Hi hoʻokumu ʻia ma waho o St. Louis, Missouri, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Monsanto Chemical Company ma 1901 e John Francis Queeny. Ua lawe mai ʻo Queeny, he mea hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao iā ia iho i ka ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i ka saccharin, ka mea ʻono mua loa, mai Kelemānia a i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I ka makahiki 1920, ua lilo ʻo Monsanto i mea hana nui i ka sulfuric acid a me nā mea ʻenehana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā hui ʻehā wale nō e helu ʻia ma waena o nā hui kemika US he ʻumi i kēlā me kēia ʻumi makahiki mai ka makahiki 1940. Ma ka makahiki 1940, ua lilo nā ʻilika a me nā lole synthetic i mea nui o ka ʻoihana a Monsanto. I ka makahiki 1947, ua puhi ʻia kahi mea ukana Farani e lawe ana i nā mea kanu ammonium nitrate ma kahi uapo he 270 kapuaʻi mai ka hale kanu plastik o Monsanto ma waho o Galveston, Texas. ʻOi aku ma mua o 500 mau kānaka i make i ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā pōʻino nui mua o ka ʻoihana kemika. Ke hana nei ka mea kanu i ka styrene a me ka polystyrene plastics, he mau mea koʻikoʻi ia o ka ʻeke meaʻai a me nā huahana mea kūʻai aku. I ka makahiki 1980, ua helu ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i ka polystyrene ma ke ʻano he ʻelima i kāna papa inoa o nā kemika nona ka hana e hoʻopuka ai i ka nui o nā ʻōpala pōʻino. I ka makahiki 1929, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Swann Chemical Company, i kūʻai koke ʻia e Monsanto, i nā polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), i mahalo nui ʻia no ko lākou nonflammability a me ke kūpaʻa kemika. ʻO nā mea hoʻohana nui loa i loko o ka ʻoihana uila, nāna i hāpai i nā PCB ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe nonflammable no kahi hanauna hou o nā transformers. Ma nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻohana PCB e ulu nei o Monsanto ma ke ʻano he lubricants, wai hydraulic, ʻoki ʻaila, uhi wai, a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa wai. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike o nā hopena ʻawaʻawa o nā PCB i ka makahiki 1930, a ua hoʻomaka nā ʻepekema Kuekene e aʻo ana i nā hopena koʻikoʻi o DDT i ka ʻike nui ʻana o nā PCB i loko o ke koko, lauoho, a me ka momona o ka holoholona hihiu i ka makahiki 1960. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā 1960s a me 1970s i nā PCB a me nā organochlorine ʻē aʻe he mau carcinogens koʻikoʻi, a ua ʻike pū ʻia lākou i kahi ākea o nā maʻi hānau, ulu, a me nā ʻōnaehana pale. ʻO kā lākou pili kemika kiʻekiʻe no ka mea olaola, ʻoi aku ka momona o ka ʻiʻo, ke kuleana no kā lākou nui o ka bioaccumulation, a me ko lākou pālahalaha ākea ma ka pūnaewele meaʻai wai o ka ʻĀkau. a hiki i nā mammals predatory e like me ka polar bears ke hoʻopaʻa i nā kiko kiko o nā PCB ma mua o 48 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o kēlā. ʻOiai ua pāpā ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā PCB ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 50, ua mau ka hopena o nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā hopena endocrine i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kikowaena honua o ka hana PCB ʻo ia ka mea kanu o Monsanto ma waho o East St. Louis, Illinois. ʻO St. Louis Hikina kahi ʻāina pilikia i ka hoʻokele waiwai, ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai Mississippi mai St. Ua hōʻike mai ka mea kākau hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Jonathan Kozol, "ʻO St. Louis Hikina kekahi o nā keiki maʻi loa ma ʻAmelika." Ua hōʻike ʻo Kozol i ke kūlanakauhale ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka make fetal a me ka hānau keiki ʻole ma ka mokuʻāina, ʻo ke kolu o ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka make pēpē, a ʻo kekahi o nā helu kiʻekiʻe o ka hānō kamaliʻi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Dioxin: He Hoʻoilina o ka Hoʻohaumia TKe hoʻomau nei ka poʻe o East St. Louis i ka weliweli o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolaha kemika, ka ʻilihune, ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻoihana kūlanakauhale, a me ka hāʻule ʻana o nā lawelawe kūlanakauhale nui loa, akā ua ʻike ʻia ke kūlanakauhale kokoke o Times Beach, Missouri. i haumia loa me ka dioxin a ke aupuni US i kauoha ai e haʻalele iā ia i ka makahiki 1982. Me he mea lā ua hoʻolimalima ke kūlanakauhale, a me kekahi mau mea nona ka ʻāina pilikino, i ka mea hana ʻaelike e pīpī i kona mau alanui lepo me ka ʻaila ʻōpala e mālama i ka lepo. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ka mea hana ʻaelike e nā hui kemika kūloko e pākuʻi i kā lākou mau pahu lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka dioxin. I ka make ʻana o nā lio he 50, nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, a me nā haneli he nui o nā manu ʻāhiu i loko o kahi pā hale i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka ʻaila, ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi hoʻokolokolo a ʻike ʻia nā make i ka dioxin mai nā pahu wai. Ua maʻi ʻelua mau kaikamahine ʻōpio i pāʻani i ke kahua pāʻani, ʻo kekahi o lākou i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka haukapila no ʻehā pule me ka pōʻino nui o ka puʻupaʻa, a ua nui nā keiki i hānau ʻia e nā makuahine i ʻike ʻia i ka aila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka dioxin i hōʻike i nā hōʻike o nā mea ʻino a me ka nui o ka lolo. ʻOiai ua hōʻole mau ʻo Monsanto i ka pili ʻana i ka hanana ʻo Times Beach, ua wehe ka St. Louis-based Times Beach Action Group (TBAG) i nā hōʻike keʻena hoʻokolohua e palapala ana i ka nui o nā PCB i hana ʻia e Monsanto i nā laʻana lepo haumia mai ke kūlanakauhale. "Mai ko mākou manaʻo, aia ʻo Monsanto i ka puʻuwai o ka pilikia ma Missouri," wahi a Steve Taylor o TBAG. Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Taylor he nui nā nīnau e pili ana i ka Times Beach a me nā wahi ʻino ʻē aʻe i pane ʻole ʻia, akā hōʻike i nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā noiʻi kokoke i ka ʻōpala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma Times Beach i kaupalena ʻia i kēlā mau kumu i ʻike ʻia i nā hui ʻē aʻe ma Monsanto. Ua hōʻea ka uhi uhi ma Times Beach i nā pae kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻokele Reagan ma Wakinekona. Ua kaulana nā keʻena kaiapuni o ka lāhui i nā makahiki Reagan no ka hana pinepine ʻana o nā luna me nā luna ʻoihana, kahi i hoʻohiki ʻia ai nā ʻoihana i makemake ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia a hoʻemi nui ʻia nā uku. Ua koi ʻia ka luna hoʻomalu o Reagan no ka Environment Protection Agency, ʻo Anne Gorsuch Burford, e haʻalele ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki ma ke keʻena a ua hoʻopaʻahao ʻia kāna mea kōkua kūikawā, ʻo Rita Lavelle, no ʻeono mahina no ka hoʻohiki wahaheʻe a me ke keʻakeʻa ʻana i ka pono. I kekahi hanana kaulana, ua kauoha ʻo Reagan White House iā Burford e ʻauʻa i nā palapala ma Times Beach a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i haumia ma nā mokuʻāina o Missouri a me Arkansas, me ka haʻi ʻana i "kuleana hoʻokō," a ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Lavelle no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā palapala koʻikoʻi. He mea hoike noii no ka Philadelphia Inquirer Ua hōʻike ka nūpepa ʻo Monsanto ʻo ia kekahi o nā hui kemika nona nā luna hoʻokele i mālama pinepine i ka ʻaina awakea a me nā hālāwai ʻaina ahiahi me Lavelle. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana i ʻimi ʻia e nā kamaʻāina o Times Beach ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia a hiki i 1982, 11 mau makahiki ma hope o ka ʻike mua ʻia ʻana o ka haumia, a he 8 mau makahiki ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ke kumu he dioxin. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hui ʻana o Monsanto me ka dioxin i kāna hana ʻana i ka herbicide 2,4,5-T, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hopena o 1940s. "Kokoke koke, ua hoʻomaka kāna mau limahana i ka maʻi me ka ʻili ʻili, nā ʻeha hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia ma nā lālā, nā hui a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino, nāwaliwali, huhū, hopohopo a me ka nalowale o ka libido," wehewehe ʻo Peter Sills, ka mea kākau o kahi puke e hiki mai ana ma ka dioxin. "Ke hōʻike nei nā memo kūloko ua ʻike ka hui i ka maʻi maoli o kēia mau kāne e like me kā lākou i ʻōlelo ai, akā hūnā ʻia kēlā mau hōʻike." ʻO kahi pahū ʻana ma Monsanto's Nitro, West Virginia herbicide mea kanu i ka makahiki 1949 i huki hou aku i ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau hoʻopiʻi. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka mea haumia no kēia mau kūlana ʻo dioxin a hiki i ka makahiki 1957, akā ua makemake nui ka US Army Chemical Corps i kēia mea ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohana kaua kemika. He noi i waiho ʻia e ka St. Louis Journalism Review ma lalo o ka US Freedom of Information Act i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi o 600 ʻaoʻao o nā hōʻike a me nā leka ma waena o Monsanto a me ka Army Chemical Corps e pili ana i kēia huahana herbicide, a hiki i ka makahiki 1952. ʻO ka herbicide Agent Orange, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā pūʻali koa US e hoʻopau i nā kaiaola wao nahele o Vietnam i ka makahiki 1960, he hui ʻia o 2,4,5-T a me 2,4-D i loaʻa mai nā kumu like ʻole, akā ʻo Monsanto's Agent. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka dioxin i ka ʻalani ma mua o ka mea i hana ʻia e Dow Chemical, ka mea hana nui o ka defoliant. ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻopiʻi nui ai ʻo Monsanto i ka hoʻopiʻi i lawe ʻia e nā poʻe koa kahiko o Vietnam War ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ka mea i kū i ka nui o nā hōʻailona hoʻonāwaliwali e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana iā Agent Orange. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoʻoholo he $180 miliona ma 1984 ma waena o 7 mau hui kemika a me nā loio no ka poʻe kahiko, ua kauoha ka luna kānāwai iā Monsanto e uku i 45.5 pakeneka o ka huina. I ka makahiki 1980, ua hana ʻo Monsanto i kekahi ʻano o nā haʻawina i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻemi i kona kuleana, ʻaʻole wale ma ka hoʻopiʻi Agent Orange, akā i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o nā limahana ma kāna hale hana ʻo West Virginia. ʻO kahi hihia hoʻokolokolo ʻekolu a me hoʻokahi hapa i lawe ʻia e nā limahana kaʻaahi i hōʻike ʻia i ka dioxin ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ke kaʻaahi i hōʻike i kahi ʻano o ka ʻikepili i hoʻopunipuni ʻia a me ka hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua hoʻopunipuni i kēia mau haʻawina. Ua hoʻoholo kekahi luna o ka US EPA ua hoʻohana ʻia nā haʻawina e kākoʻo i ka ʻōlelo a Monsanto e kaupalena ʻia nā hopena o dioxin i ka maʻi ʻili chloracne. ʻO nā mea noiʻi Greenpeace ʻo Jed Greer lāua ʻo Kenny Bruno i wehewehe i ka hopena: "E like me ka hōʻike ʻana mai ka