ʻO kekahi o nā puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi ma ka politika aʻu i pōmaikaʻi ai i ka lohe mua ʻana, ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1989 no ka ninaninau ʻana no ka Radio Pacifica me ka moho pelekikena ʻo Brazil ʻo Lula. ?Akahi? He aha kāu i haʻi aku ai iā lākou?,? Ua nīnau au. Pane aku la o Lula, ?Ina aole lakou e haawi mai i ko lakou mau apo, i aku au, e oki kaua i ko lakou mau manamana lima.?
He ʻōlelo wiwo ʻole ia manawa, a hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo ʻia e Lula i kēia lā. ʻO ke kumu hauʻoli nui he pūʻali koa kiʻekiʻe o ka pūʻali koa kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ʻehā mau makahiki: Brazil (1964), Bolivia (1971), Uruguay (1972), Chile (1973), Argentina (1976) a me Peru (1993), ʻaʻole ia e haʻi aku i nā dictatorships a me nā counterrevolutionaries i hāpai ʻia e Wakinekona ma waena o ʻAmelika Waena a me ka Caribbean.
Ma waena o nā kipi hoʻopau puke ma Cuba (1959) a me Chiapas (1994), ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka Left e lawe i nā mea kaua. Pēlā nō, no ka hapa nui o nā makahiki 1980-90, ?IMF Riots? - nā kūʻē kūʻē nui o ka poʻe ʻilihune kūlanakauhale a me nā limahana, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka International Monetary Fund austerity dictates - ua luku ʻia ka ʻāina. Akā, ma Latin America a me nā ʻāina ʻekolu o ka honua, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohuli ʻia i mau lanakila paʻa e ka Left i hoʻonohonoho ʻia, ma ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o Argentine i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi ?autonomist? kēia manawa ma ka hema.
Akā, ua hoʻokō ka neʻe ʻana o nā pono kanaka a me nā hakakā kaiāulu i ka hopena o ka noho aliʻi kaua ma ka hapa nui o Latin America i ka makahiki 1980. Me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka papahana hoʻokele waiwai a me ke alakaʻi papa hana, ʻo ka hopena ʻo ? kahi i hoʻemi ʻia ai nā koho pili i ke kulekele macroeconomic a me ka hoʻokele mokuʻāina i hoʻokahi kumu, ʻo ka neoliberal ?Washington Consensus.?
Ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana, ua loaʻa ka awelika o ka US capital i $ 60 biliona i ka makahiki ma ka loaʻa kālā mai ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻoiai i waena o nā hāʻule kālā i hoʻopau i nā kūlana ola ma nā ʻoihana nui ʻekolu: Mexico (1994-95), Brazil (1999) a me Argentina (2000-02).
ʻAʻole like me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i lanakila ka Latin American Left e kēia mau hoʻohuli. Ma ka lā 24 o Malaki, ua ʻōlelo ʻo General James T. Hill, ke poʻo o ka US Southern Command, i ke komite o ka Hale o nā Lunamaka'āinana no ka ? . Ke hoʻomau nei kekahi mau alakaʻi o ka ʻāina i nā ʻehaʻeha o ka hiki ʻole o nā hoʻoponopono demokalaka e hāʻawi i nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe i manaʻo ʻia.
na alakai? ʻoiaʻiʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka nohona kaiaulu a me ke kaiāulu, nā uniona kālepa, nā haumāna a me ka poʻe naʻauao, nā pūʻulu wahine a me nā mea kaiapuni, a me kekahi o nā ʻaoʻao kālaiʻāina hema maoli. Ua haʻi ʻia a hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kā lākou mau moʻolelo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Mei ma ke Kulanui o Wisconsin? ʻike me ?The New Latin American Left.?
Ke hahai nei kekahi mau mea koʻikoʻi, a e hoʻomau i kaʻu Manaʻo ZNet aʻe.
Ma Mekiko, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka manaʻolana no ke aupuni ʻaoʻao hema hema Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) ma 2006 i ka mahina i hala i ka wā ma kahi ʻahaʻaina pāʻina, ua haʻalele ke alakaʻi lōʻihi ʻo Cuauhtemoc Cardenas mai kāna mau kūlana kūlana ma kahi ʻano ʻike e hoʻoneʻe i ke kūlanakauhale kaulana ʻo Mexico. ʻO ke kuhina nui ʻo Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador ka moho pelekikena hou.
ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ke alakaʻi mua o PRD a me ke kuhina nui ʻo Mekiko ʻo Rosario Robles i loko o ka hōʻino ma muli o ke kīpē wikiō a me nā hanana piliwaiwai e pili pū ana i nā kōkua koʻikoʻi o Lopez Obrador. ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka mokuʻāina ʻo Mekiko me Cuba, ʻoiai ʻo Fidel Castro i hoʻokuke aku i nā hoa hana kolohe o Lopez Obrador, ma waena o ko Havana hoʻohewa leo ʻana i ka manaʻo Machiavellian elite Mekiko.
ʻOiai inā hoʻi hou ʻo Lopez Obrador, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia ma mua o nā hakakā pilikino i waena o nā poʻe kālai'āina, e like me ka hopena o kahi kokoke i 400 mau wahine ʻōpio maqiladore limahana ma ke kūlanakauhale palena ʻo Ciudad Juarez i pepehi ʻia me ka hoʻokolokolo kūʻokoʻa wale nō.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Armando Batra o ka Instituto de Estudios del Pueblo Maya, ʻaʻole i hana maikaʻi nā neʻe kaiapuni i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka neoliberal, ka populism mana me ka neoliberal low-intensity democracy ka pelekikena o kēia manawa ʻo Vicente Fox. ʻO ka pilikia o kēia lā kekahi hapa o ka nostalgia; i ka makahiki 1994 [i ka wā i hopu ai ka poʻe Zapatistas i ka noʻonoʻo hema a me ka honua holoʻokoʻa], he pono ʻole ke aupuni. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Democracy i kahi pelekikena neoliberal, a ʻaʻole holo kāna mau hoʻolālā. He aha me ka palaho, ʻekolu o ʻehā Mekiko ʻaʻole hilinaʻi i nā ʻaoʻao politika. Ua nui loa ka populism, i hele pū ʻia me nā lokomaikaʻi, clientelism a me nā hoʻowalewale authoritarian.
Ua hewa ʻo Batra i ka Zapatistas? ka wā mālie i hala iho nei: ?Liʻiliʻi ka pilina me ka poʻe mahiʻai, nā limahana, nā haumāna. ʻO ka hoʻolālā mua ʻo ia ka ?hoʻoponopono i ka mokuʻāina?, akā, ua nāwaliwali loa ka hana hoʻoponopono a no laila ua hōʻole ʻia e ka Pelekikena Ernesto Zedillo. Ua huli ka Zapatistas i ke aupuni kūloko / kūloko, i ka juntas aupuni maikaʻi.?
A ʻo ka laina a Batra ma luna o ka pelekikena PRD? ?No ke aha i manaʻo ai ka poʻe he nui ke aupuni o Mexico City? Nui nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa iā Lopez Obrador. ʻO kaʻu ka waiho ʻana * ʻaʻole * wahi no ka demokala komo.? Eia nō naʻe, hāʻawi ʻo Batra i kēia ʻae ʻana: ʻo ka lanakila nui loa o ka hema ʻo ia ka pio ʻana o kahi ʻauhau hou i hoʻohui ʻia i ka meaʻai a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki wale nō ma muli o 100 mau kālai'āina PRD i ka ʻaha aupuni.
Ke neʻe nei i Argentina, ʻike mākou i nā makahiki 1990? haumāna kumu hoʻohālike o ka IMF, kahi i loaʻa i ka pilikia ʻino loa o ka hoʻokele waiwai. ʻO ka manawa seminal no ka hema hou, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Axel Castellano o ka Movement of the Unemployed, ʻo ia paha ka poloka mua o nā alanui ma 2000 e ka picatero movement. I loko o hoʻokahi makahiki, ua lanakila ka poʻe hana i ke kākoʻo mai kahi papa waena e ʻeha nei i ka ʻeha hoʻokele waiwai. Ua puka mai nā ʻaha kanaka kaulana, me ka kūʻē cacerolazo (pot-banging).
Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā Pelekikena ma hope o kekahi i ka hopena o ka makahiki 2001. ʻO ka hope, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilikia o ke kula me ke koho pelekikena 2003. Ua hoʻomaka ke aupuni o Peresidena Nestor Kirchner e hoʻokō i nā papahana hana aupuni, me nā hoʻoponopono o nā pūʻali koa. Hōʻike ʻo Castellano, ?Ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā hakakā kaua kaua o nā makahiki 1970 a me ka manaʻo kūʻē i ka palaho. Ua hoʻohuli hou ʻo ia i nā kulekele ʻē aʻe mai ʻAmelika aku i kahi kālepa kūloko a me ka hui politika.
