Book
Review
He aha ka mea e moe ana ma ka wai:Ka Moolelo Maoli o ka Cuban Five
Na Stephen Kimber
Halifax & Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2013, 284 pp.
Nānā ʻia e Jane Franklin
Ka mea e moe ana ma kela aoao o ka wai He moʻolelo moʻolelo, he hōʻike, he mea hoʻokūkū politika, a me ke aloha i hui pū ʻia i loko o ka maze o nā wili a me nā huli e pili ana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli a me nā ʻelele haole, me ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻopunipuni a ka FBI e alakaʻi ana i ka pōʻino. Ma ka ulana ʻana i ka moʻolelo o ka Cuban Five i loko o ka moʻolelo o ka pilina US-Cuban, ua hōʻike ka mea kākau ʻo Stephen Kimber i nā hiʻohiʻona kupanaha o ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻolelo. E lawe, no ka laʻana, i kāna hana me ke kiʻi o Orlando Bosch. ʻO ka poʻe i aʻo i ke kaua weliweli a ʻAmelika e hana nei ma Cuba mai ka makahiki 1959, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike lākou i ke kuleana koʻikoʻi o Bosch. Ua hoʻonaʻauao ʻia ʻo Bosch ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, alakaʻi ʻo Bosch i kahi kipi kūʻē i ke aupuni kipi Cuban a laila holo hou i Miami me kāna wahine a me kāna mau keiki i ka makahiki 1960. ʻAʻole koke ʻo Bosch i noho ma Florida ma mua o kona hoʻomaka ʻana i kāna ʻoihana hoʻoweliweli, hui pū me ka CIA's Operation. 40, e holo ana i ka Insurrectional Movement of Revolutionary Recovery (MIRR), e kī ana i ka bazooka ma kahi moku ukana Polani ma ke awa o Miami, e uhaki ana i ka parole, a e holo ana i Venezuela.
I Iune 1976, ʻo Bosch lāua ʻo Luis Posada Carriles, he mea hoʻoweliweli kaulana loa, he mau alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU), he hui hoʻomalu no ka hoʻouka ʻana ʻaʻole kūʻē iā Cuba, akā kūʻē i nā ʻāina a me nā poʻe i manaʻo ʻia he hoaaloha iā Cuba. .
Ua hele koke ʻo CORU i ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli ma kekahi mau ʻāina. I ʻOkakopa, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Bosch lāua ʻo Posada i ka pahū ʻana o kahi mokulele mokulele ʻo Cubana Airlines, e puhi ana iā ia mai ka lewa i kona haʻalele ʻana iā Barbados, a make nā kānaka 73 a pau ma luna o ka moku-ʻo ka manawa mua i hoʻohana ʻia ai kahi mokulele mokulele i mea kaua hoʻoweliweli (ʻo ia ka ʻAʻole e hana hou a hiki i 9/11).
Ma hope o nā makahiki ma lalo o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o Venezuelan no kēlā hewa, ua hoʻi ʻo Bosch i Florida i ka makahiki 1988 a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia (no ka pale ʻana i ka parole) i ka makahiki 1990, ʻoiai ua kauoha mua ka 'Oihana Hoʻokolokolo e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoweliweli. No laila, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi mea pepehi kanaka e hele manuahi ma Miami kahi i hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ai ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he koa kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke aupuni Cuban, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i leʻaleʻa. "ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke lawe mālie i ka lono o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o Orlando Bosch, he mea hoʻoweliweli," i wehewehe ʻia e kahi waha ʻōlelo no ka Cuban Interest Section ma Wakinekona. ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻo Havana e kali mālie no ka hoʻopunipuni aʻe a [Bosch].
