I Nowemapa 1989, ʻekolu pule ma mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ʻAmelika, ua hele au i kahi hālāwai kūkā ma Panama i mālama ʻia e Panama's Center for International Studies e haʻi aku i 118 mau ʻelele US e pili ana i nā mea e hana nei. Ua hoʻouka kaua mau ʻia ka poʻe Panamanian e nā pūʻali koa US i hana i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa kaua kokoke i kēlā me kēia lā ma ka panalāʻau Panama kahi i koi ʻia ai nā pūʻali koa US e ke kuʻikahi ʻaʻole e hana. ʻO ka poʻe Panamanians ma ka ʻaha kūkā, me ka Pelekikena Kūikawā ʻo Francisco RodrÃguez a me General Manuel Noriega, ua wehewehe ʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻo Noriega a i ʻole democracy a i ʻole ka palekana o nā kamaʻāina US. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo ʻo Panama ka mana e hoʻoholo i kāna moʻolelo ponoʻī. ʻAʻole ʻike iki ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ma ʻAmelika i ka mōʻaukala o Panama. ʻO kēia chronology, kahi hoʻonui o ka mea aʻu i kākau ai i ka makahiki 1990, he hoʻāʻo e hāʻawi i kahi moʻolelo mōʻaukala no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana.
1501: Hoʻomaka ka ʻimi ʻana o Sepania i ka isthmus. Hoʻokomo nā conquistadores i ke kauā a me ka Katolika.
1519: Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kūlanakauhale kahiko o Panama. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Henry Morgan i ka makahiki 1671.
1751: He ʻāpana o ka Viceroyalty Spanish o New Granada, me ia manawa nā repubalika o Colombia, ʻEkuador, a me Venezuela.
1821: ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa mai Sepania i ka wā o nā kaua no ke kūʻokoʻa i hoʻoili ʻia me ke alakaʻi ʻana o Simón BolÃÂvar. Lilo koke ʻo ia i ʻāpana o ka hui ʻo Kolombia Nui o Bolívar o Kolombia, Venezuela a me ʻEkuador. (Ma loko o kēia hui i kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Kolombia ʻo New Granada a ua komo pū me Panama.) Ua koho ʻia ʻo BolÃvar i pelekikena o Kolombia Nui.
1823: ʻI he ʻaho 2 ʻo Tīsema, ʻi he meʻa naʻe hoko ko e Monroe Doctrine, naʻe fakatahaʻi ai ʻe Palesiteni James Monroe ʻa e Western Hemisphere ʻi he meʻa ʻi he Iunaite Sitete ʻo e puleʻanga.
1830: I ka pau ʻana o ka hui ʻo BolÃvar, hoʻomau ʻia ʻo Panama i ʻāpana o New Granada (ʻo ia ka inoa ʻo Colombia i ka makahiki 1863).
1846: Hoʻopau ke aupuni ʻo ʻAmelika i ke kuikahi me New Granada e ʻōlelo ana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Wakinekona i ka 'kūʻokoʻa kūpono' o ka isthmus.
1855: Ua hoʻopau ʻia ke Alanui ʻo Panama ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka moku mai ka ʻAkelanika a i ka Pākīpika i Ianuali 28.
1856: Ua pae nā pūʻali koa US i Panama i ka lā 19-22 o Kepakemapa no ka pale ʻana i nā pono o ʻAmelika, ʻo ia hoʻi ke alahao.
1865: Ua pae nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i ka lā 9-10 Malaki no ka pale ʻana i nā ola a me nā waiwai o nā kamaʻāina ʻAmelika a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi ke ala kaʻa i ka wā o ka hana kipi.
1873: Ua pae nā pūʻali koa US ma Bay of Panama, Kolombia, Mei 7-22 a me Kepakemapa 23-ʻOkakopa 9 no ka pale ʻana i nā pono US i ka wā o ka hakakā ʻana ma luna o wai e hoʻokele iā Panama.
1885: Ua pae nā pūʻali koa US ma Colón Ianuali 18-19 no ke kiaʻi ʻana i nā mea waiwai ma ke Alanui ʻo Panama a no ka pale ʻana i nā wahi palekana a me nā waihona o ka Hui Alanui ʻo Panama. Ma Malaki, ʻApelila a me Mei, aia nā pūʻali koa US ma Panama ma nā kihi ʻelua o ke ala kaʻaahi, ʻo Colón a me Panama City, no ka pale ʻana i ke ala kaʻa i ka wā o ka hana kipi.
1898: ʻO ka lanakila ʻana o ʻAmelika iā Sepania ma ke Kaua Sepania-ʻAmelika i hāʻawi mai ai i ʻehā mau ʻāina me nā awa nui no ka US Navy: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, a me Guam.
