Ulalo: ʻO koʻu ola me ka SDS a me ka Weatherman ʻO ia ka moʻolelo pololei a Mark Rudd o kona mau makahiki ma ka mokuna ʻo Columbia University o Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) a, ma hope, ma ke ʻano he hoa mahuka ʻole-ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he lālā-o ka Weather Underground. (Hōʻike piha: Ua ʻike mua au iā Mark Rudd ma New Mexico i ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kona mau lā ma lalo o ka honua, a ua aʻo au ma ke kulanui ʻo Albuquerque kahi āna i aʻo ai. ʻAʻole wau he lālā o Weatherman [sic], ʻike pū ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Weathermen, ʻoiai ua loaʻa iaʻu kahi hui peripheral me SDS i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960 a me nā makahiki 1970.)
Ua ulu ʻo Rudd i kahi ʻohana papa waena ʻoluʻolu ma New Jersey, hele i ke Kulanui ʻo Columbia ma New York City ma ke ʻano he haumāna hoʻohiki, a ua komo nui ʻo ia i ka hoʻonohonoho anti-racist a me ka anti-kaua i ka hopena o nā haumāna haumāna 1960s no kahi Democratic Society. He ʻano charismatic, photogenic, ua kiʻi ʻia ʻo ia e ka media a hana i ka hōkū kāne keʻokeʻo ʻike ʻia o ka haumāna New Left. ʻO ke kaulana-a, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana, ʻo nā ʻōpio ʻōpio o ia manawa-me he mea lā ua hoʻohuli i kāna manaʻo a me kāna alakaʻi, e like me kāna haʻi ʻana ma kāna puke. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ma ka hui ʻana e hoʻokomo i ka hana ʻino i loko o ka neʻe ʻana o nā haumāna-ma o ka ʻaoʻao Weatherman nāna i lawe iā SDS i kahi putsch 1969-Ua kōkua ʻo Rudd i ka luku ʻana iā SDS a, no laila, e hoʻopau i ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana o nā haumāna anti-war US. Hōʻike ʻo Rudd i ka mihi nui no kēia ma ka puke. Akā, hāʻawi pū ʻo ia i ka ʻōlelo aʻo.
I ka wā i pahū ai ʻo SDS, ua haʻalele ka ʻaoʻao Weather iā ia, ua hoʻopuka i kahi hoʻolaha hoʻolaha kaua kūʻē i ka imperialism ʻAmelika, a ua hoʻomaka i kahi hoʻolaha hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli. ʻO Rudd, pīhoihoi a weliweli i ka make ʻana o ʻekolu o kāna mau hoa Weather - i ka wā e hoʻouka ai lākou i nā mea pahū no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā koa US a me nā mākaʻi i hana hewa ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena Manhattan-ua hoʻāʻo e haʻalele i ka Weatherman, nāna i kapa hou iā ia iho ʻo Weather Underground Organization (WUO). ). Eia naʻe, makemake ʻia ʻo ia e nā Feds a koi ʻia e hūnā ma lalo o nā inoa hoʻopunipuni mai 1970 a hiki i 1977.
I ka wā i kū ai ʻo Rudd a hāʻawi pio i ka makahiki 1977, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā hoʻopiʻi federal iā ia no ka mea ua haumia lākou e nā hana a ke aupuni. Ua noho ʻo Rudd ma New Mexico ma lalo o kona inoa ponoʻī a ua hana ʻo ia i kahi ʻoihana e aʻo ana i ka makemakika hoʻoponopono ma ke kula kaiāulu ʻo Albuquerque.
I ka makahiki 2002, he kiʻiʻoniʻoni palapala, Paʻa Honua, hoʻolaʻa nui i kona manawa pale iā Rudd. ʻOiai ua hoʻohewa ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pololei loa, ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia iā Rudd i kahi lua o ka kaulana, me kahi ʻaelike e hana i kēia puke no kahi mea hoʻopuka nui.
lola honua ʻO ia, ma nā ʻano he nui, he hoʻomanaʻo ʻakaʻaka a, ʻoiai ua kipaku ʻia ʻo ia mai ke kula ʻo Ivy League, kau ʻia ma nā papa inoa makemake federal, a hoʻokuke ʻia i loko o ke kānāwai, ua hoʻopaʻa mau ʻo Rudd me kona mau mākua aloha, a ʻo lāua pū me ia. Ma ke ahiahi o ka hoopuka ana o keia puna o ka pepa pepa o lola honua, Ua lawe ʻo Rudd i ka manawa e pane i kekahi mau nīnau.