ʻO ka mea a Kimber i hoʻohui ai i kēia moʻolelo kamaʻāina he hōʻike weliweli ia o ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o kēia mea hoʻoweliweli a me ka hoʻoholo wikiwiki ʻana o Cuba e hoʻokumu i kahi pūnaewele hou o nā ʻoihana naʻauao ma Florida e hoʻopau i nā manaʻo o Bosch a me kona mau hoa hoʻoweliweli. Ua hōʻailona kēia i ka hānau ʻana o ka inoa ʻo Havana i kapa ʻia ʻo La Red Avispa, ka Wasp Network.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hui e ʻike ʻia ʻo Cuban Five ʻo Gerardo Hernández, René González, Fernando González, Ramón Labañino, a me Antonio Guerrero—ʻo ia ka mea i kū i ka hale paʻahao ma Miami i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ko lākou hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ka makahiki 2000, aia ma mua. , ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelima o lākou. I ka wā i hoʻomaka mua ai nā ʻelele FBI i ka lā 12 o Kepakemapa, 1998, ua hopu lākou i 10 mau kānaka-5 o lākou i hana koke i nā kuʻikahi, e ʻae ana i ka hewa no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hoʻopaʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka hoʻohiki e hōʻike kūʻē i ko lākou mau hoa.
Hōʻike ʻo Kimber, i ka hopena, ʻo ka ʻelima i hoʻopaʻa i kahi kuʻikahi, hoʻokahi wale nō, ʻo Joseph Santos, i hōʻike i ka hoʻokolokolo a ʻo kāna hōʻike nui e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻonoho ʻana i kā Cuba.
I ka manawa o ka hopu ʻia ʻana, ua hōʻike aku ka FBI i ʻehā mau ʻelele Avispa ʻē aʻe āna i ʻōlelo ai ua haʻalele lākou i ka ʻāina ma mua o ka hiki ke hopu ʻia. ʻO ia ka 14. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Kimber he 22 ma lalo o La Red Avispa. (Ma laila kahi e waiho ai, ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka wai, kekahi o nā mea pohihihi i koe—nā moʻolelo o nā ʻewalu ʻē aʻe.)
Ua lilo ka luna mua i ʻāpana o ka Cuban Five i hōʻea i Dekemaba 1990, ʻelima mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o Orlando Bosch i Iulai. Ua lele ʻo René González mai Kuba ma kahi ʻaihue mea kanu, pae i Key West, a lilo i mea kaulana koke. Maanei e hoʻomaka ai ka mea hoʻohauʻoli politika, no ka mea, e like me nā mea ʻike ʻē aʻe Cuban a pau, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻo ia i kona ola no ka pale ʻana i kahi ʻāina i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ua lilo koke ʻo René i ʻelua mau koa ʻokoʻa. Ma Florida ua kuhi hewa ka poʻe kūʻē i ka Cuba ʻo ia ko lākou meʻe. Ma Cuba, he kanaka koa ʻo ia, akā he kakaikahi wale nō nā Cubans i ʻike i kēlā. Ua manaʻo nā Cubans ʻē aʻe iā ia he kipi (he kipi a ʻaihue i ʻaihue i ka mokulele) a hiki i ka wā i hopu ʻia ai ʻewalu mau makahiki ma hope.
Ua kūleʻa ʻo Stephen Kimber i ka paʻakikī o kēia ʻano ʻehaʻeha pālua no nā mea āpau āna i wehewehe ai. I kēia manawa, hōʻike ʻia mākou i ka nui o kēia ʻelele, kāna wahine, a me kā lāua kaikamahine i mōhai aku no ka hana a ka ʻelele e hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻōki i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Cuba.
ʻOiai i ka haʻalele ʻana o René i ka home, ua ʻike koke kāna wahine ʻo Irma Salanueva ua haʻalele ʻo ia. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke manaʻoʻiʻo. ʻEā koke ʻo ia he makuahine hoʻokahi. Ma kāna leka mua iā ia, haʻi ʻo ia iā ia ua hele mai ʻo ia i "kahi ʻāina maikaʻi" me nā manawa kūpono no lākou a pau. Ke noiʻi nei ʻo ia i kahi kula no kā lāua kaikamahine ʻo Irmita. I ka pane ʻana, kākau ʻo ia ʻaʻole makemake ʻo ia e hana me ia. "Makemake au e pōmaikaʻi ʻoe i kou wā e hiki mai ana akā ʻaʻole ia me aʻu." I nā makahiki a pau mai ka makahiki 1990, ua wehe ʻo Kimber i kēia moʻolelo aloha i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau makahiki o ka ʻeha a me ka kaʻawale ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻopau ʻana o René i kāna hoʻopaʻi, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka hale paʻahao ma 2011 ma lalo o ka "hoʻokuʻu ʻia" a ʻae ʻia e noho ma Cuba i 2013.