1901: Ua pae nā pūʻali koa US i Panama i ka lā 20 o Nowemapa-Dekemaba 4 no ka pale ʻana i ka waiwai o US a no ka wehe ʻana i ke alahao. Ua hoʻoholo maoli ʻo Wakinekona e kūkulu i ka Canal Panama.
1902: Ua pae ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i ka lā 17 Kepakemapa-18 Nowemapa no ka wehe ʻana i ke alahao.
NO KA MAU O NA KOA
1903: I Nowemapa, ua hoʻolālā ka Theodore Roosevelt Administration i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Panama mai Kolombia. Ua lilo nā pūʻali koa US i noho mau.
1904: ʻO nā pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika e pale i ke kipi i ka wā koho. I kēia manawa, hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hoʻonāwaliwali ke kulekele US i ka pūʻali koa aupuni. ʻAʻole hiki i Panamanian ke lilo i pelekikena me ka ʻae ʻole o Wakinekona.
1908: ʻO nā pūʻali koa US ʻē aʻe e pale i ke kipi i ka wā koho.
1912: Nā pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika e pale i ke kipi i ka wā koho. Ma Mei, koho ʻo Wakinekona i komisina o nā luna koa kiʻekiʻe o ʻAmelika e helu i nā balota i nā koho balota o Iune.
1914: Wehe ʻia ka Canal Panama. Hoʻomalu nā pūʻali koa US i kahi Canal Zone he ʻumi mile ka laulā ma waena o ka ʻāina. I mea e hele ai mai kekahi ʻaoʻao o ko lākou ʻāina a i kekahi ʻaoʻao, pono nā Panamanians e hōʻike iā lākou iho i nā pūʻali koa US. Ma ka Zone, loaʻa i nā limahana US ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau uku i loaʻa i nā Panamanians. I kēia manawa, hoʻoponopono ka oligarchy me ka ʻāina a me ke kālā no ka poʻe liʻiliʻi a ʻo 90 ka nui o ka haʻalele ʻia. Hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e kahi ʻōnaehana kānāwai e like me nā kānāwai Jim Crow ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
1918-20: ʻO nā pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika e hoʻolako i ka hana mākaʻi ma Chiriquà (komohana Panama) i ka wā o nā haunaele koho a me nā haunaele ma hope. Ma 1918, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Pelekikena Ciro Urriola i kahi kauoha e hoʻopanee i ke koho balota. Ua kauoha ʻo Wakinekona e hoʻopau i ke kauoha a noho nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika iā Panama City a me Colón.
1920: Ua alakaʻi ʻia e William Preston Stoute, ka mea i hoʻokuke ʻia mai ka ʻāina.
1925: ʻO nā pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika ma ʻOkakopa 12-23 e mālama i ka pono a me ka pale ʻana i nā pono US i ka wā hoʻolimalima hoʻolimalima e nā mea hoʻolimalima.
1930s-40s: Ua koi ʻia ʻo Wakinekona e hana i nā kuʻikahi. No ka laʻana, no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kahua kaua ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika ma waho o ka Canal Zone i ka pō o ke komo ʻana i ke Kaua Honua II, ua kāpae ke Aupuni ʻAmelika i kekahi ʻaiʻē, hāʻawi i ka uku kālā no nā pūnaewele, hoʻoili i Panama i kekahi mau waiwai o ka Panama Railroad Company ʻO nā ʻōnaehana wai a me nā ʻōpala o Panama City a me Colón, hāʻawi i kekahi mana mana iā Panama.
1947: Ma ka lā 10 o Kekemapa, ua kau inoa ke Kuhina o ko nā ʻāina ʻē o Panama, ʻo Francisco A. Filos a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ʻo Frank Hines i ke Kuʻikahi Filos-Hines e hoʻonui i ka noho ʻana o nā kahua kaua 140 US a me nā kahua pale i hoʻohana ʻia i ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO ke kūʻē kūleʻa ʻana o Panamanian e alakaʻi i ka pio ʻana o ke kuʻikahi ma ka ʻAha Lahui ʻelua pule ma hope.
1954: Ua hoʻokahuli ka CIA i ke aupuni o Guatemala, ua hoʻokuke aku i ka pelekikena i koho ʻia, ʻo Jacobo Arbenz, a ua hoʻokomo i ke aupuni dictator koa o Konela Carlos Castillo Armas.
1954: Hoʻoholo ka ʻAha Kiekie o ʻAmelika i ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo no ka wehe ʻana i ke kula (Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka). He mana koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka US Civil Rights Movement ma Panama.
1955: Ua ʻae ʻo Wakinekona e uku hou aku no nā lilo Canal, e ʻae iā Panama e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻauhau mai nā limahana koe wale nō nā kamaʻāina ʻAmelika a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, a e hoʻihoʻi i kahi waiwai liʻiliʻi i Panama.
1958: Ka hoʻolaha e koi ana i ke kūlana kūlike no ka ʻōlelo Paniolo a me ka hae Panamanian ma ka Canal Zone. Ua ʻae ka Eisenhower Administration e lele nā hae ʻelua ma kahi i kuhikuhi ʻia.