NEVINA: Ma kāu ʻōlelo mua, wehewehe ʻoe aia nā kikoʻī mua o kēia puke āu i waiho ai. Pehea ka ʻokoʻa o Underground mai kāu mau hana mua?
LOA: Ke noho nei ka puke-i loko o koʻu noʻonoʻo a ma kahi papa-mai ka makahiki 1984, i ka wā i koho hou ʻia ai ʻo Reagan. ʻO ka mana mua he pūʻulu ʻatikala e pili ana i ke Kaua Vietnam. A laila, ʻike wau aia koʻu ikaika i ka haʻi ʻana i kaʻu moʻolelo. Akā ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻolālā aʻu i hoʻopau ai i ka makahiki 1989 i ka pilikia o ke kumu i koho ai au i ka hana ʻino. ʻAʻole wau i ʻike. Eia kekahi, ua hahau mau ka 40 makahiki i ka Mark Rudd, 20 makahiki. He 20 mau makahiki hou aʻe iaʻu e loaʻa ai ke ʻano kaulike a me ke kaulike i kēlā keiki. ʻO ka mana i paʻi ʻia he ʻano ʻoluʻolu a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi i ke keiki, a hiki iā ia ke haʻi i kāna moʻolelo pū kekahi.
He aha kāu mau makahiki e hiki mai ana iā ʻoe?
Ke hana nui nei au i ka ʻōlelo a me ke kākau ʻana ma ka "hoʻonohonoho." I ke kau hope loa ua aʻo au i kahi papa ʻAmelika ma ke Kulanui o New Mexico ma "The Organizing Tradition in American Social Movements." Ua ʻike wau ʻaʻole ʻike iki ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe i nā neʻe. Hoʻopuka kaʻu puke i kēia pilikia, akā ma ka hoʻohuli: hele au mai ka haʻi ʻana i kahi moʻolelo o ka hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi (Columbia) i ka hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻole (ka make ʻana o SDS a me Weatherman) a ʻoi aku ka ʻino (ka Weather Underground). He aʻo ʻana i ka mea e hana ʻole ai.
Ke hana nei au i nā papahana hoʻonohonoho like ʻole, e like me ka holo holomua no Lt. Kiaʻāina o New Mexico. Makemake au e ʻike i ka huli ʻana o ka Democratic Party ma kahi ʻaoʻao hema hema. Hiki paha ia ma kahi wahi liʻiliʻi e like me New Mexico.
Ua heluhelu anei ʻoe i kekahi o nā memo ʻē aʻe Weather Underground na Bill Ayers, etc.?
ʻO ka puke a Billy Nā lā mahuka ke neʻe nui nei, ʻoi loa e pili ana i ka hale kaona kahi i nalowale ai kāna hoaaloha a me kāna hoaaloha maikaʻi loa. He moʻolelo moʻolelo ka nui o ia mea. Eia kekahi, ma ka laulā, hāʻawi ʻo Bill i ka hōʻaiʻē nui no nā manaʻo maikaʻi a ʻaʻole e noʻonoʻo i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka puke a Cathy Wilkerson, Lele kokoke i ka Lā: ʻO koʻu ola a me nā manawa ma ke ʻano he Weatherman, he moolelo o ka manawa. Noʻonoʻo maikaʻi, noʻonoʻo maikaʻi. Manaʻo pinepine au i nā haumāna o ka hema hou. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, hōʻike ʻo ia iā ia iho he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o koʻu hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ia. ʻO ka puke a Susan Stern mai ka waena o 1970s, Me ka poʻe Weathermen, he hoihoi mau.
Ua ʻōlelo paha ka mea hoʻopuka a i ʻole kāu mea hoʻoponopono i nā loli nui?
