L
ʻo Iulai i ka ʻaha kūkā o ʻAmelika
ua hoʻoholo i ka bila Bush Energy. Wahi a ka ʻīlio kiaʻi hui Public
Citizen (ka mea i kapa ʻia ke kānāwai "The Best Energy Bill
Hiki i nā hui ke kūʻai aku"), aia he 15 mau mea e hiki ai
hāʻawi i ka ʻoihana mana nuklea me $12 biliona kālā
e kūkulu hou i nā mea mana nuklea hou. Hoʻolālā ka ʻoihana e kūkulu kokoke
keia mau nuke a pau ma ka hema hikina o US
I ka wā i kākau ai ʻo Pelekikena George W. Bush i ka bila i kānāwai ma ʻAukake
Ma ka lā 8, hana ʻo ia i kāna mau hoaaloha Hema e holo nei i nā nukes i mea makemake nui.
ʻAʻole i pau ka manawa o nā hoaaloha o Bush i ka hele ʻana i ka ʻoihana.
He mau pule ma hope o kahi luna hoʻomalu o New Orleans-based Entergy
Ua holo ka hui ma waho o ka Hurricane Katrina, me ke kūlanakauhale
mayor, ua hoʻolaha ka hui i nā hoʻolālā e kūkulu i kahi reactor nuklea ma
kona kahua mana o ke Kaiwa Nui ma Mississippi a me kekahi ma kona muliwai
Bend nuke station ma Louisiana. Aia lāua ʻelua ma ka muliwai ʻo Mississippi,
mauka o Baton Rouge a me New Orleans.
ʻO Entergy
ʻO ke keʻena ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe kekahi o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Crescent
ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā hale ma ka ʻoihana kikowaena ola o ke kūlanakauhale
apana. Akā ʻoiai ʻo New Orleans e hakakā nei e hoʻōla mai ka ʻino
a me ka waikahe luku, ka pane a Entergy i kona mau pilikia
e waiho no ka Mokuna 11 banekorupa no kāna hui o New Orleans
ma Nowemapa 23. ʻOiai ʻo kāna hui uila ʻo New Orleans
e piʻi ana i ka ʻōpū, hiki nō iā Entergy ke hoʻokō i kāna pahuhopu
ke kūkulu ʻana i nā nukes, mahalo i ka nui o ka hoʻokele Bush.
ʻAʻole wale ka hui ma muli o ke kaʻana ʻana i nā kālā kālā kālā,
akā, ua hoʻohiki ke Keʻena ʻOihana (DOE) e uku no ka hapalua o
ʻo ke kumukūʻai miliona miliona o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana
nā laikini nuke hou ua noi ʻo Entergy me ka Nuclear Regulatory
Komisina (NRC).
Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Entergy i kona manaʻo e kūkulu i kahi nuke ma Grand Gulf ma lalo
ke kākoʻo o NuStart Energy, kahi hui o nā pono nuklea
a me nā mea hana reactor. ʻO nā hui lālā he kokoke wale
aia ma ka Hema. Makemake ka Constellation Energy o Baltimore
he nuke ma kona hale mana nukelea Calvert Cliffs ma Chesapeake
Bay a i ʻole ma kāna nuke Nine Mile Point ma uka o New York. Duke Energy,
ke keʻena nui ma Houston, me kāna mau hana nuklea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Charlotte,
ʻO North Carolina, makemake ʻo ia e puhi i nā reactors hou i hoʻokahi a i ʻole
ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna mau pūnaewele ma Carolinas. Pela no o Raleigh, North Carolina-
hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Progress Energy. Pēlā nā lālā NuStart Florida Power &
Light and Georgia's Southern Company.
Ma Sepatemaba 22, kekahi hoa NuStart, ke awāwa ʻo Tennessee
Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Authority (TVA) i kona manaʻo e kūkulu i kahi reactor ma kāna
kahua ʻo Bellafonte ma Alabama. Ua hoʻomaka ka TVA e kūkulu i kahi mea kanu nuklea
ma laila ma mua, akā ʻaʻole i pau ka papahana. ʻOiai ka NuStart
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea hana reactor General Electric ma Atlanta. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo,
ʻO Exelon i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Pennsylvania a me ka mea hana reactor Westinghouse ka
ʻaʻole wale nā lālā NuStart kūloko ma lalo o ka Mason-Dixon
laina.
ʻO ka lālā hope loa o ka consortium, EDF International America, ke keʻena nui
ma Wakinekona, DC, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana US o kahi nuklea honua Farani
hui ikehu. ʻAʻole wale ia ma ka hema o Farani,
aka, ma ka Hemisphere Hema.
ʻO ka pono nuklea Dominion Resources o Richmond ke poʻo i kekahi
hui nukes hou. Ke noi nei ʻo Dominion i ka NRC e kūkulu i kahi hou
reactor a i ʻole ʻelua ma kāna kahua mana nuklea ʻĀkau Anna kokoke i Charlottesville,
Kelemania.