1959: Ma Ianuali 1, lanakila ʻo Cuban Revolution, me ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana i ka poʻe Panamanian. Loaʻa nā pilikia i kēlā me kēia o nā mahina mua ʻehā o kēia makahiki.
1959: Ma ka Lā Kūʻokoʻa, hele ka poʻe Panamanian i ka Canal Zone e hāpai i ka hae Panamanian; Hoʻihoʻi ka pūʻali koa US iā lākou. Hoʻomaka ʻo Wakinekona e hoʻohuli i ka pūʻali koa i ka pūʻali koa piha. Ua makaʻu ʻo Wakinekona i kēia pūʻali koa ma muli o kona hiki ke lilo i pūʻali aupuni.
1964: Ma Ianuali 9, hāpai nā haumāna ʻAmelika i ka hae US ma kahi kula kiʻekiʻe ma ka Canal Zone. Ke kūʻē nei ka poʻe Panamanian i loko o ka Zone a hoʻihoʻi ʻia e nā pūʻali koa US. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ʻelua lā o nā hōʻikeʻike i ka wā i pepehi ai nā pūʻali koa US ma mua o 20 mau kānaka kīwila a hōʻeha ʻoi aku ma mua o 300. Ua haki ʻo Panama i nā pilina pili aupuni a koi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kuʻikahi. Hoʻomaka ka pilina ma ʻApelila ma hope o ka ʻae ʻana o Wakinekona e kūkākūkā i nā kuʻikahi.
KA HOOHULI I KA OLIGARIKA
1968: Ma ʻOkakopa 11, ua hoʻokahuli ka National Guard, ma lalo o Col. Omar Torrijos, i ke aupuni o ka oligarchy a hoʻonoho i kahi junta mai kahi i puka mai ai ʻo Torrijos i alakaʻi. ʻO ia ke poʻo o ka pūʻali koa 1968-81. Ke neʻe nei ʻo Torrijos i ke kūʻokoʻa mai Wakinekona, me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka waihona aupuni. ʻAʻole ʻo Torrijos i ʻāpana o ka oligarchy; mai ka poe i hoopauia kona kumu. Ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi, ua lilo ka Panamanian Defense Forces i ʻāpana o ka neʻe ʻana no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lāhui. I ka wā o ke aupuni o Torrijos a me ka National Guard, hoʻonui nā kula aupuni mai ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 2,000 a ʻoi aku ma mua o 3,000; ke emi nei ka make o na keiki mai 40 a i ka 25 no 1,000 mau hanau ola; ua hoʻonui ʻia ka palekana ma mua o 1 miliona; lawe ʻia nā alanui a me ka uila i nā kuaʻāina; ulu nā uniona hana.
1972: Ua hōʻoia ʻia ʻo Junta ma ke koho balota. Ke noho nei ʻo Torrijos ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka Pūʻali Koa Palekana Panamanian.
1974: Hoʻokumu hou ʻo Panama a me Cuba i nā pilina pili aupuni.
1976: Hele ʻo General Omar Torrijos i kahi kipa mokuʻāina i Cuba. Ma ke kamaʻilio hui ʻana i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻelua, kākoʻo ʻo Cuba i ka hakakā ʻana o Panama no ke kūʻokoʻa ma ka Canal Zone.
1976: Ma ka lā 8 o Kekemapa, hui ka Luna Hoʻokele CIA ʻo George HW Bush me Manuel Noriega no ka ʻaina awakea ma ka home o ka ʻelele Panamanian i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO Noriega, he haumāna puka o ke Kula ʻo ʻAmelika, aia ma ka uku uku CIA.
1977: Hoʻopaʻa ka Carter Administration i ʻekolu mau ʻaelike i kapa ʻia ʻo nā kuikahi Carter-Torrijos, e hoʻonohonoho ana no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka Canal Zone i Panama i ke aumoe ʻo Dekemaba 31, 1999.
1979: Hoʻomaka nā kuʻikahi Carter-Torrijos i ka lā 1 ʻOkakopa a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka 65 pakeneka o ka Canal Zone i Panama. Ua kapa ʻia nā wahi ma lalo o ka mana o ʻAmelika he mau ʻāina ʻōmaʻomaʻo; ʻO ka poʻe ma lalo o ka mana Panamanian he mau ʻāpana keʻokeʻo. Aia i Wakinekona ke kuleana o ka hana a me ka pale ʻana i ka Canal a hiki i ka lā 31 o Dekemaba, 1999, akā ʻaʻole ma hope o ia.
1981: Ua lilo ʻo Ronald Reagan i pelekikena ʻo Ianuali 20, me kāna kūpaʻa ʻaʻole e 'nalo' i ka Canal. ʻEono mahina ma hope mai, ma Iulai 31, ua make ʻo General Omar Torrijos i kahi ulia mokulele.
