākau nui ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 1950;
i keia la ua aneane e poina ia.
mai ka
Kikeke i kekahi puka
, Ua hele maoli au i kahi ʻē aʻe o Motley
puke. ʻO ka hoʻolaha lau lele ma
Mai kakau mai ke kanaka i ka'u Epitaph
no ka mea, "nā puke ʻē aʻe āu e hauʻoli ai" alakaʻi iaʻu i kā Theodora Keogh
1950
Ka Puka Palua
, e pili ana i kahi kāne male kāne e alakaʻi nei
he ola kaulua. Ma hope o ka hahai holoholona ʻana, loaʻa iaʻu kahi kope ma eBay.
Heluhelu au i kāna puke moʻolelo 1952
Mele alanui
, ka mea i overt
nā kumuhana kāne male kāne, a me kāna 1949
Meg
, he moʻolelo me nā leo wahine,
e pili ana i kahi kaikamahine waiwai nui o New York i komo i ka hui alanui. Ua ʻike nō wau
liʻiliʻi e pili ana iā Keogh ma mua o kaʻu e pili ana iā Motley. No laila ua hana au i kahi pūnaewele wikiwiki
huli a ʻike ʻo Keogh, ka moʻopuna a Theodore Roosevelt,
he mea kākau moʻolelo i mahalo nui ʻia i kaulana no kāna "ʻaʻa"
nā papahana.
hahai
ua lilo nā hoʻolaha lau lele ma nā puke i ala maikaʻi loa e ʻike ai
nā pulu kāne kāne kāne ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka puke moʻolelo a Charles Gorham i ka makahiki 1961
McCaffrey
(e pili ana i kahi hustler gay), no ka laʻana, alakaʻi iaʻu i Stuart Engstrand's
Ka maʻa a me ka pua
, he moʻolelo 1947 e pili ana i ka mea
e kapa mākou i kēia manawa he transgenderism. He mea kiko'ī ke ola o ke kanaka
ʻaʻahu i kāna wahine e like me ke keikikāne a koi aku iā ia e pili me ka
Kāpena kiaʻi kai me ia i aloha ai. He opala ka manao,
akā, ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia, ʻoluʻolu, a me ka ʻike.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Engstrand, he mea kākau moʻolelo ma hope o ke kaua.
kekahi
ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e ʻike ai i ka pulp gay, ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i nā blurb ma nā ʻaʻahu puke
mai ka makahiki 1950 mai. I ka wā e kipa aku ai i kahi hale kūʻai puke ma New York
ʻO ke kūlanakauhale, no ka laʻana, ua ʻohi wau, ʻoi aku ka makemake
ma mua o ka instinct, he kope o ka moʻolelo 1949 a Frederick Buechner
A
Ka Lā lōʻihi
. Ma waho aʻe o ka nani (a nani loa)
kiʻi mea kākau, ʻo ka mea kupanaha loa e pili ana i ka puke ʻo ia ka mea nāna
apono ia. Aia ma luna o nā pā lole ka mahalo nui mai Isabel Bolton,
ʻO John Horne Burns, Leonard Bernstein, Christopher Isherwood, a me
ʻO Carl Van Vechten—ʻo wai ka mea o nā makahiki 1950 queer literati.
A
Ka Lā lōʻihi
pili me kahi hui o nā hoaaloha bohemian
o na manao hookamani like ole. He neʻe a haʻalulu—e makaʻala
ka monkey holoholona me ka pahi pahi-pololei—a pau paha
ʻoi aku ka nui no ka mea ʻo Buechner i kēia manawa he loea Episcopalian koʻikoʻi.
My
huli koke mai i kekahi mau mamana: kekahi pepa pepa mai ka
ʻO nā makahiki 1950 me ka ʻeleʻele poni ma ka uhi i lilo i mea ʻē; uhi
nā laina tag i haʻi ʻia "ka male ʻē" a i ʻole "ka
ʻO ke ao ahiahi" he homo kekahi. ʻO Thomas Hal Phillips
ʻO ke ala ʻawaʻawa
ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo e hūnā i kāna ʻike.
ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia kona uhi ʻana i kahi kanaka uʻi, maikaʻi, ʻaʻole pālule a
he wahine u'i i ka apo ma ka papahele o ka hale papaa, ke kua
uhi wehewehe (pololei) he moʻolelo ia o ka "maʻamau
triangle” ma waena o ka makua kāne, kāna keiki, a me ka maikaʻi o ke keiki
hoaloha. (ʻO Thomas, e ola ana, kākau i nā ʻāpana o kā Robert Altman
ho film
Nashville
.) ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hūnā ka nui o kēia mau puke
kā lākou maʻiʻo queer. ʻO ka uhi o kahi puke pepa pepa o Charles
ʻO Jackson i ka makahiki 1946
Ka Hāʻule o ka Koa
hiʻona i kahi kokoke
o ka helehelena o ka wahine i kona nana ana i hope e ike i kana kane e kukuiu ana
ka paka a kekahi kanaka. Heluhelu ʻia ka laina hōʻailona ma luna o ke kiʻi,
"ka moʻolelo ikaika o ke aloha hakakā o ke kāne."