Akā, wahi a Castellano, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻoluʻolu i nā mea hana autonomist. ?Ke kū nei mākou i ka puka ʻana mai o ka lehulehu, ʻaʻole nā hui a me nā hui mua. No mākou, ʻo ka autonomy ka hana, i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia ka horizontalism. ʻO kā mākou alakaʻi wale nō ka hui lehulehu, akā loaʻa iā mākou kekahi mau ʻōlelo a me nā wahi kuhikuhi. No laila, ke hele nei mākou ma mua o kahi ʻāina e kālele ana i ka ʻāina. ʻO ka pane ʻana o ka mokuʻāina: cooptation ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, repression ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. Ke hana nei mākou me ko mākou mana kūʻē: aloha, lokahi, pili, launa pū me nā ʻokoʻa kūwaho a me nā honua.
He ʻāina ʻē aʻe ʻo Bolivia me nā neʻe kūʻokoʻa ikaika - a alakaʻi nui ʻia e nā ʻōiwi - i hiki i ka maka o ka honua me ke kaua wai ʻApelila 2000 ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Cochabamba. ʻAʻole wale ka hakakā e pili ana i ke kipaku ʻana i kahi hui multinational maikaʻi ʻole (Bechtel) nāna i hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai ua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka poʻe ʻilihune. ʻO ia hoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā koi kaulana e kūʻē i ka hui wai kūloko, ma ka ʻōlelo a Cochabamba union/community alakaʻi Oscar Olivera: ?transparency, efficient, participation of the people, and social justice in service provision.?
ʻO ka manaʻolana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe ʻōiwi, hiki ke hoʻonui i nā kaʻina hana kipi. ʻO kahi hōʻailona ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana o ka pelekikena neoliberal, ʻo Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozado, i ʻOkakopa i hala, ma hope o nā kūʻē kūʻē i alakaʻi ʻia e nā ʻōiwi. Akā, i ka bourgeoisie ho'ōla hou i ka hilinaʻi, a me ka hema i loko o ka hale pāremata - ka Movement to Socialism (MAS) alakaʻiʻia e Evo Morales - ua hopuʻia i ka hahai ana i ka hooponopono ana, ma Olivera? he hoʻolālā aupuni e like me Brazil?s Workers Party. Akā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua haʻalele ka MAS i ka manaʻo o kahi hui constituent, kahi e pono ai mākou e lawe i ka pilina i ka neʻe.
ʻO ka hopena, ua ʻōlelo aʻo ʻo Olivera, ?E hoʻopaʻa pū ana nā kānaka o uka iā lākou iho. Ke hoʻokumu nei kekahi poʻe Cochabamba i mau pūʻulu no ke kūʻē kīwila. E haehae ka ʻāina. E kū ana mākou i ke kaua kīwila, a makemake mākou i kou lokahi.?
ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Waena i ʻeha nui loa ma ke kaua kīwila lōʻihi ʻo El Salvador. Ua hele mai ʻo Lorena Martänez i Wisconsin mai ka Hui o nā Kaiāulu Kūʻai no ka Hoʻomohala ʻana iā El Salvador; ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea hoʻoponopono kūloko no ka pūnaewele maikaʻi loa i kapa ʻia ʻo Convergence of Movements of the Peoples of the Americas.
Ke hoʻomau nei kēlā kaua, akā ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, wahi a MartÃnez. ?Ma mua a hiki i ka lā 21 o Malaki, ua lana ko mākou manaʻolana e hiki i nā Salvadorans maʻamau ke lawe i ka mana ma o ke koho balota akā ua loaʻa iā mākou ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa koho lepo loa. He 1.3 miliona mau balota ko ka pono, he 800,000 ka FMLN. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ʻAmelika inā lanakila ka FMLN, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻouna hou mai nā Salvadorans i hoʻokumu ʻia ma US. Ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo.
Akā, ʻo Martänez kekahi i nānā i loko no ka hewa: ? ʻAʻole lākou i hana kuʻikahi me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo paʻa o ke alakaʻi o ka ʻaoʻao, ka mea i hōʻole i ka ʻae ʻana i kahi moho mai ka ʻoihana kaiaulu.?