1983: Ma Ianuali 5, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻoponopono i nā hakakā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hui nā kuhina ʻē aʻe o Kolombia, Mekiko, Panama a me Venezuela ma ka mokupuni ʻo Panamanian ʻo Contadora a hoʻolālā i kahi noi mua, e kāhea ana e hoʻopau i nā hana ʻē aʻe a pau ma ka ʻāina. , hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā kōkua koa a pau, a me nā kūkākūkā e hoʻopau i ke kaua kīwila o El Salvador a me ke kaua ʻana ma Nicaragua ma waena o nā pūʻali aupuni a me nā 'contras.'
1983: Ua lilo ʻo General Manuel Noriega i luna ma ʻAukake ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi no ka Pūʻali Koa o Panama. Hāʻawi ka National Assembly i nā Puʻali Koa me nā mana nui (ka mana ma luna o ka National Guard i hoʻohui ʻia i loko, nā pūʻali koa a me nā mākaʻi ʻē aʻe, nā hihia Canal, a me nā hana e like me ka hoʻokele immigration a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mokulele kīwila). Ua hana pū ʻo Noriega me ka CIA mai ka liʻiliʻi loa o 1959 (ma ke ʻano he ʻaelike mai 1966 a i ʻole 1967). Ua kau ka US Army iā ia ma kāna uku uku ma ke ʻano he waiwai naʻauao ma 1955 a mālama iā ia ma laila a hiki i 1986. Akā ʻo Noriega ke alo nei i kahi koho inā makemake ʻo ia e hoʻokō i ka mana maoli (e ʻike i ka 1968): ke koho ma waena o Wakinekona a me kāna kahua aupuni.
1983: I Kekemapa, hui ka Hope Pelekikena George HW Bush me General Noriega, i kēia manawa ma ke kahua mokulele ʻo Panama City ke ʻimi nei ʻo Bush i ke kākoʻo no nā 'contras' ma Nicaragua. Ma ka hālāwai pū kekahi ʻo Pelekikena Panamanian Ricardo de la Espriella a me ke kākā'ōlelo palekana aupuni o ka Hope Pelekikena Donald P. Gregg. (I ka makahiki 1988, ua hōʻole ʻo Hope-Peresidena Bush i kona hui ʻana me Noriega, akā hoʻihoʻi ke kiʻi o kēia hālāwai i kona hoʻomanaʻo.)
1984: ʻO ke koho pelekikena o Mei 6 he hana hoʻopunipuni i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā mea lawelawe ʻo Reagan Administration a me Noriega. Ua lanakila ʻo Nicolas Ardito Barletta, ka luna mua o ka World Bank. Ua hele ʻo Kākau'ōlelo o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo George Shultz i ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana o kāna kahu (ua lilo ʻo Ardito Barletta i mea kōkua iā Shultz i ka wā ʻo Shultz he kumu aʻoaʻo o ke Kulanui o Chicago) e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke koho balota ʻana ma ke ʻano he democracy i ka hana.
1985: Ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Hugo Spadaforo, ka mea kūʻē iā Noriega.
1985: Ma ka lā 1 o Nowemapa, hui ka Luna Hoʻokele CIA ʻo William Casey me Noriega ma Wakinekona a hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i ka ʻāpana o Noriega i ke kālepa ʻana me Cuba e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kaʻe ʻana o ke kālepa kālepa US kūʻē iā Cuba.
1985: Ua haʻi aku ʻo Noriega ma hope aku iā CBS (i hoʻolaha ʻia ma ka '60 Minutes,' Feberuari 7, 1988) i ka wā o kahi hālāwai ma Dekemaba 17, 1985, me ka US National Security Adviser, Admiral John Poindexter, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o Wakinekona e hoʻouka kaua iā Nicaragua. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Noriega, ʻo kāna hana ʻole ʻana ke kumu o kāna hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma Pepeluali 1988.
1986: Ke manaʻo nei ka Reagan Administration e hoʻohuli i ka hoʻokele o ka Canal i Panama e 1990 inā hiki i nā kahua kaua US ke noho a hiki i 2015.
1986: Ma Pepeluali, kapa ʻia ʻo Wakinekona iā Arthur Davis ma ke ʻano he ʻelele US i Panama.
1986: Ma Iune 12, ua hōʻike ʻo Seymour Hersh i ka New York Times e ʻōlelo ana ka ʻOihana Mokuʻāina kiʻekiʻe, White House, Pentagon a me nā luna naʻauao ua hāʻawi ʻo Noriega i ka ʻike naʻauao iā Cuba a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no 15 mau makahiki a ʻo ia he 'a mea hoʻopukapuka huna ma nā hui kūʻai aku ma Panamania e kūʻai aku ana i ka ʻenehana ʻAmelika i kaupalena ʻia i Cuba a me nā ʻāina ʻEulopa Hikina.'