Ke hilinaʻi
ma kēia mau ʻano, me ka instinct a me ka snooping kahiko, ʻike wau,
i ka hopena, 273 mau puke i paʻi ʻia e nā paʻi koʻikoʻi ma waena o 1940
a me 1969 me nā kiʻi kāne kāne kāne nui, nā manaʻo, a me nā kumuhana.
ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea na nā mea kākau kaulana (ia manawa-). ʻO AJ Cronin
kahaha 1950 novel
Ke Kihapai Paniolo
, no ka laʻana, nā kikoʻī
ʻO ka pilina aloha a me ka erotic ma waena o kahi keikikāne 12 makahiki a me kāna
makua kāne mahiʻai. ʻO Grace Zaring Stone ka moʻolelo 1951
ka
ʻO Grotto
ʻimi i ka manaʻo o ka wahine e pili ana i kāna keiki
homosexuality. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau puke na nā mea kākau i paʻi ʻole
hou. ʻO ka puke a Ralph Leveridge i ka makahiki 1951
Holo ma ka Wai
he moʻolelo nani o nā koa i paʻa i loko o nā ʻauwaha ma ka Hema
ʻO ka mokupuni kai i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II a me ke ʻano o ko lākou pili ʻana i kahi kāne male kāne
ʻo wai ke kikowaena o kā lākou hui. ʻO ka puke moʻolelo a Gerald Tesch i ka makahiki 1956
ʻAʻole like hou
nana me ke aloha nui i ka
ka pilina o kahi keikikāne 13 makahiki me kahi kanaka makua ma kahi Midwestern liʻiliʻi
kauhale.
Rikeke
No Brooks i ka makahiki 1945
ʻO ka Brick Foxhole
ʻo ke kumu
no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni 1951
Crossfire
, he hōʻailona Hollywood
kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hōʻike ana i ka anti-Semitism. Akā, i koʻu heluhelu ʻana i ka moʻolelo, ua huli
ʻaʻole e pili ana i ka anti-Semitism, akā e pili ana i ka homophobia. ʻO nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni
ua hoʻololi i ka moʻolelo koʻikoʻi o ka pepehi kanaka a
homosexual i ka pepehi kanaka Iudaio.
It
ma hope o kaʻu heluhelu ʻana
ʻO ka Brick Foxhole
i loaa ia'u
ʻo ia, ʻoiai e pili ana kēia mau moʻolelo a pau, i nā pae like ʻole, homophobia
a me ke ola o na kane, ua pili ka nui o keia mau moolelo me na mea e ae
nā pilikia kālaiʻike pili i ka ʻike.
ʻO ka Brick Foxhole
aole nae
e pili ana i ka anti-Semitism, akā ua kamaʻilio i ka racism, queer-inaina,
a me ka inaina wahine kekahi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he loiloi kokoke loa ia
ʻO ke ʻano o kahi kāne male ma hope o ke kaua ke kumu o "he aha
ua hewa me ʻAmelika." He moʻolelo radical loa ia e pono ai
e—inā ʻaʻole i poina—i ka puʻuwai o ka canon of radical
kākau ʻAmelika. He puke e like me Ward Thomas's 1949
Ka malihini
ma ka Aina
-ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻike ai i ke ola o kahi kumu gay i pani ʻia
i loko o kekahi kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi o ʻEnelani hou e hoʻopiʻi ʻia ana e kekahi kanaka me ia
ke hiamoe nei ʻo ia - ke kūkulu nei ʻo ia i kāna hoʻopaʻapaʻa pono e kūʻē i ka hoʻoluhi kāne kāne
ma ka hoohalike loihi ana me ke kulana o na Iudaio i ko Hitler
Kelemānia. ʻO ia, e like me kaʻu e haʻi aku ai, ʻo ia kekahi o nā moʻolelo mua US
e haʻi pono iā Dachau a me Auschwitz i mau kahua hoʻomoana make. ʻO kēia
ka like like ma waena o ka pilikia pilikanaka o nā kāne kāne a me ka anti-Semitism
hoʻopau pū ʻo John Rae i ka makahiki 1961
Na Keikikane Custard
, he Pelekane
moʻolelo e pili ana i kahi kauhale liʻiliʻi ma ʻEnelani e pili ana i ka poʻe mahuka kaua Iudaio
e like me ka ulu ʻana, a me ka ikaika loa, homoeroticism i waena o nā ʻōpio
nā keikikāne kula. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o kekahi o nā keikikāne no ke kūlanakauhale
ʻO ka homophobia ikaika, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻōlelo moʻolelo. John Horne
ʻO Burns i ka makahiki 1949
Lusifelo Me ka Buke
- hoʻonoho i kahi huna,
ʻO ke kula keikikāne e like me Andover ma New England - hāʻawi pū kekahi iā mākou
he ʻōlelo maopopo o ke ʻano o ka homophobia he ʻāpana a me ka ʻāpana i ka anti-Semitism
a me ka racism.