ʻO ke kiʻi aʻu i hāʻawi ai i ka mea hoʻoponopono i loaʻa kahi ʻāpana lōʻihi e uhi ana i ka makahiki 1978 a hiki i 2008 ma Albuquerque. Ua ʻoki loa ʻo ia, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hoʻōki ka moʻolelo i ka makahiki 1977 i koʻu huli ʻana iaʻu iho. Ua pololei ʻo ia. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia iaʻu i kahi epilogue 25-ʻaoʻao, ʻoiai, ua maikaʻi. Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana i nā mea no ke kākau hou aku. Eia kekahi, makemake au e inoa i ka puke, ʻO ke kupuna kāne he mea hoʻoweliweli, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻokomo iaʻu i Costco, akā ua hōʻole kaʻu mea hoʻoponopono a me kaʻu wahine i kēlā.
Ma hope o kahi laina kālai'āina āu i ʻae ʻole ai, akā i lanakila ma ka hui, ua hoʻāʻo ka Weather Underground e kūkulu i kahi pūʻali kipi i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka wehe ʻana i kahi pūʻali koa me ka hui pū ʻana me nā Vietnamese a me Black Revolutionaries ma ʻAmelika. He wehewehe pololei anei ia?
ʻAe, he wehewehe pololei loa.
I ia manawa, i ka nui o mākou, he hana lapuwale a makehewa kēia. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo?
ʻAe, he mea lapuwale a makehewa. Ua huikau na manao. ʻO ka ʻōlelo wale nō noʻu iho, makemake wau e lilo i meʻe e like me Che Guevara. Ua makemake au e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iaʻu iho i ke ʻano o nā kāne 20 makahiki i hōʻoia mau iā lākou iho, i ka hakakā. Ua makemake hoʻi au e lilo i "ʻelele o ka mōʻaukala." Ua aʻo mākou iā Fanon, Mao, Marx, a me Lenin a ʻike maopopo ʻo ia ka makahiki o ka decolonization, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka imperialism, ka pae hope o ka kapitalisme. Pono ʻoe i ka puʻuwai, e like me nā kipi nui a pau, e pana i ka mōʻaukala i ka pae aʻe. He utopia a me ka hanohano. Ma kekahi ano, ua ike makou ia makou iho he mau hooilina no ka moolelo nui o ka hookahuli aupuni. ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike ʻo mākou ka poʻe hope loa i ke kaua i nalowale. Ua lanakila ka Capitalism i kēlā puni, no ka maikaʻi a i ʻole ka hewa. No ka hewa, makemake wau e noʻonoʻo.
No laila, inā ʻoe e nānā i kēlā ʻano, hiki i kekahi ke hopu ʻia i ka heroism o ka hana holoʻokoʻa. I ka wā lōʻihi, ʻo wai ka mea noʻonoʻo, ʻo Karl Rove a i ʻole Bernardine Dohrn? E koho wau iā Bernardine.
Aia kekahi ʻaoʻao ʻino loa i kekahi radicalism 1960s-1970s. Ke haʻi nei ʻoe ua hana ʻo Black Panther i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻomāinoino loa e kākoʻo ana i ka hoʻomāinoino. Ua hele mai kekahi mau Panthers mai ka mea a lākou i wehewehe ai ʻo "ka lumpen proletariat," akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā SDS a me Weather activists i hele mai mai ka poʻe pono a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka papa waena. Makemake ʻoe e manaʻo e pili ana i kēia a, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau, e pili ana i ka male kāne, nā ʻano hoʻomāinoino i kēlā manawa a i kēia manawa?
Ua hāʻule mākou no ka laina alakaʻi ʻeleʻele holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kā mākou pane ia i ke kāhea mua ʻana no ka Black Power i puka mai mai SNCC, kahi hui aʻu i mahalo nui ai. Makemake wau i ʻoi aku ka naʻauao ma mua o mākou. Ma keʻano he Marxists, makemake mākou e ho'ēmi i ka honua i nā "kū'ē'ē waena." ʻOiai ʻo ia ka wā o ka decolonization, ʻoi aku ka hoʻokaumaha lāhui i ka sexism i ka hierarchy o ka hoʻokaumaha. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia mau mea a pau i kēia manawa, akā ua kūpono loa ia iā mākou i kēlā manawa. ʻO Marxism kāna hoʻomana ponoʻī, me kāna ʻano ponoʻī e nānā i ka honua.