1987: Ma Ianuali 23-26, ʻo Ovidio Daaz, ka pelekikena o ka ʻAhahui Lahui o Panama, ke poʻo o ka ʻelele o nā luna kānāwai Panamania i Cuba. ʻO kā lākou hui me ka Hope Kuhina ʻē aʻe ʻo Ricardo Alarcón e pili nui ana i ke kaʻina maluhia Contadora. Ua haʻi ʻo Daaz i kahi mea kākau moʻolelo Granma he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoponopono maluhia o nā hakakā ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa iā Panama i mea e pale aku ai i kahi kumu i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e Wakinekona e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā ʻaelike Torrijos Carter e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka kuleana o ka Canal Panama iā Panama i ka makahiki. 2000.
1987: Ma ʻApelila 3, ʻekolu mau kāne i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ma Miami no ka mea kūʻai aku ʻoi aku ma mua o $1 miliona ka waiwai o nā lako kamepiula ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ma 1985 iā Siboney International ma Panama, i ʻike ʻia he 'mua' Cuban.
1987: Ma ka lā 6 o Iune, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Col. Roberto DÃaz Herrera, 2nd i ka mana o Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF), iā Noriega no ka hoʻopunipuni koho a me ka pepehi kanaka a hoʻomaka i nā kūʻē kūʻē mua iā Noriega i kāohi ʻia e nā mākaʻi.
1987: ʻI he ʻaho 10 ʻo Sune, naʻe fakahā ʻe Palesiteni Eric Delvalle, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe Noriega, ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e tuʻuaki fakavavevave. Hoʻolaha ka kū'ē i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Civic Crusade, kahi i kōkua ai ʻo Wakinekona.
1987: Ma Sepatemaba 24, ua ʻae like ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo paʻa ʻole e koi ana iā Panama e hoʻokumu i ke aupuni kīwila a i ʻole ke ʻoki ʻia ʻana o ke kōkua US.
1988: Ma Ianuali 17, ua hōʻike ka New York Times ua hana ke Kakauolelo Kākoʻo o ka Defence Richard L. Armitage i kahi misionari huna i Panama i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Ianuali a ʻōlelo ʻo ia iā Noriega 'e haʻalele i ka politika i loko o ʻekolu mahina i hiki i ka ʻāina ke loaʻa kahi cushion o ke aupuni kivila ma mua o ke koho balota i keia makahiki.'
1988: Ma mua o kona loaʻa ʻana i ka manawa e 'puka i ka politika,' ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Noriega i ka lā 4 Pepeluali e ʻelua mau jure nui Federal ma Tampa a me Miami no ka lawe ʻana i $5.4 (Tampa indictment) a me $4.6 (Miami) miliona mau kālā mai MedellÃn lāʻau cartel i pale i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka cocaine a me nā hana hoʻopiʻi kālā ma Panama. ʻAʻole i alakaʻi ʻia kēlā ʻano hoʻopiʻi lāʻau i nā hoʻopiʻi ke ʻole ua hoʻoholo ʻo Wakinekona e hoʻopaʻa i ka mea i pili. ʻAʻole malihini ka CIA i ka lāʻau lapaʻau; ʻike iā Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade (New York: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991). Mai ka makahiki 1978 a hiki i ka makahiki 1987, ua loaʻa iā Noriega nā leka mahalo he nui mai nā luna o ʻAmelika no kāna hui pū ʻana i ka hakakā ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau-no ka laʻana, mai ka Loio Kuhina William French Smith ma 1984 a me DEA Administrator John C. Lawn ma 1987.
1988: ʻEhā lā ma hope o kāna hoʻopiʻi ʻana, koi ʻo Noriega e haʻalele i ka US Southern Command, nona kona keʻena nui ma Panama.
1988: Ma ka lā 25 o Pepeluali, hoʻolaha ʻo Pelekikena Delvalle ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia iā Noriega, akā ua kāohi ka National Assembly i kēia neʻe ʻana ma ke kipaku ʻana iā Delvalle i ka lā aʻe. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Wakinekona i ka ʻike ʻana iā Delvalle i pelekikena. Ua kapa ka National Assembly i ke Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Manuel SolÃs Palma i Kuhina no ka pelekikena.
1988: Pani ʻo Panama i nā panakō ma Malaki 4 ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi nui ʻana e ka poʻe waihona kālā.
1988: Ma Malaki 11, ua kau ka Reagan Administration i nā hoʻopaʻi, me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā makemake kālepa a me ka kāohi ʻana i nā uku Canal.
1988: Ma Malaki 16, hoʻopau ʻo Noriega i ka hoʻāʻo kipi i alakaʻi ʻia e ke poʻo mākaʻi.
