Na Patrick Bond
Mutare, Zimbabwe - He lā maikaʻi ka lā 22 Iulai e noʻonoʻo ai i nā pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hui ʻana o ka neoliberalism a me ka imperialist geopolitcs, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka 60 makahiki o ka World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). He manawa maikaʻi ia e hoʻomanaʻo ai i ka hapa nui o mākou i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono honua ʻaʻole pinepine i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ala 'compradorism' - ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā papa aliʻi a me nā ʻōpio - hoʻopiʻi i ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana (ʻoiai ke ʻike nei au i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā ʻōlelo a ZNet / blog na Cape Town-based Mandisi Majavu he antidote maikaʻi).
E noʻonoʻo kākou i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona hiki ʻole i ka nūhou. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iulai, ua wehe ʻia ʻekolu kaʻina hana i hōʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea olakino, o ka wā e hiki mai ana o kēia ʻāina: Ua hoʻopili nā poʻe elite Aferika i kekahi i kekahi ma Addis Ababa; Ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe elite o ka hui ma Wakinekona a me ka mokuʻāina o ka honua i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana iā ʻApelika, no ka lōʻihi; a ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā NGO o ka honua i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolaha kūʻē i ka World Bank. E like me kaʻu i kūkākūkā ai i ka mahina i hala aku nei, ʻo ka hapa o ka pilikia ma ʻAmelika Latin a me ʻApelika ke ʻano huna o ka hui pū ʻana, hāʻawi ʻia i nā kāne e like me Lula lāua ʻo Mbeki i loaʻa i kahi hanauna o ke aʻo ʻana i ke kamaʻilio hema, a lākou e hana nui nei i ka wā e hele pololei ana.
Ma ka hui o ʻApelika Hui Pū ʻIa (AU), ua holomua ke aupuni o ʻApelika Hema i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu nui, inā ʻaʻole ka hoʻomalu, a laila ka mana i loko o ka hui, ma o ka lanakila ʻana i kahi hoʻokūkū me Libya a me ʻAigupita e hoʻokipa i kāna pāremata, a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā noho ma ke Komisina AU. no laila e lawe i ke kauoha ma luna o kāna mahele maluhia / palekana. ʻO ka $5 biliona o nā lako kaua a Pretoria e kūʻai nei i nā hōʻailona i kahi hana weliweli no ka SA National Defense Force ma ke ʻano he hope makai nui o Wakinekona.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka neoliberal political-economic hoʻolālā i hāpai ʻia e ka pelekikena o ʻApelika Hema ʻo Thabo Mbeki, ka New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), i kapa ʻia ʻo 'philosophically spot-on' e ka US State Department i ka makahiki i hala. Hoʻopaʻa ʻo NEPAD i nā kono maʻamau no Mbeki a koho i nā aliʻi o ʻApelika i nā hālāwai G8, a aia kāna secretariat ma kahi kokoke i Pretoria.
No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ʻano o ka 'subimperialism' (e like me kaʻu e hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei i kahi ʻatikala Foreign Policy in Focus i kau ʻia ma http://www.fpif.org a ma http://www.counterpunch.org). E komo pū ka poʻe i pōʻino i ka poʻe Zimbabwean, a ma waena o lākou aʻu i noho ai i kekahi mau lā.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa koʻikoʻi o ka AU ma luna o kahi hōʻike kūloko - 'kaulike' e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo ʻApelika Hema ʻo Barney Pityana - e pili ana i ka hana hoʻomāinoino pono kanaka a ke aupuni Harare. ʻOiai i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i ka makahiki 2002, ua wahaheʻe ke Kuhina Haole ʻo Robert Mugabe no ka ʻike ʻole ʻana iā ia ma mua, e hoʻomaka ana i kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka AU ma mua o ke koho balota aupuni ʻē aʻe o Zimbabwe: ka hoʻokūkū pāremata ma Malaki 2005.
Ua ʻae ʻoluʻolu nā poʻo o ka mokuʻāina a me nā Kuhina o nā ʻāina ʻē i ka hoʻopaneʻe i manaʻo ʻia e ke Kuhina Haole o Zimbabwe. E like me ka ʻōlelo a ka mōʻī hoʻopōmaikaʻi Katolika o Bulawayo, ʻo Pious Ncube, i nā ʻelele AU, 'ʻO kā lākou hana wale nō ke hoʻihoʻi i kekahi i kekahi a inu kī.'