ʻO nā ola o ka Cuban Five he mau moʻolelo puʻuwai o nā ʻohana e noho ana i nā makahiki o ka maopopo ʻole a me ka kaʻawale. I ka makahiki 1994 ua haʻalele ʻo Gerardo Hernandez i kāna wahine ʻo Adriana Pérez e hōʻea i Miami ma ke ʻano he Puerto Rican i kapa ʻia ʻo Manuel Viramóntez. “ʻAʻole ʻo Adriana—akā ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka mea a kāna kāne i hana ai." Ua manaʻo kona mau hoaaloha a me kona ʻohana Cuban he diplomat ʻo ia i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ka ʻelele ma Buenos Aires, akā ʻo kāna ʻoihana ʻo ia ke kiaʻi i nā ʻelele o La Red Avispa.
I ka manawa o ka hopu ʻana, ua hoʻomau ʻo Gerardo e hoʻāʻo e lawe iā Adriana i Miami-makemake lākou e loaʻa nā keiki. Ma hope o ka hopu ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo Gerardo i 2 mau makahiki a me 15 mau makahiki, ʻo ka hōʻole ʻana o ka US Justice Department e hāʻawi i kahi visa iā Adriana e pale iā lākou mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā keiki.
Ua ulana paʻa ʻo Kimber i nā moʻolelo pākahi o nā ʻelele i loko o ka manaʻo a me nā pōʻino o kā lākou hana kālai'āina, ʻo ia hoʻi i kona hoʻolauna ʻana iā Juan Pablo Roque i ka honua pepehi kanaka o José Basulto, kekahi mea hoʻoweliweli nui nāna i hoʻonohonoho i nā Brothers to the Rescue: "Malia paha no ka mea. Ua holo aku lāua ʻelua mai ka Cuba ʻo Fidel Castro ma ka ʻauʻau ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa ma ke kai kūʻokoʻa ma ke kai kūʻokoʻa ma ke kai kūʻokoʻa ma ke kai kūʻokoʻa o ke kai kūʻokoʻa o Guantanamo—José Basulto i ka makahiki 1961 ma hope o ka pilikia ʻana o ka Bay of Pigs; ʻO Juan Pablo Roque i ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 mau makahiki ma hope o kona hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i kona ola ma lalo o ka communism ua 'huki ʻo ia i kekahi mau mea scuba a lele i kona ala i ke kahua kaua moana US ma Guantanamo,' kahi āna i koi ai i kahi hoʻomaha. A i ʻole, manaʻo paha ʻo Basulto, makemake nui ʻo ia i ka ʻōpio haʻalele wale no ka mea ʻo kāna moʻolelo i manaʻo nui ʻia a haʻi maikaʻi ʻo ia.
Ua aʻo ʻo Roque i ka Soviet Union a ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Cuba ma ke ʻano he mokulele MiG Air Force, ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano e lele ai no Brothers to the Rescue, a pēlā paha i manaʻo ai ʻo Basulto, ka mea i makemake nui i ka hoʻokele MiG dashing. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻo Basulto ʻelua o kāna mau pailaka he mau ʻelele Cuban. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻo René González lāua ʻo Juan Pablo Roque, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i ʻike maʻamau nā lālā o La Red Avispa; ʻo ko lākou luna wale nō i ʻike.
Mahalo iā Roque, ua ʻike ʻo Cuban State Security i nā mea a pau e pili ana i ka "makemake o José Basulto i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kaua lōʻihi no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke ola o ke Aliʻi Nui [a] kāna ʻohi kālā no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke ola o kekahi poʻe ma Cuba." Ua haʻi aku ʻo Roque i kāna mau luna e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i loaʻa iā ia mai Brothers i nā ala e "hoʻopilikia ai" i nā hale kiaʻi hoʻokele ea ma nā mokulele Cuban.
