Ariana Ghasedi &
ʻO Andy Cornell
Me Bush ua makaukau e hana i ke aupuni Repubalika pololei, me
Ke piʻi aʻe nei ka nui o ka paʻahao wahine i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻilihune,
ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manawa no ka poʻe hana e loiloi i ke kūlana o kēia manawa
ka neʻe wahine a kau i kahi hoʻolālā no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka wahine. ʻO ka
puke hou 400 ʻaoʻao, Hōʻike: ʻOpio Wahine, Feminism, a me ka wā e hiki mai ana by
ʻO Jennifer Baumgardner lāua ʻo Amy Richards, hoʻohiki i kahi panacea. Mai hana
e hoolana i kou manao. He inoa kuhi hewa ke poʻo inoa a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana mai ka poʻe koʻikoʻi
ʻO nā wahine ma ka uhi hope a ma nā loiloi hope e hoʻāla i nā kānalua
ʻo ke kua ʻana ma waena o nā hoaaloha a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka manaʻolana no kekahi mea
i kākau ʻia e kekahi ma lalo o 40 i loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo F. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo Baumgardner a me
Ua kākau ʻo Richards i kahi puke hoihoi a kōkua, akā paʻakikī
ka hōʻike e pono ai mākou.
Hōʻike wehewehe mua i ke ʻano o ka lā me ka ʻole o ke au
nā hoʻokō o ka neʻe wahine. Nā mokuna hope e kūkākūkā a
ʻano like ʻole o nā kumuhana wahine e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nei me nā haʻawina
a me nā hemahema o ka "girlie" feminism, nā ʻano hana hewa i kekahi manawa o ke kanaka makua
hoʻohana nā wahine e hoʻoponopono i ka nele o nā kaikamahine ʻōpio i ka manaʻo ponoʻī, ka dynamics
ʻO nā pilina pilikino wahine ʻōpio me ko lākou mau makuahine nalu lua,
a me ke kāhea ʻana no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa kūpono ʻole, ma mua o ka huhū huhū iā,
palapala kūʻē i ka wahine. Hana ʻo Baumgardner lāua ʻo Richards i nā helu kūpono i kēlā me kēia
o keia mau kumuhana kupono. Eia naʻe, i hui pū ʻia, ʻaʻole lākou e hāʻawi mai iā mākou i kahi maopopo
ka manaʻo o kahi e kū ai ka nalu ʻekolu o ka wahine a ma ke ala hea
pono e uku.
Me he mea lā, ʻo nā mea kākau o Hōʻike ua hoʻonohonoho i nā pahuhopu ākea loa e hiki ke hoʻokō
me ka puke hoʻokahi, a kākau lākou mai kahi kuanaʻike haiki loa.
Ma kekahi ʻāpana hoʻāʻo lākou e hāʻawi i nā haʻawina moʻolelo i nā wahine ʻōpio e ʻike wale ana
ʻO ka wahine, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, hoʻohewa lākou i kā lākou mau hoa, a ma
ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻāʻo lākou e komo i nā makuahine akua o ka neʻe. Ke waiho nei
Hōʻike hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole, me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole, a nele i ka pahuhopu
anaina. Heluhelu ʻia e like me ke ʻano o nā manaʻo no nā kamaʻilio o kēia manawa
i loko o ka manaʻo wahine.
ʻO Manifesta ʻO ke kūkākūkā o ka hawewe ʻEkolu wahine ke ʻakeʻa nui ʻia e a
ka wehewehe ʻana o ia mea e pili ana i ka makahiki a me ka hanauna o nā mea komo ma mua o ka
ko lākou pili ʻana i nā au kuʻuna a me nā ala hoʻolālā.
Inā nele ka Hawewe ʻEkolu i kēia mau mea paʻa, loaʻa paha i nā mea kākau
hoʻohana maikaʻi i kā lākou ʻaoʻao e hōʻike i nā ʻano coalescing a hāʻawi hou aku
nā manaʻo manaʻo e pili ana i kā lākou ʻike no ka hawewe ʻekolu kūpono.
ʻO Richards lāua ʻo Baumgardner ka manaʻo o "nā wahine ʻōpio" he mea ʻē
nele. Kūkākūkā lākou i ka hana a nā wāhine, e like me lākou, i ko lākou wā mua a i waena
30s, ka poe e hana ana ma ka media (ka hapanui ma New York City), a lakou e kūkākūkā i ka
neʻe i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono ponoʻī o nā kaikamahine makahiki kula waena, akā
e waiho i kahi hāmama ma ka ʻike pinepine ʻana i nā haʻawina i waena o nā wahine
ua hana nā makahiki o 15 a me 25 i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala. ʻO ia hoʻi
ʻaʻohe kūkākūkā hohonu o ka puke i nā hana koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia e ke kula kiʻekiʻe
a me nā haumāna kulanui—me nā hui kuikahi like ʻole, ka hana ʻana o
nā wahine i ka hiʻohiʻona hip-hop, a me ka neʻe ʻana e pale i ka Affirmative Action
ma ke kulanui. Malia paha ʻo ka haʻalele ʻike nui ʻia he kikoʻī
ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o Riot Grrl—kekahi o nā mea nui loa ma ke kolu
Nalu wahine i kēia lā.