Hoʻopili
ʻO ka manaʻo hoʻohewa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia i ka makahiki 1961 a James Baldwin
kekahi
aina
, akā, aia nō i loko o nā puke moʻolelo ʻē aʻe.
ʻO Lonnie Coleman i ka makahiki 1958
Ka Lede Hema
he mea akamai
moʻolelo e pili ana i ka pani ʻana o ka queerness-ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "passing"
ma ʻaneʻi—a me ka lāhui, ʻoiai e huli ana kāna manaʻo i ka "huna"
i hala o kāna mea kākau moʻolelo a me kona poʻo inoa. ʻO Charles Wright
1963
ʻO kaʻelele
e pili ana i kahi ʻelele paikika ʻApelika-ʻAmelika
ka mea hoohuoi. Hoʻopili ia i ka hoʻoilina o ka hana a Baldwin,
akā, he moʻolelo a me ka leo kālaiʻāina kona ponoʻī. Loren
ʻO Wahl
ʻO ke aniani ʻike ʻole ʻia
—mai kona inoa
he ʻōlelo a WEB Du Bois—he moʻolelo kupanaha i hoʻonohonoho ʻia
ʻO Italia i ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, e pili ana i kahi lutena keʻokeʻo gay i hāʻule
i ke aloha me kāna mea hoʻokele jeep ʻApelika-ʻAmelika. ʻO ka
puke e pili ana i ka racism a me ka homophobia i loko o ka Army—ka
ʻO ka poʻe mahiʻai Italia a lākou e hālāwai ai, ʻaʻohe mea ʻelua - a
he mana a he malamalama. Hoʻopau nā kāne i ka moekolohe (he aloha
no kekahi, aloha no kekahi) a ʻoiai ua pau nā puke me ka pōʻino,
he palapala hoohuoi no ka hoomanawanui.
So
He aha ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia i kēia noiʻi? ʻAe, ua maopopo kēia mau mea
nā puke moʻolelo—a ke ʻimi mau nei au i nā mea hou aku—he ʻāpana i ʻae ʻia
moʻomeheu palapala US postwar. Ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe, hana kēia
manaʻo kūpono. Ua hoʻololi maoli ke Kaua Honua II i ke ola o nā ʻAmelika,
e pili ana i nā pilikia pili i ke kāne a me ke kāne. Kuʻuna
ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā manaʻo ma luna o ko lākou poʻo. I ke kaua, hana nā wāhine
a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā hana "kāne" he nui; na kanaka hakaka koa
ma na auwaha a ma na moku i hoomaka ai e hoomaopopo i ke ano o ia mea
e ʻoluʻolu a wehe ʻia i ka naʻau (a i kekahi manawa ma ke kino
pili me) nā kāne ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka manaʻo o ke ʻano o ka "be
he kanaka" ua hoʻokūkū nui ʻia i ka hopena o ke kaua ma ke ʻano he kāne
neʻe ʻia mai ke kahua kaua a i ke keʻena.
Ma
i kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻo ʻAmelika iā ia iho i waena o kahi lehulehu
kūkākūkā no ke ʻano o ke kāne a wahine paha. ʻO kēia kūkākūkā
ma ka pale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, kahi o James Dean lāua ʻo Marlon Brando
hōʻike i ka US hiki i nā "kāne maoli" ke loaʻa nā manaʻo a
uwe. Ma ke kahua a ma ke kīwī, hōʻike ʻo Elvis i ka ʻāina i kēlā
hiki i ke "kanaka maoli" ke hoʻoneʻe i kona pūhaka a hoʻoluliluli i kona pelvis
ma nā ʻano moe kolohe ʻaʻole i ʻaʻa mua ke kanaka (keʻokeʻo) e hana i loko
lehulehu. Ma ka palapala, ua hoʻomaka nā moʻolelo e hōʻike i kahi honua kahi
ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā koho i hāʻawi ʻia i "nā kāne maoli".
ma mua o ka wā ma mua. ʻO nā moʻolelo kaua i mahalo nui ʻia e like me Norman
Na Mailer
Ka olohelohe a me ka poe make
a me James Jones
Mai 'anei a mau loa aku
piha i nā kūkākūkā a me nā ʻāpana
pili ana i ka homosexuality. ʻO ka male kāne, ua ʻike au, ʻo ia
ʻaʻole ia he kumuhana huna i ka makahiki 1950. He kumuhana lehulehu loa ia
i hoopaapaa nui ia, ma ke akea a me ka malie, ma na ano he nui.