He aha ka mea inā i ʻike ʻo Basulto ʻo wai kēia mau ʻelele? ʻAʻohe ona hopohopo e pili ana i ka pepehi kanaka. ʻAʻole hoʻi ʻo Cuban American National Foundation (CANF), ka mea waiwai loa a, no laila, ʻoi aku ka mana o nā hui kūʻē Cuban a pau ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. A hiki i ka wā i hōʻike huhū ai kekahi lālā o ka papa mua i ko lākou pūʻali koa huna i ka makahiki 2006, ua koi ʻo CANF he hui kūʻokoʻa. Ma muli o kāna mau ʻoihana naʻauao, ua haʻi ʻo Cuba i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Wakinekona ʻaʻole i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻoiai, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike pū ka FBI i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
ʻOiai ʻo Roque autobiography i hoʻopuka maikaʻi, inā i manaʻo ʻole ʻia (CANF), ka mea i hoʻopaʻa i kāna paʻi ʻana, ua noi iā Roque e hāʻawi i kahi "ʻike loea no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pana pua e hoʻāʻo ai i ke ola o ka Luna Nui."
ʻO CANF, ʻoiai, ua hoʻopiʻi maluhia ʻo ia i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo a loaʻa kālā i nā ʻelele Cuban i lilo i mau lālā o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo, hāʻawi kālā i nā Democrats a me Republicans, e hana ana a hoʻonohonoho i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ke kānāwai Torricelli o 1992 a me ke kānāwai Helms-Burton o 1996—ka hoʻoweliweli kānāwai i manaʻo ʻia, mai. ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana, i ka pōloli i ka poʻe Cuban holoʻokoʻa i ka hoʻokō. Ka Moolelo Maoli o ka Cuban Five He ʻāpana hoʻomau ia o kēlā kulekele mau ʻAmelika iā Cuba.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻo Kimber e pili ana i ka Cuban Five i kona hoʻomaka ʻana e noiʻi i ka moʻolelo, akā ʻo kāna noiʻi nui a me kāna mau nīnauele - me kāna mau leka me ka Cuban Five i loko o kā lākou mau hale paʻahao a puni ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - ua hōʻike iā ia i ka nui o kāna mea, ʻoiai. he Kanaka, e hoike ana.
Ua wehewehe ʻo Kimber i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka makahiki 1997 a me 1998 i ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka Cuban Five, piha i nā mea pohihihi a me nā mea kupanaha i loaʻa i ka moʻolelo. ʻOi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Kimber ʻaʻohe mea e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia.
ʻO kekahi mea kāhāhā i ka hapa nui o mākou i kēlā manawa, i Nowemapa 1997, ʻo ia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka US Coast Guard, ma nā kai ʻo Puerto Rican, i hopu maoli i nā lālā multimillionaire o CANF e hele ana e pepehi iā Pelekikena Fidel Castro ma ka mokupuni ʻo Margarita o Venezuela. e hele ana ʻo ia i kahi hālāwai Ibero-American Summit. Ke kali nei ko lākou hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ka wā i hopu ʻia ai ka Cuban Five i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope. Ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe loiloi ʻo kekahi kumu i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka US Justice Department e hopu i ka Cuban Five i Kepakemapa 1998 ʻo ia ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka manaʻo mai ka poʻe pepehi kanaka o CANF. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka manaʻo o ka media i ka "Cuban terrorists" ma mua o ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli o CANF-ʻo ka poʻe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā hoʻopiʻi āpau aʻo ka Cuban Five e kali ana i ka hoʻokolokolo ma Dekemaba 1999. ʻO Héctor Pesquera, ka luna FBI ma Puerto Rico i ka manawa o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka CANF nā lālā, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i Miami a lilo i luna FBI no ka hopu ʻana i ka Cuban Five.
ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Kimber e pili ana i ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka Cuban Five zig-zags ma o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a Luis Posada i hoʻonohonoho ai ma Havana i ka makahiki 1997 a me 1998; ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o Gabriel García Márquez e hoʻohuli i ka hoʻokele Clinton e hoʻōki i ka hana hoʻoweliweli ma US, a ukali ʻia e ka ʻelele FBI i Havana i Iune 1998 no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike mai nā luna Cuban e pili ana i ka pūnaewele hoʻoweliweli ma Miami; ka ʻaoʻao mua o Luis Posada e kaena ana i ka hoʻoweliweli i Iulai 1998 New York Times; a me ke kuleana o ka luna FBI George Kisynzski, ka "hoaaloha maikaʻi loa" o Luis Posada, i ka lawelawe ʻana i kahi kikoʻī e pili ana i kahi moku i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā mea pahū ma Miami.