Ma mua o ka puke ʻo Baumgardner lāua ʻo Richards e hoʻohewa nei i ka media mainstream no
e nānā wale ana i kekahi mau alakaʻi charismatic o ka Nalu ʻElua, e ʻōlelo ana,
“He hōʻailona ʻoiaʻiʻo ia o ke kūlana i hoʻokaumaha ʻia ke hōʻemi ʻia kahi hui holoʻokoʻa
i hoʻokahi, a i ʻekolu paha, kanaka. Akā, hana ʻo Richards lāua ʻo Baumgardner i kēia
hoʻopilikia pololei iā Riot Grrl, ma ka haʻi ʻana i ka hapa nui o ka hapa nui
ʻike ʻia nā hui—Kathleen Hanna, Tammy Rae Carland, a me Nomi Lamm—a
a laila e kālele nui ana i ko lākou mau pilikino ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi
o ka neʻe ʻana a lākou i kōkua ai.
He mea pōʻino kēia, no ka mea, hiki ke nānā pono ʻia ʻo Riot Grrl
hoonaauao loa. Kūkākūkā ʻo Baumgardner lāua ʻo Richards i ke koʻikoʻi o
nā pūʻulu hoʻonaʻauao i nā wahine Wave ʻElua, akā ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike
ke kālepa ʻana i nā zines pilikino e pili ana i ka hoʻomāinoino, nā maʻi ʻai, a me ka moekolohe
ma ke ʻano he 1990's reincarnation. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻāʻo e kūkākūkā i nā manaʻo hou
Ua lawe mai ʻo Riot Grrls i ka wahine e pili ana i ka ʻoki ʻana iā ia iho, ka pilina
ma waena o ka hoʻomāinoino a me ke olakino noʻonoʻo, a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hoʻi i ka
Noʻonoʻo ka poʻe kākau i ka pono o nā hana moʻolelo i hoʻohana ʻia e Riot Grrls,
e like me ke kākau ʻana i nā stereotype derogative o nā wahine ma ko lākou kino me nā māka.
Ua hoʻohewa pinepine ʻia ʻo Riot Grrl no nā hemahema like ʻole, penei
ma ke ʻano he hemahema o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lāhui, he 25 mau makahiki i hala aku nei.
ʻO ka mea kaumaha, ua nele ʻo Baumgardner lāua ʻo Richards i kahi manawa kūpono e kūkākūkā ai
No ke aha he mea koʻikoʻi loa ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lua a me ke kolu o kēia manawa
pehea mākou e hana ai. ʻOiai lākou e hoʻohewa nei i nā kaikamahine Spice no
no ka māmā o ka wahine, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike hohonu iā lākou ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui
ʻāpana o ka hui pū ʻana o Riot Grrl's radicalism—ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi
Girl Power i ka mana hoʻolimalima o nā kaikamahine.
ʻO kekahi hemahema mua o Hōʻike ʻo ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau i kā lākou
ʻoihana ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he mea kākau a me nā mea hana, ma mua o ka hana a kahi ākea
pūʻulu wahine. Ke waiho nei kēia i nā wahine ʻilihune, ʻōpio ʻōpio, nā kāne anti-sexist,
a me nā hui kanaka ʻē aʻe he nui—me kā lākou mau haʻawina koʻikoʻi
i ka wahine-ma waho o ke kūkākūkā kokoke loa. ʻO Baumgardner lāua ʻo Richards
ʻO nā ʻoihana ʻoihana ka mea nui i loko o nā palena o ka Nalu ʻElua
ka nūpepa e like me Ms. Nupepa. Kūkākūkā lākou puke like me Hoola hou ia Ophelia
a Ka Poʻe Ma Hope, nā palapala pūnaewele e like me Maxi.com, a me nā nūpepa like Bust
a ʻO Jane, a ʻo kekahi Ms. ʻO kēia manaʻo i ka media e alakaʻi i ka mea heluhelu e manaʻoʻiʻo
ʻo ka hana nui wahine e hana ʻia nei i kēia lā aia wale nō i loko o ka
ke aupuni o ka pāpāho kaulana, ʻaʻole i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hoʻolaha. Ua loaʻa i kekahi
e ninau aku, "Ua manaoio anei keia mau wahine i ka pono o Jane mau nūhou
beauty Q & A kolamu he mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i nā wahine ʻōpio a me nā
i ka wā e hiki mai ana ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ke aupuni Clinton i ka pono, a i ʻole lākou
ʻaʻole makemake wale i ka noiʻi a me ka noʻonoʻo ma waho o kā lākou kahua
o ke akamai?”