Wahi a MartÃÂnez, ?O ka ikaika mua o ka FMLN, aia i loko o ka po'e 'ōpio, ka wahine, ka poe mahi'ai - 'o kēia mau pū'ali koa me ka ne'e 'ana i ka nohona.? Ua hui pū ʻia lākou me nā limahana o ke kūlanakauhale e hakakā nei i ka hana pilikino, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano kūʻē ikaika i ka pule i hala ma ke kapikala ʻo San Salvador, kahi i waiho ai he mau ʻumi mau ʻeha. ?O ka lalo, e noho ali?i ana ka ARENA no elima makahiki, a e kakau inoa ia ka Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA).?
ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hana ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1980. Ma Nicaragua, ʻaʻole i hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana i hāʻawi ʻia e José Luis Rocha mai Universidad Centroamericana de Managua. Hoʻopiʻi ʻo Rocha i ka FSLN no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mokuʻāina ma ke ʻano he pinata, ? ma ke kaʻina hana i hāpai i ka dogmatism a me ka ?verticalism.?
Hoʻopuka ʻo Daniel Ortega i nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo o ka ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole ʻae i ka ʻae ʻana, a manaʻoʻiʻo i ka hala ʻole o ke alakaʻi. ʻO kāna kuʻikahi me ka Alemania liberal kolohe, ʻo ia ka pana make? iā Sandinismo, kākau ʻo Rocha. I kēlā manawa, ?o ka FSLN i kālele nui ai i nā kaua liʻiliʻi no ka mana, ʻaʻole ka hakakā me ka neoliberalism.?
ʻO kahi pepa a ke kuhina haole Sandinista kahiko ʻo Alejandro Bendaña, ua like ia me ka hana hoʻomāinoino: ?ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu hou ka FSLN i ka hui Nicaragua i nā makahiki 1980 ma ke ʻano kipi, a ke hāʻule hou nei ke kōkua i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka neoliberalism? ka hui a me ka moku'āina. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka Sandinista Revolution paha ka mea i ʻae ʻia e hiki ai i ka liberalism ke loaʻa ka hegemony ma Nicaragua.
ʻO nā kū'ē'ē loa e kū'ē ana i ka hema o Colombian. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo César RodrÃguez o ke Kulanui o Andes a me National University of Colombia i ʻekolu hopena o ke kaua kīwila 40 makahiki. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka atomization o nā ʻaoʻao politika, ko lākou polarization, a me ka nele o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao i hāpai i ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao hema a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau, me ke aupuni aupuni i paʻa i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, ʻoiai ʻo ke kūlanakauhale nui ʻo Bogata he meia hema. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka nāwaliwali pili o nā neʻe ʻana o Colombian e koi i ka nānā wikiwiki. ʻO ke kolu, wahi a RodrÃguez, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka FARC guerrillas e hoʻokau i ka papa hana hema? ʻO ke kani ʻana o nā pū mīkini e hoʻopau i ka leo kūʻē.?
Wahi a RodrÃguez, ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono strutural i ka makahiki 1999, ma hope o ka manawa lōʻihi i hoʻonui ai ka hoʻokele narco i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kolombia. I kēia manawa, hoʻomau ʻo ia, ?Me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka ʻilihune a me ka like ʻole, hiki i nā haʻiʻōlelo kulekele pilikanaka ke hiki. Hāʻawi kēlā i ka hema i ka lima kiʻekiʻe.?
Loaʻa nā hōʻike i ke kanaka o ke senator Carlos Gaviria Daaz, ka pelekikena o ka Frente Social y PolÃtico. He lunakanawai kumukānāwai ma mua a he polopeka o ke kulanui, he kiʻi kuha ʻo ia no Karl Marx, a ke kū nei ʻo ia no kāna mea i kapa ai he ?anti-dogmatic, anti-authoritarian, profoundly democratic politics. Ke kūʻē nei mākou i ka hakakā kaua, kūʻē i ka hoʻokalakupua o ka poʻe.
Ua maʻi a luhi nā kānaka i ka hana ʻino. ʻO kā Pelekikena Uribe? ʻAʻole hiki ke lanakila wale i ka FARC, ke hoʻokaʻawale nei ke aupuni conservative iā ia iho mai kāna mau kuleana liʻiliʻi.
[E HOʻOMAU ʻIA]
(Loaʻa ka puke hou a Patrick Bond, *Talk Left, Walk Right,* mai ke Kulanui o KwaZulu-Natal Press: http://www.unpress.co.za)