hoʻokolokolo, ua kuhi hewa ʻo Monsanto i nā limahana i hōʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻole ʻia, hoʻopau wale i nā hihia maʻi maʻi nui, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kumuhana chloracne e nā koina dermatitis ʻoihana maʻamau. hāʻawi i ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo o nā moʻolelo i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea aʻoaʻo, a hana i nā ʻōlelo wahaheʻe e pili ana i ka dioxin contamination i nā huahana Monsanto. ʻO ka hihia hoʻokolokolo, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia ai e ke kiure he $16 miliona hoʻopaʻi pōʻino hoʻopaʻi kūʻē iā Monsanto, ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o nā huahana a Monsanto, mai nā herbicides hale a i ka germicide Santophen i hoʻohana mua ʻia ma Lysol brand disinfectant, ua ʻike ʻia me ka dioxin. "ʻO nā hōʻike a nā luna hoʻokele o Monsanto i ka hoʻokolokolo e hōʻike ana i kahi moʻomeheu hui kahi i hāʻawi ʻia ai ke kūʻai aku a me nā loaʻa kālā ma mua o ka palekana o nā huahana a me kāna mau limahana," i hōʻike ʻia e ka Toronto Globe a me ka Leka ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokolokolo. "ʻAʻole lākou i mālama i ke olakino a me ka palekana o kā lākou poʻe limahana," wahi a ka mea kākau ʻo Peter Sills. "Ma kahi o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hana i nā mea palekana, ua hilinaʻi lākou i ka hoʻoweliweli a hoʻoweliweli i nā layoffs e mālama i kā lākou poʻe limahana e hana." ʻO ka loiloi hope a Kauka Cate Jenkins o ka EPA's Regulatory Development Branch i kākau i kahi moʻolelo ʻoi aku ka ʻōnaehana o ka ʻepekema hoʻopunipuni. "Ua hoʻouna maoli ʻo Monsanto i ka ʻike wahaheʻe i ka EPA i hopena pololei i nā lula nāwaliwali ma lalo o RCRA [Resources Conservation and Recovery Act] a me FIFRA [Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act]… e hana i ka hookolokolo kalaima o ka hui. Ua haʻi ʻo Jenkins i nā palapala i loko o Monsanto e hōʻike ana ua "kauka" ka hui i nā laʻana o nā herbicides i waiho ʻia i ka US Department of Agriculture, hūnā ʻia ma hope o nā ʻōlelo hoʻopaʻapaʻa "kemimi kaʻina hana" e pale i nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻoponopono i ka 1990-D a me nā chlorophenols like ʻole, hūnā i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o Lysol, a kāpae ʻia i kekahi mau haneli o kāna mau limahana maʻi maʻi mua mai kāna mau noiʻi olakino hoʻohālikelike: "Ua uhi ʻo Monsanto i ka haumia dioxin o kahi ākea o kāna mau huahana. Ua hōʻole ʻole ʻo Monsanto i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka haumia, ua hoʻololi i ka ʻike wahaheʻe e manaʻo ʻole e hōʻike i ka haumia a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohālike i hāʻawi ʻia i ke aupuni no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i hoʻomākaukau kūikawā ʻia ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka haumia dioxin.
Nā lāʻau herbicide o nā hanauna hou TʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau glyphosate e like me Roundup no ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi hapaono o ka nui o nā kūʻai makahiki a Monsanto a me ka hapalua o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻoihana, ʻoi aku paha ka nui mai ka wā i wili ai ka hui i kāna mau mea ʻenehana a me nā ʻāpana lole synthetic ma ke ʻano he hui ʻokoʻa, i kapa ʻia ʻo Solutia. i Kepakemapa 1997. Hoʻolaha ikaika ʻo Monsanto i ka Roundup ma ke ʻano he herbicide palekana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea āpau mai ka lau nahele a me nā māla lāʻau, a hiki i nā paʻa coniferous nui, kahi e hoʻohana ai i ka ea o ka herbicide e kāohi i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu deciduous a me nā kumu lāʻau. ka ulu ana o na laau kaa a me na laau spruce. Ua loiloi ʻo Oregon-based Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP) ma luna o 408 mau noiʻi ʻepekema e pili ana i nā hopena o ka glyphosate, a me nā amine polyoxyethylene i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he surfactant ma Roundup, a ua manaʻo ʻo ia he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka herbicide ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Monsanto. "ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka make nui i loko o ke kanaka ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i ka Roundup e pili ana i ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū, ka luaʻi ʻana, ka pehu ʻana o ka māmā, ka maʻi pneumonia, ke ao ʻana o ka ʻike, a me ka luku ʻana i nā ʻāpana koko ʻulaʻula. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka huhū o ka maka a me ka ʻili e nā limahana e hui pū ana, hoʻouka a hoʻohana i ka glyphosate. Ua loaʻa i ka EPA's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System he 109 mau hōʻike e pili ana i nā hopena olakino e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka glyphosate ma waena o 1966 a me ʻOkakopa, 1980. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka ʻeha o ka maka a i ʻole ka ʻili, nausea, dizziness, headaches, diarrhea, blurred vision, fever and weakness. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i nā lā 1966-1980 e hōʻike ana i kahi manawa ma mua o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o Roundup. ʻO ke ʻano o ka pepehi kanaka a me ka hoʻāʻo e pepehi i ka pepehi kanaka ma Iapana i ka makahiki 1980 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka herbicide Roundup i hiki i nā ʻepekema ke helu i kahi maʻi make o ʻeono auneke. ʻO ka herbicide he 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻona i ka iʻa ma mua o ka poʻe, ʻona i nā ilo honua, nā bacteria lepo a me nā haʻi maikaʻi, a ua ana nā ʻepekema i nā hopena physiological pololei o Roundup i nā iʻa a me nā holoholona hihiu ʻē aʻe. nā ululāʻau. ʻO ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o ka glyphosate i N-nitrosoglyphosate a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i hoʻonui i ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka carcinogenicity o nā huahana Roundup. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻana ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Berkeley's School of Public Health i ka makahiki 1993, ʻo ka glyphosate ke kumu maʻamau o ka maʻi e pili ana i ka pesticide ma waena o nā limahana mālama ʻāina ma Kaleponi, a ʻo ka helu ʻekolu ma waena o nā limahana mahiʻai. ʻO ka loiloi 1996 o ka palapala ʻepekema e nā lālā o ka Vermont Citizens' Forest Roundtable-he hui i hoʻopio maikaʻi i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo o Vermont no ka pāpā ʻana o ka mokuʻāina i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau herbicide i loko o ka ulu lāʻau-ua hōʻike i nā hōʻike hou o ka pōʻino o ka māmā, ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, nausea, hānau keiki. nā pilikia, nā chromosome aberrations, a me nā hopena ʻē aʻe he nui o ka ʻike ʻana i ka herbicide Roundup. Ma 1997, ua pane aku ʻo Monsanto i ʻelima mau makahiki o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana e ka Loio Kuhina Nui o New York e alakaʻi hewa ana kāna mau hoʻolaha no Roundup; Ua hoʻololi ka hui i kāna mau hoʻolaha no ka holoi ʻana i nā koi ʻana he "biodegradable" ka herbicide a "aloha i ke kaiapuni," a ua uku aku i $50,000 i nā lilo kānāwai o ka mokuʻāina i ka hihia. I Malaki 1998, ua ʻae ʻo Monsanto e uku i ka uku o $225,000 no ka hōʻailona hewa ʻana i nā ipu Roundup ma 75 mau manawa kaʻawale. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻi ka hoʻopaʻi nui loa i uku ʻia no ka uhaki ʻana i ka Worker Protection Standards o ka Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Wahi a ka Wall Street Pai, Māhele ʻo Monsanto i nā pahu o ka herbicide me nā lepili e kaohi ana i ke komo ʻana i nā wahi i mālama ʻia no 4 mau hola wale nō ma kahi o 12 mau hola. ʻO kēia wale nō ka mea hou loa i loko o ke ʻano o nā hoʻopaʻi nui a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo kūʻē iā Monsanto ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me kahi ʻike he $108 miliona i ka hihia o ka make leukemia o kahi limahana Texas ma 1986, he $648,000 hoʻoponopono no ka ʻōlelo ʻia ʻana ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ke olakino pono. ʻikepili i ka EPA i ka makahiki 1990, he $1 miliona ka uku na ka mokuʻāina ʻo Loio Kuhina o Massachusetts i ka makahiki 1991 i ka hihia o kahi 200,000 galani wai ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa, he $39 miliona noho ʻana ma Houston, Texas i ka makahiki 1992 e pili ana i ka waiho ʻana o nā kinikona pōʻino i loko o nā lua ʻole. , a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui. I ka makahiki 1995, ua helu ʻo Monsanto i ka ʻelima ma waena o nā hui US ma ka EPA's Toxic Release Inventory, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i 37 miliona paona o nā mea ʻona i ka lewa, ka ʻāina, ka wai, a me lalo o ka honua.
Ke Ao Hou Koa o Biotechnology MʻO ka hoʻolaha ikaika ʻana o onsanto i kāna mau huahana biotechnology, mai ka recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH), i ka Roundup Ready soybeans a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, i kāna mau ʻano pulupulu pale ʻole i nā pepeke, ʻike ʻia e nā mea nānā he nui i ka hoʻomau ʻana o kāna mau hana i nīnau ʻia. . "He mau pilikino ko nā hui, a ʻo Monsanto kekahi o nā mea ʻino loa," wahi a ka mea kākau ʻo Peter Sills. "Mai nā herbicides a Monsanto a hiki i Santophen disinfectant a i BGH, ʻike ʻia lākou e hele i waho e hōʻeha i kā lākou poʻe limahana a hōʻeha i nā keiki." Ma mua, ʻo Monsanto kekahi o nā hui kemika ʻehā e ʻimi nei e lawe mai i ka Bovine Growth Hormone synthetic, i hana ʻia i loko o ka bacteria E. coli genetically engineered e hana i ka protein bovine, i ka mākeke. ʻO kekahi ʻo American Cyanamid, nona nā ʻAmelika Home Products i kēia manawa, aia i ke kaʻina o ka hui ʻana me Monsanto. ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o Monsanto he 14 makahiki e loaʻa ka ʻae ʻia mai ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e lawe mai i ka BGH recombinant i ka mākeke, ua paʻa i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, me nā ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻopau i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena ʻino o ka hormone. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi kauka lāʻau FDA, ʻo Richard Burroughs, ma hope o kona hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka hui a me ke keʻena no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i ka ʻikepili e hūnā i nā hopena o nā inikini rBGH i ke olakino o nā bipi waiu. I ka makahiki 1990, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka ʻae ʻana o ka FDA no rBGH, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia e kahi mea lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka hale noiʻi mahiʻai o ke Kulanui o Vermont i ka ʻikepili i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia i ʻelua mau kānāwai mokuʻāina e kākau ana i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka nui o ka maʻi udder i nā bipi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hormone Monsanto hoʻokolohua. , a me kahi hanana ʻokoʻa