Ke paio nei ka poe kakau i na mea fictitious e like me Bridget Jones, mai
ʻO ka puke moʻolelo a Helen Fielding Ka Diary a Bridget Jones, a me ka Ally o ke kīwī
Hōʻike ʻo McBeal i ke ʻano o ka helehelena maʻamau o ka wahine ʻōpio. Hāʻawi
makemake nā wāhine i kēia mau kiʻi noʻonoʻo e like me nā hōʻailona a i ʻole nā kiʻi o kēia wā
He pilikia nui ka wahine a me ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau e pili ana ʻo Jones lāua ʻo
ʻO McBeal ka poʻe wahine i kēia lā he mea ʻino.
ʻAʻohe nīnau he helu nui o nā wahine i kēia lā, e like me kēia
nā huapalapala, e ʻeha i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka manaʻo ʻole he mea ʻole ke kāne
hōʻoia. Eia naʻe, Hōʻike pono e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia o ka
Jones/McBeal
ʻO ka mana o ka wahine e hāʻawi i ka hakakā no ke kaulike, e kūʻē i ka ʻae ʻana
he mau kumu hoʻohālike wahine lākou. I ke kumu, ka manaʻo nui
Media i kōkua i ka hana ʻana i nā mea like me Jones a me McBeal
ua lanakila i ka ʻae ʻana i ka wahine ʻoi aku ka digestible e hoʻohālua i ka mainstream
kaiaulu. ʻAʻole kēia feminism ka mea e hoʻololi i ka sexism e like me mākou
ʻike, a i ʻole e lawe mai i ke kaulike a me ke kūʻokoʻa no nā wahine. He mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia
feminism kahi i loaʻa ai i nā wāhine ke kūʻokoʻa moe kolohe a ʻoihana, akā naʻe
ke nānā nei i ko lākou helehelena kino a hoʻokō i ko lākou ola ' pahu hopu
e ʻimi a mālama i ka hoa kāne.
ʻOiai kekahi o nā pahuhopu o Hōʻike he mea maopopo e hoʻoneʻe i nā wahine i ka hana,
ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau i ka paipai ʻana i nā wahine hou i ka wahine
e hana i ka hana hoʻokahi, ma mua o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka neʻe nui.
ʻO ka "Manifesta" maoli kahi papahana 13-point o nā pahuhopu koʻikoʻi a ākea
no nā wāhine hawewe ʻekolu e hana ai. ʻO ka pōkole, paʻa, a me ka pololei
radical, ʻo ka Manifesta kekahi o nā ʻāpana pono loa o ka puke (kahi
ʻo ia ka leka a nā mea kākau i kākau ai iā Second Wavers), akā ʻelua wale nō
ʻaoʻao lōʻihi, kanu ʻia ma ka mokuna hope, ʻaʻole i kūkākūkā pololei ʻia
ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka puke.
Eia hou, ua komo nā manaʻo o nā mea kākau i ka liberalism
a nele i ka pilina me nā neʻe hoʻokuʻu ʻē aʻe o kēia manawa. a puni
hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka puke, ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o ka poʻe koho a me ka "Get Out the Vote".
ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka hoʻoikaika wahine maikaʻi, ʻaʻole naʻe ka mea kākau
hoʻohewa i ka nele o nā moho wahine. A, e laʻana i kēia laina
mai ka epilogue o ka puke, e hana ana ka hihio o na wahine wahine
i ka hana ʻana: "ʻO GI Joe, he lālā o ka pūʻali mālama maluhia, makemake
e kūʻai ma ka hale kūʻai." ʻOiai ka hoʻopiʻi a ka mea kākau i nā neʻe ʻē aʻe
nele i ka manaʻo wahine, hāʻawi lākou i nā hoʻohewa, e like me kēia, haiki loa
ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokomo a ʻōlelo paha i nā manaʻo holomua ʻē aʻe—ma
ʻO kēia hihia anti-consumerism a me nā hoʻopunipuni o "Military Humanism."
Hōʻike: ʻOpio Wahine, Feminism, a me ka wā e hiki mai ana hāʻawi i nā ʻike kōkua
i loko o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa e hana ana nā wahine ʻōpio a me nā hanauna i hala.
He mea pono a hoihoi nā moʻolelo moʻolelo i kāpīpī ʻia a puni,
a ua kākau ʻia ka puke ma kahi leo kamaʻilio ʻole
hiki i ka poe i heluhelu ole i na buke
ka wahine. No kēia hopena, ʻoi aku ka lanakila o ka puke ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaka kamaʻilio
ma mua o kahi papa hana. He mea nui nā kūkākūkā o kēia ʻano,
akā, ʻaʻole lawa lākou i kēia wā politika.
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ʻO Ariana Ghasedi ka mea hoʻonohonoho o Western Pennsylvania no Citizens For Consumer
Ka pono. ʻO Andrew Cornell kahi mea kākau manuahi a mea hana.