Ua hana ʻia i ka wā i kapa ʻia ʻo "FBI investigation" o ka hoʻolālā 1997 e pepehi iā Fidel Castro. Maluna o ka waapa i huliia e ke Kai kiai he mau pu pu panapana .50-kalipa ultra-long-range super mana. No ka Pelekikena CANF ʻo Francisco (Pepe) Hernandez kekahi. I koʻu aʻo ʻana ua "niuniu" nā luna FBI iā Pepe, hiki iaʻu ke lohe i ka ʻōlelo: "e waiho haʻahaʻa a pau kēia." ʻAʻole i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Pepe a ke noho nei ʻo ia ka pelekikena o CANF e like me kēia kākau ʻana.
Ua ʻike ka FBI ʻo wai ka mea i loko o nā hui anti-Cuban a, e like me nā hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o ka Cuban Five, ʻike pū lākou ʻo wai ka mea ma La Red Avispa. Ua nānā lākou i ka Cuban Five no nā makahiki, e kanu ana i nā mea hoʻolohe i ko lākou mau home, e hahai ana iā lākou i nā hālāwai, e nānā a kali. ʻO ka moʻolelo o ko Juan Pablo Roque i pakele wale mai ai kekahi o nā moʻolelo hoihoi loa i loko o ka puke.
Ka mea e moe ana ma kela aoao o ka wai hōʻike i ka hoʻopiʻi koʻikoʻi loa, ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo, a me ka hoʻopaʻi i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o ka Cuban Five i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi wahaheʻe koʻikoʻi: ʻo Gerardo Hernández kekahi mea e pili ana i ka "pana" kaulana ʻo 1996 ʻelua Brothers to the Rescue planes. ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi kūʻē iā ia no ka kipi e pepehi kanaka i alakaʻi ʻia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻi ola a ʻaʻole i hoʻemi ʻia kāna hoʻopaʻi ola ʻē aʻe i loaʻa iā ia he 2 mau hoʻopaʻi ola me 15 mau makahiki. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻohui ʻia kēlā uku i ʻehiku mahina ma hope o ka hoʻopiʻi mua ʻana. A laila, i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokolokolo, ua waiho ka poʻe hoʻopiʻi i kahi palapala hoʻopiʻi hoʻopiʻi hope loa e pale aku i nā jure mai ke koho balota ʻana i ka helu pepehi kanaka iā Gerardo. Ua hoʻoholo lākou ʻaʻole lawa nā hōʻike a ʻo ia ka hopena i ka hāʻule ʻole o ka hoʻopiʻi. Ua hoole ka Aha Hoopii i ka lakou palapala hoopii.
Hoʻopili ʻo Kimber i ka moʻolelo o ka Cuban Five ʻaʻole wale i ka mōʻaukala ma mua, akā i nā hanana i ka wā a ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo. ʻO kēlā me kēia nīnau āna e ʻimi ai, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka moʻolelo. Pehea ka hopena o nā pilikia like ʻole e like me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e mālama iā Elián González ma Miami i ka manaʻo ma Miami, kahi o ka hoʻokolokolo? Pehea i pale ʻia ai ka manaʻo o Posada e pepehi iā Pelekikena Fidel Castro i ka makahiki 2000? Inā i kūleʻa kēlā hoʻolālā, ua puhi ʻia ka pahū plastik i kahi hale hoʻokipa me kahi o 2,000 poʻe i loko. (E noʻonoʻo i ka make inā ʻaʻole i hana nā luna Cuban i kā lākou hana).
