Ke nānā aku nei kahi puke hou ma mua o nā clichés e nānā i nā kumu o ka hana ʻino e pili ana i ke kālepa lāʻau lapaʻau ma Mexico. Kūkākūkā ʻo Latin America Bureau i kekahi o kāna mea kākau, ʻo Peter Watt.
LAB: No ke aha ʻoe i ke poʻo inoa o kāu puke, "The Drug War in Mexico: Politics, Violence and Neo-Liberalism in the New Narco-Economy", e hana i ka loulou koke me nā kulekele waiwai neo-liberal ma Mexico?
PW: ʻAe, ʻo nā kulekele neo-liberal i lawe ʻia mai i ka makahiki 1980 i alakaʻi maoli i ka miliona o nā Mekiko i ka ʻilihune, a no laila ua hāʻawi i kahi limahana hana maʻalahi no nā pahu lāʻau lapaʻau. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka NAFTA i ka makahiki 1994, ʻo ka poʻe e koi nei iā ia ʻo nā hui multinational nui a me nā hui Mekiko nui e hoʻolako kālā ana i ka PRI. ʻO ke kaʻina hana ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hou ʻana o ka ʻoihana Mekiko i ka ʻoihana US. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ke kālā kālā ma ka hana ʻana i ka palaoa Mekiko, a laila ua hoʻopiha ʻia ʻo Mekiko i ka palaoa i lawe ʻia mai ka US, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā kālā kālā a ke aupuni. ʻO ia hoʻi, i loko o nā makahiki ʻeono mua o ka NAFTA, ua haʻalele ka ʻāina ʻelua miliona mau mea ʻai liʻiliʻi ma Mexico. ʻO kēia neʻe ʻana mai ka ʻāina a i nā kūlanakauhale, i ka maquiladoras ma ka palena, a i ka US pono'ī ua kōkua i ka hana ʻana i kahi wai hana maʻalahi no nā hui lawehala e hoʻohana ai, he poʻe hana maʻalahi loa.
LAB: E ʻōlelo paha ʻoe i kēia manawa ʻo ka 'kaua i nā lāʻau lapaʻau' o ke aupuni Calderón he hemahema?
PW: Ke hoʻomau nei ka pāpā ʻana i nā mea lāʻau ma kekahi ʻano a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe no kahi kokoke i 100 mau makahiki, a he hemahema mau. Akā ʻo ka militarization ʻo Calderón o kēia mea he pōʻino ʻole. E nānā i nā ana ʻehā o kēia – ma muli o nā helu helu a ke aupuni ponoʻī. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hāʻule ka nui o ka hewa kolohe ma Mekiko ma mua o kēia hana hou. I nā makahiki ʻeono i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ma mua o 200%. Pēlā nō me ka nui o ka pepehi kanaka: ua hāʻule, akā ua ʻoi aku ka pālua ma mua o ka pālua. ʻO ke kolu, ʻaʻole ia i hōʻemi i ka helu addiction i loko o Mexico ponoʻī. He haʻahaʻa mau kēia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, akā inā he mea, ua piʻi lākou i kēia manawa i ka hapalua pakeneka, a no laila ʻaʻole kūpono ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa 'ola aupuni' e kākoʻo i ke kaua lāʻau. A ʻo ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka nui o nā hana hoʻomāinoino kanaka i hana ʻia e ka pūʻali koa i kā lākou hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻopaʻa i nā cartels lāʻau lapaʻau - ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kānāwai, ka hoʻomāinoino, ka make, ua hōʻike i kahi piʻi ʻeono.
LAB: A no laila, inā ʻaʻole ia e pili ana i kekahi o kēia mau mea, he aha kou manaʻo i nā kumu o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā cartels lāʻau?