1988: I ʻApelila, hoʻonui ka Reagan Administration i nā hoʻopaʻi waiwai; Ua pāpā ʻo Reagan i nā hui ʻAmelika a me ke Aupuni mai ka uku ʻana iā Panama a hoʻokuʻu i $56 miliona i nā kālā Panamanian ma nā panakō US. ʻOi aku ma mua o 2,000 mau pūʻali koa US e hoʻomaka e hōʻea i Panama.
1988: Ma ka lā 8 o Mei, wehe ʻia nā panakō Panama no nā unuhi palena ʻole ma hope o ka pani ʻana o ʻelua mahina.
1988: Ma ka lā 13 o Mei, ua noi ʻo Senatoa Alfonse D'Amato (R-NY) ma ABC-TV e 'hele aku nā pūʻali koa US a hoʻokuʻu iā [Noriega] mai Panama.
1988: Ma ka lā 25 o Mei, ua hoʻolaha ke Kakauolelo o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo US Shultz ua hāʻule nā kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi kuʻikahi no ka haʻalele ʻana o Noriega.
1988: Ma Mei 25, koho ka UN Social and Economic Council iā Panama a me Cuba e pani i ʻAmelika Latina ma ke Komisina Kuleana Kuleana UN.
1988: I Iulai, ua kūʻē ke Kōmike ʻIke Senate ʻAmelika i kahi hoʻolālā huna e hoʻokahuli iā Noriega. Ua ʻike ʻia ka papa inoa ʻo 'Panama 3' no ka mea ʻo ia ke kolu o ka hoʻopiʻi kipi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e CIA e kūʻē iā Noriega. Ua ʻae ʻo Pelekikena Reagan i ka hoʻolālā, akā hopohopo ke komite Senate e pepehi ʻia ʻo Noriega i ka wā o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni. Hōʻike ʻia ka noho ʻana o kēia ʻāpana ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo kipi ʻana i ʻOkakopa 1989. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Panama i nā Dignity Battalion, nā pūʻali koa kaulana e kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā limahana a me nā mahiʻai e pale aku iā Panama mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ʻAmelika.
GEORGE HW BUSH PERESIDENA
1989: Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ʻo George HW Bush i pelekikena ma Ianuali 20.
1989: Ma Malaki 18, e pane ana i ka hōʻole ʻana o ʻAmelika i nā visa i nā mayors o Havana, Managua a me Panama City no ka ʻaha kūkā e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma New York, ʻōlelo ʻo ke kuhina nui o Bogota, ʻo Andres Pastrana Borrero, ʻaʻole ʻo ia a me ke kuhina nui o New York, Ed Koch, ua kokua lakou i kela olelo hooholo.
1989: ʻO ke koho pelekikena ʻo Panamanian o Mei 7 i lua iā Carlos Duque me Guillermo Endara. Hāʻawi ākea ke Aupuni ʻAmelika i $10 miliona i ka hoʻolaha Endara (ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka moho o ʻAmelika e ʻae i nā kālā koho mai nā kumu haole). Hoʻopau ʻia nā hopena koho balota e ke Aupuni Panamanian ma Mei 10. Hoʻouna ka Bush Administration i 2,000 mau pūʻali koa. Mai kēia manawa mai, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa kaua maʻamau ma ka panalāʻau Panamanian-ʻo nā ʻāpana 'keʻokeʻo'-e kūʻē i nā kuʻikahi.
1989: Ma ka lā 11 o Mei, hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Pelekikena Bush i ka ʻelele US a hoʻolālā e hoʻouna ma kahi o 1,700 mau koa a me 165 mau moana ma nā ʻāpana e hoʻoikaika i nā pūʻali koa i Panama.
1989: I Iune, ua hoʻopuka ka US Justice Department i ka ʻōlelo e hiki i nā ʻelele hoʻokō kānāwai o US ke hopu i ka poʻe mahuka ma nā ʻāina ʻē inā ʻaʻole ʻae nā aupuni hoʻokipa, e hoʻomākaukau ana i ke ala no ka hopu ʻana iā Noriega ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana.
1989: Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā mea hoʻolaha ma Guatemala ma Iune 12, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Hope Pelekikena Dan Quayle e kūʻē ana 'ke koʻikoʻi o Cuba, Nicaragua a me Panama' i ka United States a me ka demokala ma ia wahi.
1989: He mea huna nā manaʻo o Wakinekona e hoʻouka i Panama. No ka laʻana, ma ʻAukake 21, ua hōʻike aku kahi mea hoʻoponopono i ka nūpepa ʻo Cuban i kēlā me kēia lā ʻo Granma no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ʻAmelika iā Panama.
1989: Ua noho ka Pelekikena Kūikawā ʻo Francisco RodrÃguez i ke keʻena ma ka lā 1 o Kepakemapa i ka pau ʻana o ka manawa o ka Pelekikena SolÃs Palma.