Pehea ka pili ʻana o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o ka Cuban Five i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o Luis Posada ma El Paso, Texas, i ka makahiki 2011? A pehea ka hihia o Alan Gross? He moʻolelo ponoʻī ko Cuba no ka nānā ʻana a me ke kali ʻana. Ua hahai ʻo Kimber iā Alan Gross mai kāna kipa mua ʻana i Cuba i ka makahiki 2004 a hiki i kona hopu ʻia ʻana ma 2009. Ua ʻike pono nā luna Cuban i kāna hana ʻana i kēlā mau makahiki ʻelima. ʻO Gross, e hana ana no ka 'Oihana Moku'āina, e like me nā ʻelele FBI, e hana ana i kāna hana. Manaʻo nui anei ke aupuni US i kāna ʻelele e hoʻololi iā ia no nā lālā ʻehā o ka Cuban Five e noho nei i loko o ka hale paʻahao?
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ʻO Jane Franklin kekahi o ka poʻe loea o ka honua i ka pilina Cuba-US. ʻO ia ke kumu o ʻO nā pilina o nā ʻāina ʻē ʻo Cuban: He Chronology, 1959-1982 a me Cuba a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: He Moʻolelo Kronological.. He mea kākau pū ʻo ia o Vietnam a me ʻAmelika.
Book
Review
ʻO Ruth First lāua ʻo Joe Slovo i ke kaua kūʻē i ka Apartheid
Na Alan Wieder
Ka Paʻi Manaʻo Mahina, ʻAukake 2013
Nānā ʻia e Seth Sandronsky
ʻAʻole pono ʻo Ruth lāua ʻo Joe, nā Iudaio keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ka apartheid ʻApelika Hema, e kaua kūʻē i kēlā hui o ka pono kala ʻili. Akā naʻe, ua hana lākou no ka mea ua hoʻopau kēlā ʻōnaehana kaiapuni i ka nui o nā kānaka i ke ola o ka pōʻino a me ka ʻilihune.
ʻIke mākou i ka paʻakikī o ka wahi, ka lewa, a me ka manawa ma ko Ruth lāua ʻo Joe e noho ana ma waena o ka poʻe me ka inoa ʻole a me ka inoa ʻole e hoʻokahuli i ke aupuni keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi ma ʻApelika Hema. ʻO ka mea kaumaha, ʻaʻole i ola ʻo Ruth lāua ʻo Joe e ʻike i ka hua ʻana o kā lāua hakakā lōʻihi. ʻO ke kuleana o ka mea ola i nā kūkākūkā politika e haʻalele ana i ka noho aupuni apartheid, me nā moʻolelo hohonu mai nā manaʻo like ʻole o ke kaʻina hana paʻakikī. Loaʻa i kekahi ka manaʻo o kahi mea hiki ʻole ke hālāwai me kahi ikaika hiki ʻole. E kūʻē i kēlā ʻaoʻao, ua waiwai ka moʻolelo a Wieder i ka pōʻaiapili a me nā kikoʻī o ka hana ʻana o Ruth lāua ʻo Joe ma ke ʻano he nīnauele me nā ʻohana a me nā hoaaloha e hōʻike ana i ka hui ʻana o ka duo, "ua hui a kaʻawale."
ʻO ka hana a Wieder kahi i hana ai ʻo Ruth lāua ʻo Joe i ka hana anti-apartheid i waena o ke Kaua anuanu—Hele ʻo Joe i a mai ka Soviet Union mua a hana pū me kahi hoa hana ma laila. Hoʻololi ʻia kahi ʻano like o ka puke ma waena o ka Cold War a me ko Ruta lāua ʻo Joe. Ke ulu nei kā lākou mau hana kipi ma ke kahua o ka mea a ka mea manaʻo ʻōnaehana honua ʻo Immanuel Wallerstein i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai he ʻōnaehana o nā ʻāina koʻikoʻi, semi-peripheral, a me nā ʻaoʻao āpau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hakakā hoʻokūkū i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka hakakā papa.
Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Ruth lāua ʻo Joe, a me ko lāua mau hoa, no ka mea (ʻaʻole) i hana ʻia ma ka Soviet Union mua a me nā aupuni waena a me ka hikina o ʻEulopa. ʻIke ʻia kona manaʻo o ka Soviet communism. I kēia manawa, kūkulu a mālama ʻo Ruth lāua ʻo Joe i ka lokahi a me ka lokahi me nā hoa kūʻē apartheid e kūʻē i kahi ʻenemi me ka lanakila nui o ka pūʻali koa. ʻAʻohe mea e hoʻokō i kēlā holomua me ka ʻole o nā hoa pili a me ka ikaika a ʻo ka moʻolelo a Weider o nā ebbs a me nā kahe he mea hoihoi.