aka,
He aha kā mākou e hana ai no nā ʻano kālai'āina ʻē aʻe e holo nei
keia mau hana? E like me nā kumuhana homosexual o ka nui o kēia mau puke
ua nalowale (ma ke kumu paha, no ka mea, ua hoʻoweliweli loa lākou),
pela no hoi ko lakou mau kumuhana radical e ae. Ua hele mai mākou e noʻonoʻo
ʻO ka anti-Semitism i kamaʻilio wale ʻia ma nā moʻolelo pilikia pilikanaka e like me
ʻO Laura Z. Hobson's
ʻO ke kāne
Hoʻohui
(ʻo ia ka "Iudaio" he Episcopalian hoʻopunipuni
he Iudaio) a i ʻole ma nā moʻolelo na Saul Bellow a i ʻole Bernard Malamud. Koe nae
no Richard Wright, he kakaikahi ka poe heluhelu i ike i kekahi kanaka Aferika-Amerika mahope o ke kaua
nā mea kākau. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻo Willard Motley, he ʻApelika-ʻAmelika
ʻO ka mea kākau maikaʻi loa, kākau nui e pili ana i ke keʻokeʻo, ka papa hana Italia
a me Poles ma Kikako, he mea ia i nalowale ai
nui nā haʻawina koʻikoʻi o "nā mea kākau ʻeleʻele ʻAmelika" ma ka
1950 a me 1960. E like me "ka kākau gay" ma hope o 1969—
i ka wā i hana ai ka neʻe kāne kāne i ka hopena moʻomeheu e hana ai
he ʻano—ʻaʻole kūpono kēia mau puke i kekahi ʻano.
I
n
ʻO 1969, me ka wanaʻao o ka neʻe ʻana o ka gay hou, me nā mea he nui
nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe liberationists i ke kuleana e hana i kahi hou
palapala. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he palapala "gay", no laila ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana
mai na mea a pau i hiki mai mamua. ʻAʻohe manaʻo aloha,
ʻokoʻa, ʻike, akamai, a ʻoiaʻiʻo paha kēia mau moʻolelo pre-Stonewall
Ua ʻike ʻia paha lākou e kēia neʻe ʻana o kēia wā, he ʻano kahiko.
ka wā kahiko, a me ka inaina iā ia iho. I loko o kekahi mau makahiki, i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā puke hou
i waho, ua waiho ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia mau poʻo inoa i ka pahu lepo
o ka moolelo.
I
e noʻonoʻo ʻo ia hoʻi - i nā pae like ʻole - ka mea i hana ʻia
nā kumuhana ʻē aʻe o kēia mau moʻolelo.
Na Keikikane Custard
or
Ka malihini
ma ka Aina
hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo ʻia he "Iudaio
nā puke moʻolelo” a i ʻole nā puke e pili ana i ka anti-Semitism, akā ʻaʻole. Me
ʻAʻole kekahi mau ʻokoʻa, nā palapala US me kahi leka politika
mahalo nui ia. Aʻo nui ʻia ia ma nā papa kulanui
me nā poʻo inoa e like me "US Protest Literature" a i ʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia
i nā footnote ma nā moʻolelo.
In
ka wehe ʻana i kēia mau poʻo inoa—a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hauʻoli nui i ka heluhelu ʻana
a kākau e pili ana iā lākou—he ʻāpana hoihoi o ka politika a
ua ʻike hou ʻia ka mōʻaukala holomua. Akā, alakaʻi pū ʻia
iaʻu i nā ʻano manaʻo hou e pili ana i kēia manawa. ʻO ka neʻe kāne kāne—koe
no kona makahiki mua i ka wā he "hoʻokuʻu ʻia" maoli.
ma ka manaʻo nui loa - ʻaʻole i makemake nui e hoʻonui
kona manaʻo e hoʻopili me nā hui politika ʻē aʻe. ʻO kaʻu mea i aʻo ai
eia ua hana ʻia kēia mau pilina i ka makahiki 1940 a
nā makahiki 1950.
ʻO ka Brick Foxhole
hōʻike i kahi honua kahi homophobia
a ua pili ka anti-Semitism me ka racism a me ka inaina o
wahine. He hihio ia i ulu mai loko mai o nā kālai'āina holomua loa
o ka wā ma hope o ke kaua, a ʻo kekahi, no nā mea he nui, ua nalowale loa
kēia manawa.
ʻO Michael Bronski
ʻO ka puke hou loa ʻo P
Ulp Friction: Wehe i ka Makahiki Gula
o na Pulps Kane Gay.