1989: Ma ka lā 12 o Kepakemapa, hoʻonui ka Bush Administration i nā hoʻopaʻi, me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka quota sugar 1989 a me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ka papa inoa o nā hui a me nā poʻe i pāpā ʻia mai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā uku mai nā kamaʻāina ʻAmelika.
1989: Ma ʻOkakopa 3, hoʻopau ʻo Noriega i kahi hoʻāʻo kipi i kōkua ʻia e ke Aupuni US.
1989: ʻElua pule ma hope, ma ʻOkakopa 17, ʻōlelo ka Bush Administration e kākoʻo ana i ka latitu ākea no CIA i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka palena o ka make ʻana o nā pahuhopu.
1989: Ma ʻOkakopa 27, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka nūhou i haʻi mua ʻia ma ka Los Angeles Times i hoʻokahi pule ma mua, ua hoʻolaha ka US Treasury Department ua koho ʻia ʻo Noriega i ʻelele no Cuba. Ma muli o ka pāpā ʻana o ke Aupuni US i ke kālepa ʻana me nā ʻelele Cuban, ʻo ia hoʻi ua pāpā ʻia nā kamaʻāina ʻAmelika mai ka hana ʻoihana me ia. ʻO ka wahine a Noriega, nā hoa like ʻole, a me nā hui he nui i hōʻike ʻia he mau ʻelele Cuban i ka manawa like a i ʻole ma hope koke.
1989: Ua hele ʻo Pelekikena Bush i kahi 'Hemispheric celebration of democracy' i mālama ʻia e ka Pelekikena Costa Rican Oscar Arias. Lawe ʻo ia i ʻelua mau malihini, ʻo Violeta Barrios de Chamorro o Nicaragua a me Guillermo Endara o Panama.
1989: I Nowemapa, hoʻolaha ke Aupuni US ma hope o Ianuali 31, 1990, e pāpā ʻia nā moku i kākau inoa ʻia ma Panama mai nā awa ʻAmelika.
1989: Ma Nowemapa 16, ua hōʻoia ka Bush Administration i kahi hoʻolālā no kahi kipi hou e hoʻokuke aku iā Noriega. Kapa ʻia ʻo 'Panama 5' (he 4 mau hoʻolālā ma mua), he $3 miliona kāna kālā. ʻAʻole pepehi kanaka ka pahuhopu akā inā e hana ʻia, 'ʻaʻole i koi ʻia,' wahi a kahi luna aupuni. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka CIA e kahi kauoha hoʻokō 1976 e pāpā ana i kona komo ʻana i nā hoʻolālā pepehi kanaka.
1989: Ma ka lā 22 o Nowemapa, ma kāna ʻōlelo hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lāhui, ua haʻi ʻo Pelekikena Bush e 'hoʻololi ana nā makani o ka hoʻololi' i ka ʻAmelika 'me kekahi mau ʻokoʻa: Panama, Nicaragua a me Cuba.'
1989: Ma Nowemapa 27-29, mālama ʻia kahi ʻaha kūkā e pili ana i ke komo ʻana o US ma Panama City e Panama's Center for International Studies e haʻi aku i 118 mau ʻelele US e pili ana i nā mea i hana ʻia. Ma ka hālāwai hoʻomaka, ʻōlelo ʻo Pelekikena Kūikawā ʻo Francisco RodrÃguez, 'E ʻike ʻoe i nā manaʻo like ʻole e uhi pono ana i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo politika o kēia wā, a ʻo kēia mau mea komo he mau kiʻi koʻikoʻi o ke aupuni, no ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana a mākou poʻe Panamanian i hoʻoholo ai. e hooko aku.' 'Ōleloʻo ia no ka paleʻana i ko mākou kuleana e hoʻopau i ke kūʻokoʻa o Panama.' No ka poʻe Panamanian, maopopo ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo.
1989: Ma ka lā 15 o Kekemapa, ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ʻo Panamanian National Assembly iā Noriega ke poʻo o ke aupuni a haʻi ʻo ia aia ʻo Panama i ke 'kūlana kaua' me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma muli o ka hoʻopaʻi koʻikoʻi o ke Aupuni US a me nā hana koa i kēlā me kēia lā ma ka panalāʻau Panama (ka nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo), nā hana i pāpā ʻia e ka Torrijos-Carter Treaties.
DEKEMABA 20, 1989, HUI: KE KUMU WALE NO KA HANA
*Ma ka hola 1:00 am, hoʻonoho nā luna o ʻAmelika iā Guillermo Endara i pelekikena hou no Panama. Hana ʻia ka hanana huna ma kahi kahua kaua-Fort Clayton, kekahi o nā kahua he 13 ma ka Canal Zone.