ʻO ia hoʻi, he kūpono ke wānana, ʻo ka hoʻopunipuni koho, ka politika o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i ka hoʻokolokolo, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻōlelo a me ka pani ʻana i nā media kūʻokoʻa, a me ka pōā i nā mea kūʻē kūʻē maʻamau i hana ʻia e ke aupuni o Mugabe. ʻeiwa mahina e hiki mai ana.
I ka manawa like, ke hana nei ʻo Mugabe e hoʻokomo hou ʻia i ka International Monetary Fund, a ua hoʻokumu i kahi komisina koho balota hou. Ma Malaki aʻe, e hoʻomalu paha ʻo ia i ka 67% o ka pāremata, no ka mea ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ia e koho i 20% o nā lālā, e noho ana ma nā noho hoʻokūkū ʻole, mai ka hoʻomaka. Ma lalo o nā kūlana i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke koho balota i nā kamaʻāina ma kā lākou makemake politika, akā ʻo ka hui ʻana i ka hapa nui, me ka hapa nui o nā kamaʻāina kūloko e kūʻē iā Mugabe.
Ma waho aʻe o ka wā kahiko o ka mālama ʻana i nā lako kōkua meaʻai i nā wahi kuaʻāina, ʻo ka mea hou loa - a he mea kupanaha - ʻelua hoʻolālā e lanakila ai i ka puʻuwai a me ka noʻonoʻo i ka wā o ka hyperinflation a me ka hāʻule ʻana o nā lawelawe mokuʻāina, ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hōʻaiʻē kuaʻāina nui a me ka electrification. Me ka piʻi ʻana ma luna o 400%, ke kūʻai ʻia nei kekahi ʻaiʻē mahiʻai mokuʻāina ma 30% wale nō - he makana.
A ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā uea hoʻoili mana ma nā wahi mahiʻai kokoke i ka palena ʻo Mozambique kahi i loaʻa ai iaʻu kahi kīʻaha kofe ma kahi kauhale mauna nani i ka hopena pule i hala. Uku ka ʻohana maʻamau i $0.50 no nā hola 140 kiloWatt (hoʻokahi mahina o ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻōpuʻu kukui a me ka lekiō), kahi kālā i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai ma ʻApelika Hema.
ʻOiai ke kākoʻo mau nei au i kēia ma ke ʻano he kulekele pilikanaka maikaʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lilo ʻana i kahi gimmick maunu-a-hoʻololi. Ma hope o ke koho balota hou ʻana iā Mugabe i ke koho balota 2005, e hoʻomau ka Mana Hoʻolako Uila ʻo Zimbabwe me ka privatization, a e piʻi aʻe ke kumukūʻai o ka ikehu a hiki i kahi hiki ʻole ke loaʻa - e like me kēia manawa e kū nei i nā ʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ʻApelika Hema, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ʻaʻole mamao loa ma hope. .
Eia kekahi, e pili ana i kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa pili i ʻApelika Hema aʻu i ʻōlelo ai i kēlā me kēia manawa ma kēia pūnaewele, ua ʻae ka luna ʻoihana wai nui ma Pretoria, ʻo Mike Muller, i ka nūpepa Mail and Guardian i ka hopena o Iune ua ʻoki ʻia kona mau hoa pili i nā aupuni kūloko o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā lako wai o ka hale i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau kānaka i ka makahiki 2003: '275,000 o nā ʻohana a pau i manaʻo i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana no ka uku ʻole.'
Hōʻike kēia i kahi moʻomeheu o ka neoliberalism mokuʻāina puʻuwai puʻuwai, a he mea kupanaha ka piʻi ʻana mai kahi luna i hoʻopiʻi nui i ka wā i haʻi ai ka New York Times a me London Observer i nā manaʻo like ʻole i nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ka apartheid wai i nā makahiki i hala (http://www. .queensu.ca/msp).
ʻOiai ua hāʻawi ka National Water Act i nā luna kālai'āina o Muller i ka mana e komo i loko o ia mau pilikia wai, e hoʻohuli hou i nā paipu wai, ua koi pū ʻo Muller i kēia manawa e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia i ke kuleana ʻāina o ke Kumukānāwai e komo i ka wai. 'Aia mau ka poʻe i hana hoʻomāinoino i nā keʻena lehulehu e koi i nā hana paʻa,' i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Muller i ka poʻe heluhelu M&G, e poina ana paha i ʻehā mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua pili kēia ʻano i ka poʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma Ngwelezane, KwaZulu-Natal i hoʻokumu i kahi epicenter no ka pōʻino loa o ka ʻāina. - ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka maʻi kolera.