o nā hemahema hānau nui i nā keiki o nā bipi i mālama ʻia e rBGH. ʻO ka loiloi kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻikepili o ke Kulanui e kahi hui kākoʻo mahiʻai kūloko i kākau i nā pilikia olakino pipi e pili ana me rBGH, me ka nui o nā ʻeha wāwae a me nā wāwae, nā pilikia metabolic a me ka hānau ʻana, a me nā maʻi ʻōpū. Ua hoʻāʻo ka US Congress 'General Accounting Office (GAO) i kahi nīnau no ka hihia, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā moʻolelo pono mai Monsanto a me ke Kulanui e hoʻokō ai i kāna hoʻokolokolo ʻana, e pili ana i nā hopena teratogenic a me embryotoxic i manaʻo ʻia. Ua hoʻoholo nā mea hoʻoponopono o GAO i nā bipi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka rBGH he mastitis (udder infection) ka helu o ka hapakolu kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā bipi i mālama ʻole ʻia, a ua koi ʻia ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae antibiotika kiʻekiʻe i ka waiū i hana ʻia me ka rBGH. Ua ʻae ʻia ka rBGH o Monsanto e ka FDA no ke kūʻai pāʻoihana e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1994. I ka makahiki aʻe, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Mark Kastel o ka Hui Pūʻai ʻo Wisconsin i kahi noiʻi o nā ʻike o nā mahiʻai ʻo Wisconsin me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua ʻoi aku kāna mau ʻike ma mua o ka 21 mau pilikia olakino i koi ʻia ʻo Monsanto e papa inoa ma ka lepili hoʻolaha no kāna brand Posilac o rBGH. Ua loaʻa iā Kastel nā hōʻike ākea e pili ana i ka make maʻamau ma waena o nā bipi i mālama ʻia i ka rBGH, ka nui o nā maʻi o ka udder, nā pilikia metabolic koʻikoʻi a me nā pilikia hānau keiki, a ma kekahi mau mea hiki ʻole ke wehe maikaʻi i nā bipi i mālama ʻia mai ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Nui nā poʻe mahiʻai waiu ʻike i hoʻāʻo me rBGH pono e hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana nui o kā lākou puaʻa. Ma kahi o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kumu o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka poʻe mahiʻai e pili ana i rBGH, ua hele ʻo Monsanto i ka hewa, me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana e hoʻopiʻi i nā hui waiu liʻiliʻi i hoʻolaha i kā lākou huahana me ka ʻole o ka hormone artificial, a komo i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana e kekahi mau hui kalepa ʻoihana waiu e kūʻē i ka mua a ʻO ke kānāwai hoʻopaʻa inoa pono wale no rBGH ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomau nā hōʻike no ka hopena ʻino o rBGH i ke olakino o nā bipi a me nā kānaka. ʻO nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e pale i ka lepili ʻana i ka soybean a me ka maile i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā hana i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopau i nā hoʻopiʻi kūʻē i ka hormone waiu o Monsanto. ʻOiai ʻo Monsanto e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana e hōʻemi hope loa kāna mau soya "Roundup Ready" i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻo ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano mea kanu hoʻomanawanui i ka herbicide e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hilinaʻi o ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā herbicide. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā nahele i puka mai ma hope o ka hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻana a i ʻole ka wāwahi ʻia ʻana o ka herbicide mua. "E hoʻolaha ia i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka herbicide," i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka mea mahiʻai soybean Missouri ʻo Bill Christison iā Kenny Bruno o Greenpeace International. "Inā loaʻa kahi wahi kūʻai no RRS, ʻo ia ka mea hiki iā ʻoe ke mahi i kahi wahi me ka nui o ka mauʻu a hoʻohana i nā kemika keu e hakakā ai i kou pilikia, ʻaʻole ia ka mea e hana ai kekahi." Ua hōʻole ʻo Christison i ka ʻōlelo a Monsanto he pono nā ʻanoʻano kūʻokoʻa i ka herbicide e hōʻemi i ka ʻānai ʻana o ka lepo mai ka mahi nui ʻana, a hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻomohala ka poʻe mahiʻai o Midwestern i nā ʻano hana like ʻole no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻohana holoʻokoʻa i nā herbicide. ʻO Monsanto, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua hoʻonui i kāna hana ʻana o Roundup i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Me ka palapala patent a Monsanto US no Roundup i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e pau i ka makahiki 2000, a me ka hoʻokūkū mai nā huahana glyphosate maʻamau e kū mai ana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua lilo ka pūʻulu o Roundup herbicide me nā hua "Roundup Ready" i ke kikowaena o ka hoʻolālā a Monsanto no ka ulu mau ʻana i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā herbicide. ʻAʻole i noiʻi piha ʻia nā hopena olakino a me ke kaiapuni o nā mea kanu Roundup-tolerant, me nā hopena allergenic, invasiveness a i ʻole weediness, a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke kūpaʻa herbicide ma o ka pollen i nā soybeans a i ʻole nā mea kanu pili. ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pilikia me ka herbicide-resistant soybeans ma ke ʻano he lōʻihi a me ke ʻano noʻonoʻo, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike o nā mea kanu pulupulu US me nā ʻanoano genetically engineered a Monsanto e haʻi i kahi moʻolelo ʻokoʻa loa. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Monsanto i ʻelua ʻano o ka pulupulu genetically engineered, e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1996. ʻO kekahi he ʻano Roundup-resistant a ʻo kekahi, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Bollgard," huna ʻia kahi mea ʻawaʻawa bacteria i manaʻo ʻia e kāohi i ka pōʻino mai ʻekolu mau pōpoki pulupulu alakaʻi. ʻO ka toxin, i loaʻa mai iā Bacillus thuringiensis, ua hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea ulu lāʻau i ke ʻano o ka ʻōpala bacteria maoli mai ka makahiki 1970. Akā, ʻoiai ʻo ka bacteria Bt he pōkole loa, a hūnā i kā lākou toxin ma kahi ʻano e hoʻāla wale ʻia i loko o nā ʻōnaehana digestive alkaline o nā ilo a me nā anuhe, ʻo nā mea kanu Bt i hana ʻia i ka genetically huna i kahi ʻano ikaika o ka toxin i loko o ke kaʻina ola o ka mea kanu. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka maile i hana ʻia i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke, no ka laʻana, he ʻano huna Bt, i hoʻolālā ʻia e pale aku i ka ʻaʻa kumu kulina a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pilikia mua i manaʻo nui ʻia me kēia mau mea kanu huna pesticide, ʻo ia ka hiki ʻana o ke ʻawaʻawa i loko o ke ola o ka mea kanu e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻino kūʻē o nā mea kanu maʻamau. Ua hoʻoholo ka US EPA e hiki i ka nui o ke kū'ē ʻana iā Bt ke hoʻohana ʻole i ka hana kūlohelohe o ka bacteria Bt i loko o ʻekolu a ʻelima mau makahiki wale nō a koi ʻia nā mea kanu e kanu i nā puʻuhonua a hiki i ka 40 pakeneka o ka pulupulu non-Bt i mea e pale ai i kēia hopena. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka ʻawaʻawa ikaika i hūnā ʻia e kēia mau mea kanu e hōʻino paha i nā iniseti maikaʻi, nā moth, a me nā peʻapeʻa, ma waho aʻe o kēlā mau ʻano i makemake ʻia e nā mea kanu e hoʻopau. Akā ʻo nā hopena pōʻino o ka pulupulu "Bollgard" huna ʻia ʻo Bt ua ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki, lawa i hiki ai iā Monsanto a me kāna mau hoa i huki ai i ʻelima miliona paona o nā hua pulupulu genetically engineered mai ka mākeke a ʻae i kahi hoʻoholo miliona miliona me ka poʻe mahiʻai. ka hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻEkolu mau mahiʻai i hōʻole ʻole e noho pū me Monsanto i hāʻawi ʻia ma kahi o $2 miliona e ka Mississippi Seed Arbitration Council. ʻAʻole wale i hoʻouka ʻia nā mea kanu e ka pulupulu pulupulu, kahi a Monsanto i ʻōlelo ai e kūpaʻa lākou iā lākou, akā ʻo ka germination he kikoʻī, haʻahaʻa nā hua, a ua hewa nā mea kanu, e like me nā moʻolelo i paʻi ʻia. Ua hōʻike kekahi poʻe mahiʻai i ka nalowale o nā mea kanu a hiki i 50 pakeneka. Ua hōʻike pū ka poʻe mahiʻai nāna i kanu i ka pulupulu kūʻokoʻa ʻo Monsanto's Roundup i nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi, e like me nā puʻupuʻu deformed a me nā ʻōpala i hāʻule koke mai ka mea kanu i ʻekolu hapaha o ke ala o ke kau ulu. Me kēia mau pilikia, ke holomua nei ʻo Monsanto i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenekinia genetic i ka mahiʻai ma o ka lawe ʻana i ka mana o nā ʻoihana hua nui loa i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Loaʻa iā Monsanto i kēia manawa ʻo Holdens Foundation Seeds, ka mea nāna i hoʻolako i ka germplasm i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka 25-35 ka nui o ka ʻeka maile US, a me Asgrow Agronomics, ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ʻo "ka mea hoʻohua soybean alakaʻi, mea hoʻomohala a me ka mea hoʻolaha ma United States." I kēia pūnāwai i hala iho nei, ua hoʻopau ʻo Monsanto i kāna kūʻai ʻana iā De Kalb Genetics, ka lua o ka ʻoihana hua nui loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ʻo ka ʻeiwa o ka nui o ka honua, a me Delta a me Pine Land, ka hui hua pulupulu nui loa o US. Me kona loaʻa ʻana iā Delta a me Pine, ua hoʻomalu ʻo Monsanto i ka 85 pakeneka o ka mākeke hua pulupulu US. Ke alualu ikaika nei ka hui i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻoihana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana ma nā ʻāina ʻē. I ka makahiki 1997, kūʻai ʻo Monsanto iā Sementes Agroceres SA, i wehewehe ʻia ʻo "ka hui kulina hua nui ma Brazil," me 30 pakeneka mākeke. Ma mua o kēia makahiki, ua noiʻi ka mākaʻi Pekelala o Brazil i ka hoʻopiʻi hewa ʻana o ka liʻiliʻi o 200 mau ʻeke o ka soybeans transgenic, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i ʻike ʻia i kahi hui ʻo Argentine o Monsanto. Wahi a ke kānāwai o Brazil, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā huahana transgenic haole ma hope o ka manawa o ka quarantine a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e pale aku i ka pōʻino i nā mea ulu maoli. Ma Kanada, pono ʻo Monsanto e hoʻomanaʻo i 60,000 ʻeke o nā hua lāʻau i hana ʻia i ka genetically engineered rape (“canola”) i ka makahiki 1997. ʻIke ʻia i ka hoʻouna ʻia ʻana o Roundup-resistant seed i loaʻa kahi ʻano i hoʻokomo ʻia ʻokoʻa mai ka mea i ʻae ʻia no ka ʻai ʻana e nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. ʻOiai ʻo nā lāʻau herbicide a Monsanto a me nā huahana genetically engineered i kālele ʻia i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa lehulehu no nā makahiki he nui, ʻo kāna mau huahana lāʻau lapaʻau pū kekahi moʻolelo pilikia. ʻO ka huahana poʻokela o Monsanto's GD Searle pharmaceutical subsidiary ʻo ia ka aspartame meaʻono kūlohelohe, kūʻai ʻia ma lalo o nā inoa inoa Nutrasweet a me Equal. I ka makahiki 1981, ʻehā mau makahiki ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana o Monsanto iā Searle, ua hōʻoia ka Papa Hoʻonaʻauao Meaʻai a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau nona ʻekolu mau ʻepekema kūʻokoʻa i nā hōʻike i hoʻolaha