Hana pū ʻo Ruth lāua ʻo Joe me ka African National Congress (ANC) a me ka South Africa Communist Party. Ua kōkua nā pūʻulu ʻelua iā Ruth lāua ʻo Joe, i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana-i loko a i waho o ka hale paʻahao a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana - e hakakā me ka hoʻokaumaha ʻana i nā poʻe keʻokeʻo ʻole ma ʻApelika Hema, ʻoiai nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka hana kūʻē a me ke kumumanaʻo e huki a huki i nā kipi.
Ua mālama ʻo Joe i nā luʻi kānāwai o nā ʻeleʻele a me nā poʻe keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he loio. Ua piha kāna pākaukau me ia a alakaʻi i nā hana kaua ma lalo o ka honua e kūʻē i ka mokuʻāina apartheid, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ʻēheu kaua o ka ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe, ma 1961.
I ka wā o Ruth lāua ʻo Joe a i kēia manawa, ʻo ʻApelika Hema ke kahua o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe koʻikoʻi no ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele honua. ʻO kēlā ʻoiaʻiʻo e paipai iā Ruth e kākau i nā ʻatikala, nā puke, a me nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka noho ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ka poʻe ma ka ʻāina ʻApelika a me nā hopena o ka colonialism settler Western. Ua hui pū ʻo ia me ka nui o nā mea hakakā kūʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi ʻo Walter Rodney, ka mea kākau hope a me ka mea hoʻoikaika mai Guyana, ke kolone Pelekane kahiko, nāna i kākau i ka ʻāina. Pehea ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ʻEulopa iā ʻApelika ma 1972.
ʻOi aku ʻo Ruth ma mua o ka paʻa ʻana iā ia iho i ka wā i hoʻomalu ʻia e ke kāne. He puahiohio ʻo ia o ka hana, ka noiʻi ʻana, ke aʻo ʻana, a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā lāhui e like me Angola a me Mozambique. Hōʻike ʻo Wieder i ke ʻano o ka patriarchy ʻaʻole ia he pilikia peripheral, akā ke kikowaena o nā hakakā hoʻokuʻu kanaka. ʻO ke ao kanaka ia i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole nui loa i kēia manawa, ka hopena o ka politika lehulehu.
ʻO ka hakakā ʻana me nā kumu o loko a me waho a me nā ikaika e pili ana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka apartheid i paʻakikī i ka male ʻana o Ruth lāua ʻo Joe. ʻO ke ʻano o kā lāua hānai ʻana i ʻekolu mau kaikamahine ma kēia ahi e hoʻopōʻino i ka noʻonoʻo, kahi i hōʻike ai ʻo Weider i nā hiʻohiʻona nui. ʻO kāna noiʻi mua a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe e wehewehe a nānā i nā pilikia a me nā uku i loaʻa i kēia mau mea hoʻoikaika i ka hakakā ʻana i nā kulekele hoʻokō kānāwai o ʻApelika Hema e like me nā "lawes pass" e kāohi ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe keʻokeʻo - e noʻonoʻo i ka mākaʻi "stop and frisk" o New York City e kuhikuhi ana i nā ʻeleʻele. Latinos ma nā steroids.
ʻO ke kūʻē ʻana i ka apartheid i huki hohonu ai ʻo Ruth lāua ʻo Joe i ka ʻoihana waiwai a me ka politika o ʻApelika Hema a mālama iā lākou ma laila no ka hoʻoikaika mau ʻana e hana i kahi kauoha hou. Mahalo iā Wieder, hiki iā mākou ke leʻaleʻa i kā lākou hana i ka hānau ʻana i ka lāhui āpau mai ka lehu o kahi aupuni keʻokeʻo wale nō.
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Ua kākau a noho ʻo Seth Sandronsky ma Sacramento, Kaleponi.