PW: Manaʻo wau ʻo kā George W. Bush ke kākau ʻōlelo o ka mokuʻāina no Latin America, ʻo Thomas Shannon i ʻōlelo maʻalahi: 'Ke hoʻopaʻa nei mākou i ka NAFTA'. ʻO ka pahuhopu ka pale ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana kūlike ʻole a pololei ʻole. ʻO ia ka mālama ʻana i ka hegemony o ka ʻoihana Mekiko a me nā elite politika, a me ka US a me nā pono pāʻoihana honua, a e hoʻōki i ka ʻilihune 'hana' i kēia. Manaʻo wau ʻo ka 'hoʻololi democratic' ma Mekiko i lawe mai i kahi dictatorship kokoke i ka pūʻali koa. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka Plan Merida, ka papahana kōkua nui loa o ʻAmelika ma waho o ka Middle East. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka US $ 1.8 biliona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Mexico. Akā ʻo kēlā mau lilo a pau ua hele maoli i ka pūʻali koa US e hoʻolako i nā lako lako a me nā ʻaelike US. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Mexico a me Kolombia e kākoʻo i ke kākoʻo no ka US, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ma ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika Hema e emi ana kona mana i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai lākou e hoʻonui i ke kālepa me kekahi, a e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻohui ʻana me ka ʻole o ka US.
LAB: I kēia manawa ke hoʻi nei ka PRI i ka mana, ke manaʻo nei ʻoe e hoʻololi i ka hakakā ʻana i nā cartels lāʻau?
PW: ʻAʻohe kānalua ma lalo o ka PAN, ʻo ka 'kaua i nā lāʻau lapaʻau' ua hemahema. Aia kekahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa e ʻōlelo ana ua hāʻawi ka PRI i kahi ʻano paʻa ma Mekikoka, a hiki iā lākou ke hana me nā cartels, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo 'pax mafiosa'. Akā ʻo wai ka PRI e hōʻike nei i kēia manawa? Ua haʻalele lākou i ka manaʻo o ka lāhui i ka makahiki 1982 me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mākaʻi neoliberal a me ka hui pū ʻana me NAFTA ma lalo o Salinas: ke kū nei lākou i nā papa waena a me nā mea waiwai loa, e like me ka PAN. I ka wā i noho ai lākou i ka mana ma mua, ua ʻike nā hui lawehala e pane lākou i nā mana - pono lākou e uku i ka PRI mayor, kiaʻāina a pēlā aku, a i ʻole e hōʻike ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia paha lākou. Akā i kēia manawa ua haki ʻia kēlā 'pax mafiosa'. Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā hui kalaima. Ma kekahi mau wahi ke hoʻokūkū nei lākou i ka mokuʻāina, e lawe ana i nā mākaʻi a me ka pūʻali koa - a pinepine me nā mea kaua ponoʻī o ka mokuʻāina. Ke manaʻo nei lākou i nā poʻe kālai'āina he mau limahana lākou, ʻaʻole ke ʻano ʻē aʻe. No laila ke manaʻo nei au ua piʻi aʻe ke kūlana a ʻaʻole hiki i ka PRI ke hoʻomalu iā ia.
LAB: ʻO ka pane paha e like me ka nui o ka poʻe e ʻōlelo nei, e hoʻoholo i kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau?
PW: He ʻāpana paha ia o ka pane, ke mālama pono ʻia ke kaʻina hana. I kēia manawa, ʻo 1% wale nō ka helu hoʻopiʻi no nā hewa lāʻau i ʻōlelo ʻia. Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole makemake ka PRI e hana i kēia kaʻina hana, a ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā cartels lāʻau lapaʻau he poʻe kapena maikaʻi: ke lālā nei lākou a loaʻa kālā ma nā wahi like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ua ʻōlelo ʻia he 40% wale nō o nā hana a Sinaloa cartel i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka hoʻopio ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua neʻe lākou i nā wahi e like me ka ʻaihue a me ka ʻaihue, ke kālepa kanaka a pēlā aku, kahi i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā uku a ʻoi aku ka pōʻino no lākou ke hana.
The Drug War in Mexico: Politics, Violence and Neo-Liberalism in the New Narco-Economy, na Peter Watt a me Roberto Zepeda i paʻi ʻia e Zed Press.