ʻia no ʻewalu mau makahiki e "hiki i ka aspartame ke hoʻoulu i ka lolo lolo." Ua hoʻopau ka FDA i ka laikini o Searle e kūʻai aku i ka aspartame, akā ua hoʻohuli ʻia kāna hoʻoholo ma lalo o kahi komisina hou i koho ʻia e Pelekikena Ronald Reagan. ʻO kahi haʻawina i ka makahiki 1996 ma ka Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology ua hoʻololi hou i kēia hopohopo, e pili ana i ka aspartame i ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi lolo ma hope koke o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka mea. Ua haʻi ʻo Kauka Erik Millstone o ke Kulanui o Sussex Science Policy Research Unit i nā moʻolelo mai nā makahiki 1980 e hoʻopili ana i ka aspartame i kahi ākea o nā hopena ʻino i nā mea kūʻai maʻalahi, e like me ke poʻo, ka ʻike pohihihi, ka helu ʻana, ka pohō o ka lohe, ka ʻiʻo spasms, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻia. epileptic-type seizures, mawaena o na mea e ae. Ma 1989, holo hou ʻo Searle i ka FDA, nāna i hoʻopiʻi i ka hui no ka hoʻopunipuni hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hihia o kāna lāʻau anti-ulcer, Cytotec. Ua ʻōlelo ka FDA, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā hoʻolaha e kūʻai aku i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i kahi lehulehu ākea a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o ka ʻōlelo a ke keʻena. Ua koi ʻia ʻo Searle/Monsanto e lawe i kahi hoʻolaha i loko o nā nūpepa olakino, ʻo ia ke poʻo "Paʻi ʻia e hoʻoponopono i kahi hoʻolaha mua i manaʻo ʻia e ka Food and Drug Administration he Misleading."
ʻO ka Greenwash a Monsanto GʻOiai i kēia moʻolelo lōʻihi a pilikia, he mea maʻalahi ke hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu e hōʻole ʻole ai ka poʻe kamaʻāina ʻike ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika e hilinaʻi iā Monsanto me ka wā e hiki mai ana o kā mākou meaʻai a me ko mākou olakino. Akā ke hana nei ʻo Monsanto i nā mea āpau e ʻike ʻole ʻia e kēia kūʻē. Ma o nā hana e like me kā lākou £1 miliona hoʻolaha hoʻolaha ma Beretania, kā lākou kākoʻo ʻana i kahi hōʻikeʻike Biodiversity kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūlohelohe ʻAmelika ma New York, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui, ke hoʻāʻo nei lākou e ʻike i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻoi aku ka pono, a me nā mea hou aku. ke nānā aku nei i mua ma mua o ko lākou mau hoa paio. I ka US ke hoʻoikaika nei lākou i ko lākou kiʻi, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kulekele, me ke kākoʻo o nā poʻe ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokele Clinton. I Mei 1997, ua koho ʻia ʻo Mickey Kantor, he mea kākau o ka hoʻolaha koho balota a Bill Clinton i ka makahiki 1992 a me ka Lunamakaʻāinana ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka wā mua o Clinton, ua koho ʻia i kahi noho ma ka Papa Hoʻokele o Monsanto. ʻO Marcia Hale, he kōkua pilikino i ka pelekikena ma mua, ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he luna aupuni o Monsanto ma Beretania. ʻO ka Hope Pelekikena Al Gore, ka mea i kaulana i ka US no kāna mau kākau ʻana a me kāna mau haʻiʻōlelo e pili ana i ke kaiapuni, ua kākoʻo leo ʻo ia i ka biotechnology ma ka liʻiliʻi loa mai kona mau lā i ka US Senate. ʻO David W. Beier ka Luna Hoʻokele Nui o ke Aupuni ma Genentech, Inc. Ma lalo o ka Luna Hoʻokele ʻo Robert Shapiro, ua huki ʻo Monsanto i nā wahi āpau e hoʻololi i kona kiʻi mai kahi mea hoʻolako i nā kemika weliweli i kahi ʻoihana hoʻomālamalama a nānā i mua e hānai i ka honua. ʻO Shapiro, ka mea i hele e hana no GD Searle i ka makahiki 1979 a lilo i pelekikena o kāna Nutrasweet Group i ka makahiki 1982, noho ʻo ia ma ke Kōmike Kūkākūkā o ka Pelekikena no nā Kūʻai Kūʻai a me nā Kūkākūkā a ua lawelawe ʻo ia i lālā o ka White House Domestic Policy Review. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia iā ia iho he visionary a he Renaissance Man, me kahi misionari e hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai o ka ʻoihana e hoʻololi i ka honua: "ʻO ke kumu wale nō o ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻoihana nui ʻo ia ka hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā mea ma ke ʻano nui. mea nui," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia i kahi mea nīnauele no Kālepa Pāʻoihana, he puke pai nui no ka neʻe ʻana o ka "ʻoihana pili i ka pilikanaka" ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. He liʻiliʻi nā manaʻo hoʻopunipuni ʻo Shapiro e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o Monsanto ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hōʻike ana me ka ʻoluʻolu i ka pilikia o nā limahana Monsanto he nui nā keiki a nā hoalauna e haʻalulu ke ʻike lākou i kahi e hana ai ka limahana. Makemake nui ʻo ia e hōʻike i kona hele ʻana me ka makemake ākea no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana, a ua paʻa ʻo ia e hoʻohuli hou i kēia makemake i nā hopena o kāna ʻoihana, e like me kāna i hōʻike ai ma kahi hālāwai ninaninau me ka ʻO ka loiloi ʻoihana ʻo Harvard: "ʻAʻole ia he nīnau no ka poʻe maikaʻi a me ka poʻe ʻino. ʻAʻohe manaʻo o ka ʻōlelo ʻana, 'Inā ʻaʻole e pau kēlā poʻe ʻino i ka ʻoihana, a laila maikaʻi ka honua.' Pono e hoʻololi ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa; aia kahi manawa kūpono no ka hana hou ʻana. " ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hou a Shapiro kahi i hoʻomau ʻia ai nā hui nui, akā e hoʻohana i ka mana hoʻonui mau i ko mākou ola. Akā ua hoʻololi ʻo Monsanto, ua haʻi ʻia iā mākou. Ua hoʻolei maikaʻi lākou i