Me 45 o ka 103 o ka ʻāina e hana ana i ka mana nuklea pāʻoihana
nā reactors aia ma ka hema hikina o US, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha
ke alakaʻi nei nā ʻoihana nuklea ma ka ʻāina i ka hahai ʻana
ke kukulu ana i na nuke. Eia kekahi, Constellation, Entergy,
a ua kūʻai a hoʻohana ʻo Dominion i ʻewalu hikina hikina nuklea
nā mea kanu i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻO Entergy ka mea nui loa o nā nukes
ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau, akā ke hoʻomalu nei nā hui Hema i ka hapa nui
o ka lahui nukelea reactors.
ʻO George W. Bush a me kona ʻohana pili me ka ikehu Hema
ʻO nā hui, kaulana loa me Enron, ua hōʻoia i kēia mau hui
komo koke a me ka mana ma ka Oval Office. ʻOiai ma mua
nā mana o ka bila ikehu i hala i ka makahiki i hala ma muli o
hoʻonohonoho kūʻē i loko a ma waho o ka ʻaha kūkā, nā pūʻali Bush
hoʻi mau a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kā lākou mea a me kā lākou ʻoihana ikaika.
makemake ʻia nā poʻe haʻiʻōlelo.
ʻO ka hoihoi o ka Hema i nā mea nukelea i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka
ʻO ke kūlanakauhale huna mua ʻo Oak Ridge, Tennessee, kahi i hū ai
i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II ʻoiai e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana
o ka pahu atomika.
ka
kuleana o nā kulanui, e like me ke Kulanui o Chicago, ma ka
ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka hana ʻana i ka pōkā. ʻAʻole i hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia
ke kuleana o nā kulanui o ka Hema i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana nui a
badder bombs a laila i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea kanu mana nuklea ma lalo o ka
ʻO ka papahana ʻo Atoms For Peace a Eisenhower administration ma ka
Nā 1950s.
I ka makahiki 1946 ua hui pū ka Oak Ridge Institute for Nuclear Studies i ka
ʻO ke kūlanakauhale hana pōkā o ka Hema me nā kulanui kūloko, me
ʻO Duke, Auburn, Vanderbilt, Emory, a me nā Kulanui o Alabama,
Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, a me Virginia kekahi
ʻo Louisiana State University.
Ua hoʻololi ka hui i kona inoa i ka Oak Ridge Associated
Nā kulanui. Wahi a kāna pūnaewele, ua hoʻonui ka hui ma waho
ka Hema a i kēia manawa ua loaʻa iā "86 mau kula hāʻawi kauka
a me 8 mau hoa hui. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi
pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke kula a me nā keʻena noiʻi federal,
ʻaʻole wale ka poʻe i pili pono akā ʻo ka lāhui kekahi
holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO kekahi o kēia mau pōmaikaʻi, ma ka huina o $12 miliona, ua kahe
i ia mau kulanui ma o ka Nuclear Energy Research Institute
(NERI) nā makana i hāʻawi ʻia e ka 'Oihana o Energy ma Dekemaba 15,
2005. I ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā makana, ua ʻōlelo ka DOE "e komo
nā haumāna a me nā polopeka ma ka 'Oihana o Energy ka holomua
nā polokalamu noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala nuklea [ʻo ia hoʻi, no nā nukes hou]…ʻo ia
e hoʻonui i ke kaiapuni o ka lāhui a kākoʻo i ka hoʻokele waiwai
ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā wahie fossil i lawe ʻia mai.
P
ʻO nā mea hoʻohana nukili Hema paha
e noʻonoʻo ma ke koho ʻana i nā pūnaewele nuke hou i ka hapa nui ma ia wahi, lākou
e hoʻāla ʻia ka kūʻē ʻana o ka lehulehu ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina.
Ua nui ka wela o Entergy i ka Hikina ʻĀkau mai
kaiapuni a me nā hui kaiaulu e hopohopo nei i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka palekana
hana ma kāna Indian Point nukes ma New York a me Vermont
Yankee reactor. Ke alo nei ʻo Dominion i ka hoʻohewa mau ʻana o kāna
ʻO nā mea kanu nuklea Millstone e ka Connecticut Coalition Against Millstone.
ʻO ka hoʻoilina o Clamshell Alliance, nāna i alakaʻi i ka lehulehu lehulehu
ka hoʻolohe ʻole i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka mea kanu nuklea Seabrook
ma New Hampshire, ke ola nei i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka anti-nuke activism a
ʻike ma ka ʻāina āpau. Ua kōkua nā hana like e pani
iho i ka Shoreham nuke ma Long Island, New York, a me kekahi o Millstone
reactors, a me Yankee Row ma ke komohana o Massachusetts a me Maine
Yankee.