He aha kou manaʻo no nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni koʻikoʻi ʻelua e pili ana i ka 20th century armed revolutionaries: Che alakaʻi ʻia e Steven Soderbergh a me ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni Kelemania ʻO ka Baader Meinhof Complex?
Ua mahalo au i ke alahele o ka mahele elua o Soderbergh Che. ʻO ka mua, ʻo ia ka meʻe a me ka lanakila, ʻo ka lanakila maʻemaʻe ʻelua. Ua pololei. ʻO kāna kumumanaʻo he palaka. ʻO ka Baader Meinhof Complex ua maikaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili no ke kumu i manaʻo ai kekahi poʻe Kelemānia Hou Leftist e noho nei lākou i ka wā fascist a manaʻo lākou he pono e lawe i nā mea kaua e kūʻē iā ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hana ko lākou mau mākua. Akā naʻe, ua lilo lākou i mau mākaʻi a me nā pōā. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Andreas Baader ma ke ʻano he sociopath, ʻo ia nō paha. No ke aha i hui pū ai nā hanauna hou o nā keiki iā lākou, ʻaʻole au i ʻike. Malia paha he makemake nui i waena o kekahi poʻe Kelemānia e hoʻonui i ka moʻolelo Nazi German maikaʻi.
Ua kōkua anei ʻoe i ke kākau ʻana i ka ʻōlelo i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Weather Underground i nā makahiki 1970 ma hope aku i loko o ka puke. Ke ahi ʻo Prairie: ʻO ke kālai'āina o Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism? Ua paʻa paha kēlā pepa kūlana i nā makahiki, i kou manaʻo?
Ma ke ʻano he palapala hoʻopiʻi no ka mōʻaukala ʻAmelika a me ka imperialism, Ke ahi Prairie pono mau. Ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā no ka hoʻololi ʻana he mea lapuwale ia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole wau i kōkua i ke kākau ʻana. Ua kōkua au i ke kūkulu ʻana i hale paʻi no ka hana ʻana i ka mea pani Ke ahi Prairie, he nupepa i kapaia Osawatomie. Ua kōkua au e kākau i ka pepa Weatherman kumu.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai i loko o kāu puke, aia kekahi ʻōlelo a me ka ʻōlelo pepehi-kou-mākua ma kekahi o ka New Left, me ka Weatherman. Eia naʻe, i ka peʻe ʻana, ua hoʻomau ʻoe a me kou mau mākua i ka pilina a loaʻa iā lākou ke kōkua waiwai iā ʻoe i nā manawa he nui, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou he radical. Ua ʻike au ʻo ia ka mea hoʻopā loa a, ʻo ia paha ka mea hoʻopilikia loa o kāu moʻolelo.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻōlelo ʻo ia ka politika o ka lawehala. ʻAʻole wau i manaʻo ua hana wau i nā mea pepehi i kou mau mākua iaʻu iho. ʻOi aku au i ke kula puaʻa. He keiki Iudaio maikaʻi nō wau. Ua ho'āʻo wau e pololei e pili ana i kēlā ma kaʻu puke.
He kumu holomua ʻoe no nā makahiki i kēia manawa. Ua kōkua pū ʻoe i ke kūkulu ʻana i uniona kumu ma kāu kulanui. Ke ʻike nei ʻoe i kēia mau hana ʻoihana e pili ana i kāu hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana a me nā hana kipi?
Ua like ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana. Pili lāua i ka nīnau no ke aʻo ʻana o nā kānaka i nā mea. Pili lāua i ke kamaʻilio. Hoʻokomo lāua ʻelua i ka hoʻokō lōʻihi a me ke kuanaʻike. Hoʻopili lāua i nā kānaka i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ko lākou ola. A ke aʻo mau nei ke kumu/mea hoʻonohonoho.