kā lākou mau māhele kemika ʻoihana a ke hoʻohiki nei lākou e hoʻololi i nā kemika me ka "ʻike," ma ke ʻano o nā hua ʻano genetically engineered a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe o ka biotechnology. He ʻano hoʻohenehene kēia no kahi hui nona ka huahana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka herbicide, a ʻo kāna mea hoʻohui meaʻai kiʻekiʻe loa e ʻike ʻia e maʻi nui ai kekahi poʻe. He hana kūpono ʻole ia no kahi hui e ʻimi nei e hoʻoweliweli i ka poʻe hoʻohewa me nā hoʻopiʻi a hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻohewa ʻana i ka media. ʻO ka mea hou loa a Monsanto Pūʻulu Pūnaewele, akā naʻe, hōʻike maopopo ʻia ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā buzzword kūpono. ʻAʻole herbicide ʻo Roundup, he mea hana ia e hōʻemi i ka mahi ʻai ʻana a hoʻemi i ka ʻino ʻana o ka lepo. ʻAʻole pili nā mea kanu i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā huaʻai no Monsanto, e pili ana lākou i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia hiki ʻole o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. ʻAʻole ʻo Biotechnology e hōʻemi ana i nā mea a pau e ola ana i ke ʻano o nā mea kūʻai aku - nā mea e kūʻai ʻia a kūʻai ʻia, kūʻai ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia - akā ʻoiaʻiʻo he hōʻailona ia o ka "decommoditization": ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā huahana i hana nui ʻia me ka nui o nā mea kūikawā. , nā huahana i hana ʻia. ʻO Newspeak kēia o ka papa kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ka mea hope loa, pono mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Monsanto i ka biotechnology ʻaʻole ia he mea no ka haʻaheo ʻoihana wale nō, akā ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo maʻalahi o ke ʻano. Ka poe heluhelu o ka Monsanto Pūʻulu Pūnaewele Hōʻike ʻia me kahi hoʻohālikelike ma waena o ka ulu wikiwiki o kēia lā i ka helu o nā pae kumu DNA i ʻike ʻia a me ke ʻano exponential o ka miniaturization i ka ʻoihana uila, kahi ʻano i ʻike mua ʻia i nā makahiki 1960. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Monsanto i ka ulu nui ʻana o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "ʻike olaola" ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ma mua o "Ke kānāwai o Monsanto." E like me nā kānāwai ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano, ʻaʻohe mea liʻiliʻi akā ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o kāna mau wānana a, ma ʻaneʻi, ʻaʻohe mea liʻiliʻi ka wānana ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka ulu nui o ka hiki ʻana o Monsanto. Akā ʻo ka ulu ʻana o kekahi ʻenehana ʻaʻole ia he "kānāwai o ke ʻano." ʻAʻole nā ʻenehana i mea ikaika no lākou iho, ʻaʻole hoʻi he "mea hana" kūʻokoʻa hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokō i nā hopena pili a mākou e makemake ai. Akā, he huahana ia o nā hui kaiaulu a me nā pono waiwai. Ke hoʻomaka ʻia kahi ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana, hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka mea a nā mea hana i wānana: ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻenehana, ʻoi aku ka hohonu o nā hopena. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Green Revolution i ka mahiʻai i nā makahiki 1960 a me 1970s i hoʻonui i ka huaʻai no ka manawa pōkole, a ua hoʻonui pū ka poʻe mahiʻai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i nā mea hoʻokomo kemika. ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻoneʻe nui ʻia ka poʻe mai ka ʻāina, a ma nā ʻāina he nui i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka lepo, ka wai lepo, a me ka ʻāina pilikanaka i mālama i ka poʻe no nā millenia. ʻO kēia mau hoʻoneʻe nui ʻana i hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka nohona, a ua alakaʻi ʻia i kahi pōʻai hou o ka ʻilihune a me ka pōloli. ʻO ka "Green Revolution lua" i hoʻohiki ʻia e Monsanto a me nā ʻoihana biotechnology ʻē aʻe e hoʻoweliweli i nā pilikia nui aʻe i ka ʻāina kuʻuna a me nā pilina pilikanaka. I ka hōʻole ʻana iā Monsanto a me kāna biotechnology, ʻaʻole pono mākou e hōʻole i ka ʻenehana no kēlā me kēia, akā ke ʻimi nei mākou e pani i kahi ʻenehana hōʻole ola o ka hoʻopunipuni, ka hoʻomalu, a me ka loaʻa kālā me kahi ʻenehana kaiaola maoli, i hoʻolālā ʻia e mahalo i nā ʻano o ke ʻano, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pilikino a me ke kaiāulu. olakino, mālama i nā kaiāulu ʻāina, a hana ma ke ʻano kanaka maoli. Inā manaʻoʻiʻo mākou i ke aupuni democracy, pono mākou e koho i nā ʻenehana maikaʻi loa no ko mākou kaiāulu, ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻoihana ʻike ʻole e like me Monsanto e hoʻoholo no mākou. Ma mua o nā ʻenehana i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o kekahi, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopaʻa i kā mākou ʻenehana i ka manaʻolana o ka lokahi ʻoi aku ma waena o ko mākou kaiāulu kanaka a me ke ao kūlohelohe. ʻO ko mākou olakino, kā mākou meaʻai a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke ola ma ka honua ke waiho nei i ke kaulike. Z He paʻi hou ʻia kēia ʻatikala o ka moʻolelo alakaʻi i ka pukana kokoke i kaohi ʻia o ʻEnelani ʻIlikala makasini (e nānā Z Kekemapa 1998). Ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he Top 25 Censored Story e Project Censored. ʻO Brian Tokar ka mea kākau o Honua no ke kuai (South End Press, 1997) a ʻO ke koho ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Revised Edition: New Society Publishers, 1992). Aʻo ʻo ia ma ka Institute for Social Ecology and Goddard College.