Akā he moʻolelo "no nukes" ka Hema. Nā ʻohana
kokoke i ka St. Lucie a me Turkey Point reactors ma ka hema o Florida
hoʻopiʻi kūʻē i nā mea hoʻohana o kēlā mau nukes e ʻōlelo nei
ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka radioactive o kēlā mau reactors i kā lākou mau keiki
nā maʻi kanesa. Ma ka Triangle wahi o North Carolina, North Carolina
Ke hoʻonohonoho nei ʻo Waste Awareness and Reduction Network (NC WARN).
kū'ē i ka papahana Progress Energy e kūkulu i nā nukes ma kāna
Shearon Harris nukelea mea kanu, kahi kokoke i Raleigh, Durham, a me
Puʻu Chapel. Ke hahai nei ʻo NC WARN i nā wāwae o ka Hui Hui
E kūʻē iā Shearon Harris, nāna i hakakā i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēlā
meakanu.
Ua hōʻike hou aku ʻo NC WARN i nā hewa palekana koʻikoʻi ma Harris
mea kanu i lawe ʻia i kona manaʻo e ka palekana whistleblower
nā kiaʻi ma laila, me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ua kī ʻia kekahi o nā kiaʻi
i ka makahiki i hala.
Ma nā mauna ʻo Smoky, ʻo ka Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League
(BREDL) i loko o kahi hui o nā hui e hakakā ana me Dominion
e hoʻolālā e hoʻokumu i kahi nuke ma North Anna. I ka makahiki 2004 ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo BREDL i kahi haʻawina
e ka maʻi maʻi ʻo Joseph Mangano o ka Radiation i hoʻokumu ʻia ma New York
a me Public Health Project (RPHP), e hōʻike ana i "ke pēpē
Ua piʻi ka nui o ka make ma kahi kokoke i North Anna i 11 pakeneka i nā makahiki 3 mua
ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka reactor mua e hana ma ka pūnaewele, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me
he 9 pakeneka ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāina. Hāʻule i ka haʻawina
Ua piʻi ka wahi i 3 pakeneka, akā hāʻule i ka 15 pakeneka ma ke koena o Virginia.
Ua ʻike pū ka haʻawina ʻo ka make ʻana o nā keiki 1-4 i piʻi i ka 99 pakeneka
mai ka manawa 1979-82 (nā makahiki mua o ka hana a North Anna)
i 1983-86, akā ua hōʻole i ka 8 pakeneka no ke koena o ka mokuʻāina. Ka make
Ua piʻi ka uku no nā keiki 5-14 he 72 pakeneka mai 1983-86 a i 1987-90,
akā hāʻule ka 3 pakeneka o ka mokuʻāina.
BREDL
ua hōʻike pū mai ʻo Kauka Jay Gould—kekahi o Mangano
nā hoa hana ma RPHP —e pili ana i ka nui o ka make mai ka umauma
maʻi 'aʻai ma nā wahi a puni ʻo Anna ʻĀkau: “Ma nā kalana ʻumi kokoke
North Anna, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka make ʻana o ka umauma maʻi maʻi i ka 73 pakeneka
ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā reactors i ka hana…. Eia kekahi, ka hoʻonui
ma nā kalana kokoke loa, ʻekolu ka piʻi ʻana o ka mea kanu ma ka mokuʻāina
i ka make ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi umauma i kēlā manawa."
Ua kūlike nā ʻike a Mangano lāua ʻo Gould me nā mea a
haʻawina i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ke kauwela i hala e ka National Academy of Science
Komite no ka hopena olaola o ka Ionizing Radiation. He lune
29 ʻO ka hōʻike a Associated Press e pili ana i kēlā haʻawina i ʻōlelo ʻia, "The nuclear
ʻoihana, a me kekahi mau ʻepekema kūʻokoʻa, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kēlā
aia kahi paepae o ka pāhawewe haʻahaʻa loa kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai
pōʻino, a maikaʻi paha. ʻO ka panel [NAS], ma hope o ʻelima
makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana, hōʻole ʻia kēlā koi.
ʻO ka luna o ke kōmike, ʻo Richard Monson o ke Kula ʻo Harvard
of Public Health, i ʻōlelo ʻia, "Ke hōʻike nei ka waihona noiʻi ʻepekema
ʻaʻohe paepae ma lalo o nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka radiation ionizing
hiki ke hōʻike ʻia he pōʻino ʻole a he pono paha. ʻO nā pilikia olakino - ʻoi aku
ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi paʻa i loko o nā kino-piʻi like
me ka hoolaha ana. Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka radiation, ka pilikia o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka paʻa
liʻiliʻi loa ka maʻi kanesa. Ke piʻi aʻe ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa,
pela ka pilikia.
ʻO kēia ke kūlana no ka poʻe e noho ana ma kahi e hiki ai i ka
nā hoʻokuʻu radioactive mau mai nā reactors nuklea. Kūkulu hou
e hoʻonui wale nā nukes i kēia pilikia, a me ka lawe ʻana i nā ola hou aʻe.
Michael
ʻO Steinberg, he mea hana kahiko a mea kākau, ʻo ia ka mea kākau o
Pōhaku wili
a ʻO wau: Sex, Lies and Radiation in Southeastern Connecticut
.
He kamaʻāina ʻo ia ma Durham, North Carolina.