* I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pelekikena hou, ua hoʻouka kaua ka US Army, Air Force a me ka Navy i Panama, kahi wahi ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o South Carolina, me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka ea a me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi he 28,000 mau pūʻali koa a ʻoi aku ma mua o 300 mau mokulele. Pahū nā moku helikopa i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Panama, kahi i puhi ʻia ai ka hale lāʻau o ka poʻe ʻilihune ma El Chorillo i ke ahi. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka New York Times ma hope mai e hālāwai ana nā pūʻali koa US i ka 'kūʻē ikaika' ma San Miguelito, kahi ʻāpana hana o 200,000 poʻe, akā ua pōʻino ʻo Miguelito. Ua luku ʻia nā ʻāpana nui o Colón. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kaukani kamaʻāina. Hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā kino mai nā ʻōpala a puhi ʻia. He hoolewa lehulehu ma ka la Kalikimaka. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ka nui o nā makaʻāinana i pepehi ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole helu ʻia lākou a pau; helu ʻia nā manaʻo i nā kaukani. Ua piha na halemai i na eha.
*Ke ho'āʻo nei ka 'Oihana Palekana i kekahi o kāna mau mea kaua hou-ʻo ka Lockheed F-117A lele lele lele. Ua hoʻolaha ke Kakauolelo Defence Dick Cheney ua hāʻawi kēlā me kēia o ʻelua F-117A 'Nighthawks' i kahi pōma 2,000-paona me ka 'pinpoint accuracy.' Ua huhū ʻo ia i kona aʻo ʻana i nā mahina ma hope, i ka mahina o ʻApelila, ua hala kekahi o nā pōkā i kāna pahu hopu ma nā haneli he nui. ʻO General Colin Powell, ka luna o nā Aliʻi Hui Pū ʻIa, he ʻāpana o ka hemahema nui o ka kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka misionari o ka F-117As i kā lākou hoʻouka kaua kaua mua.
* E like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka Pentagon i ka nūhou i ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Grenada i ka makahiki 1983, lele ka ʻOihana Defence i kahi wai puna media i koho ʻia ma Wakinekona (ma mua o Panama) i Howard Air Force Base a laila ma ka helikopter i Fort Clayton, kahi i kaupalena ʻia ai lākou i kahi paʻa. lumi a pau ke kaua nui. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia lākou e haʻalele i ke kahua ma o lākou iho akā pono e alakaʻi ʻia a pale ʻia mai ka lawe ʻana i nā kiʻi o nā mea maoli e like me nā helikopa i hōʻino ʻia a i ʻole nā pahu o nā koa US. Hāʻawi nā luna koa i ka ʻike kuhi hewa e pili ana i ka pūʻali koa a me nā poʻe kīwila. Ma kahi o nā hale noho o Noriega, hōʻike lākou i nā mea hoʻolaha i kahi mea keʻokeʻo a General Maxwell Thurman, ke poʻo o SouthCom, i hōʻoia ʻia he cocaine. Hana kēia i ka nūhou mua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, akā ʻo ia ka disinformation; ʻO ka 'cocaine' ka 'farina, ka palaoa kulina a me ka puaʻa' i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā keiki. Hoʻolaha ʻo CNN i kahi helu kelepona no nā kamaʻāina Panama e kelepona; Hāʻawi ia mau hōʻike i nā moʻolelo o nā kaiāulu kīwila i hoʻouka ʻia.
*Ma kahi hālāwai kūkā i ka lā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, haʻi aku ʻo Pelekikena Bush i ka honua, 'ʻO nā pahuhopu o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i ke ola o nā ʻAmelika, e pale aku i ka demokala ma Panama, e hakakā i ke kālepa lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka pale ʻana i ka pono. o ke kuikahi Canal Panama,' a ua kauoha aku oia i na Puali Koa e lawe ia Generala Noriega i ka hookolokolo ma Amerika Huipuia.
* Hoʻopuni nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i nā ʻelele ʻo Cuban, Nicaraguan a me Libia ma Panama City ma muli o kona manaʻo aia paha ʻo Manuel Noriega i loko o kekahi o lākou, ʻoiai ʻo General Thomas Kelly lāua ʻo Rear Admiral Ted Sheafer o nā Aliʻi Hui Pū ʻIa i hoʻomaopopo i ka US televise ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike i ʻimi ai ʻo Noriega i kahi palekana ma kekahi o lākou. A hiki i ka lā 18 o Ianuali, hoʻomau nā pūʻali koa US e hoʻopuni i ka ʻelele Cuban a me ka home o ka ʻelele Cuban i Panama, ʻo Lazaro Mora Secade, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka ʻelele a me nā diploma Cuban ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ʻia aia ʻo Noriega i loko o ka nunciature pope ma Panama City. Ma ka lā 3 o Ianuali, hāʻawi pio ʻo ia i nā pūʻali koa US a lele koke ʻo ia i ka hale paʻahao ma Florida.
ʻO Jane Franklin ka mea kākau o Cuba a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: A Chronological History (Melbourne and New York: Ocean Press, 1997). http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jbfranklins