I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā helu helu ʻilihune / waiwai hou i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i Iulai i ʻApelika Hema i ke kahua o ka like ʻole o ka honua, i ka manawa e haʻalele ai i ka ʻumi o ka makahiki makahiki 'liberation' o ʻApelila.
ʻO ka uila a me ka wai ʻelua wale nō microcosms e hoʻohui i ka politika venal a me ka hoʻokele waiwai ʻole o ka neoliberalism. E hoʻohui i kekahi neoconservatism imperial Oihana Moku'āina a me nā mana petro-military e hoʻopuni ana i ka Hale Keʻokeʻo, a loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hōʻike hou: 'Rising US Interests in Africa.' Ma Wakinekona i ka lā 8 Iulai, ua hoʻolaha ākea ka Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) i ka hoʻolālā kulekele US-Africa, i noi ʻia e Colin Powell a me ka ʻaha kūkā.
ʻO nā mea kākau ʻōlelo ʻo Powell ka luna alakaʻi mua o ʻApelika, ʻo Walter Kansteiner, a me ka mea noiʻi CSIS ʻo Stephen Morrison, a ʻo kā lākou papa i komo i nā mea i manaʻo maʻamau: ʻo ka poʻe ʻoihana waiwai a me nā mea kālā, nā mea hoʻonaʻauao hoʻokumu, nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hoʻomohala, nā diplomats mua (e like me Ronald Reagan's Africa mischief-manager. ʻO Chester Crocker), nā mea hoʻolālā pūʻali koa, nā loea maʻi maʻi maʻi, kahi mea hoʻokele kaiapuni huila (Peter Seligmann mai Conservation International) a me Senatoa Russell Feingold, i ʻike ʻia he holomua i kekahi manawa.
Hoʻokumu ka papahana imperial hou i ʻehiku mau hana: ʻo Sudan, nona ka ʻaila i makemake ʻia e Wakinekona; ʻO nā mākeke poʻokela decrepit o ʻApelika, hiki iā ia ke 'lele e hoʻomaka' ʻo Bush's gimmicky Millennium Challenge Account; ikaika, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā e hiki mai ana e Nigeria a me Angola, ma waena o nā mea hana aila nui o West Africa; mālama holoholona; ʻO nā hoʻoikaika 'counter-terrorism', e komo pū ana me 'kahi hoʻolālā Muslim outreach'; nā hana maluhia, hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia i nā pūʻali koa ʻApelika e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kālā hou G8; a me ka maʻi AIDS, ka mea i makaʻu ʻia ka mālama ʻana e nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mea e koi ana ia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau. Ma nā mea āpau akā ʻo Sudan, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ʻApelika Hema ka mea koʻikoʻi no ka papahana imperial hou o US.
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STOP PRESS (21 Iulai): Ma hope ua maopopo iaʻu kēia kamaʻilio ʻana o kahi 'neʻe haʻalele' a Mbeki i nā pule i hala iho nei, i kūkākūkā lōʻihi ʻia ma ka pukana o kēia manawa ʻo The Economist a hoʻolaha ʻia i ka poʻe heluhelu ʻole o ka US lefty listserve 'Portside' i nehinei. Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka palapala honua, e loaʻa nō hoʻi iā ʻoe ka manaʻo, no ka mea, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e hele ke aupuni ANC i ka hema maʻemaʻe - ʻo ia ka mea e lawe i Brazil, kahi mea hoʻokūkū hiki - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i kēia manawa ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi neʻe ʻana i ke komohana komohana. .
Aia hoʻi, hoʻi i Jo'burg e kokoke ana e waiho i kēia ʻatikala, ʻike wau i kahi kuhina hauʻoli o ʻApelika Hema e hōʻike ana i kona mahalo i nā luna o ka US State Department a me nā ʻelele o Armscor, Denel a me Fuchs [ʻekolu mau mea nui o South Africa. mea kūʻai lima] no ke ʻano maikaʻi a me ka hui pū 'ana i hoʻonohonoho ai lākou i nā manawa ʻoihana hou ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa,' e like me ka pūnaewele mana o Pretoria.
A ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka Pōʻalima i hala, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike i ka nūpepa ThisDay e ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Michael Schmidt, ʻo ka mea a mākou i manaʻo ai he kū hanohano ʻo Mbeki i Iulai i hala - hōʻole ʻole i ka ʻae ʻana i $ 7 miliona i ke kōkua pūʻali koa US i ka ʻeleʻele weliweli, i mea e loaʻa ai ka hōʻole ʻana o SA. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā lawehala kaua US i ka International Criminal Court - ʻo ia kekahi o nā lima ʻē aʻe: 'Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Peter McIntosh, ka mea hoʻoponopono o ka puke pai o ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika, ua hoʻihoʻi hou ʻo US i ke kālā pūʻali koa no SA ma o kāna kauoha ʻEulopa ma Stuttgart, Kelemānia. ' ʻO ia, ma ka huli ʻana, me he mea lā ua paʻa i ke ala no ka hana hope-makai nui, ma kahi ʻaina awakea Sea Island G8 i Iune, ua ʻae ʻo Mbeki i ke ʻano o nā 'peace-keepers' ʻApelika no nā wahi ʻino o ka ʻāina.
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ʻO ke ʻano hana hoʻopiʻi ʻē aʻe aʻu e hopohopo nui nei, ʻo ia ke ala a nā NGO e ʻimi nei i kahi noho me kahi Bank Bank i kēia manawa i ka pōʻino loa. Ua loaʻa iā James Wolfensohn ka luna hoʻokele o ka Bank maʻalahi no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka poʻe hoʻohewa i loko o nā 'dialogues multitakeholder.' ʻO kekahi o nā pūʻali koa akamai e hakakā nei me nā pā luku nui, a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie fossil, ua hiki iā lākou ke huki i kēia mau komisina i ka hema.
Ma ka hihia o ka World Commission on Dams (WCD), e hōʻike ana i ka makahiki 2000, ua ʻae ka luna o ʻApelika Hema ʻo Kader Asmal i kahi loiloi koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i loko o ka hōʻike hope. ʻO nā limahana o ka panakō, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo John Briscoe o South Africa, ua sabotaged koke ia. ʻO kekahi o nā alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka neʻe anti-dam, ʻo Paddy McCully o International Rivers Network, i pane: 'ʻO ka pane maikaʻi ʻole a me ka pane ʻole o ka World Bank i ka WCD Report, ʻo ia ka mea ʻaʻole e ʻae hou ʻia ka Bank ma ke ʻano he mea kūʻai pono. kekahi mau kamaʻilio hou aʻe o nā mea pili.'
Ua kū like ka ʻike like me nā lālā hui Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative, me nā haneli o nā hui a me nā haumāna mai Bangladesh, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ghana, Hungary, Mexico, Philippines, Uganda a me Zimbabwe. Ua haʻalele nā limahana o ka panakō i ke kaʻina hana a lākou i kōkua ai i ke kālā i ka makahiki 2001 i ka wā i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai nā hopena.
I kēia manawa, loaʻa i ka Extractive Industries Review ka ʻike like, e like me ʻAukake 3, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Wolfensohn a me ka papa o nā kiaʻāina e hōʻole i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo komisina e hoʻopau ka Bank i kāna kālā aila/gasana. Eia naʻe he papa inoa lōʻihi o nā NGO, i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi manawa maikaʻi e ʻōpala ai i ka Bank no ka hoʻopunipuni loa, ke kākau nei i nā leka mealy-mouthed iā Wolfensohn e noi ana i nā hoʻoponopono i hāʻule ʻole i ke komisina Review. ʻO kēia ka manawa e kāhea aku ai i ka Bank e *haʻihaʻi *, ʻaʻole e hoʻoponopono, a ke holomua maikaʻi nei ma ka hoʻopau kālā ma http://www.worldbankboycott.org, kahi e kākoʻo ai nā hoa ZNet āpau.
ʻO ka mahina aʻe e hele au i nā kikoʻī hou aku e pili ana i ka IMF, kahi i kau ai i kahi hōʻailona e like me ka mea ma ʻApelika Hema a mākou i kapa ai ʻo 'net-blankes' (keʻokeʻo-wale ma Afrikaans). ʻIke ʻia kēlā hōʻailona ma ka puka o ka luna hoʻokele IMF i ka manawa e koho ai i kahi mea noho hou i kekahi mau pule i hala. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo tats nō hoʻi ka manawa i mālama ʻia ai ke Kuhina Waiwai o South Africa ʻo Trevor Manuel i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo IMF/Bank e pili ana i ke aupuni.
Ua koho anei ʻo Manuel e hakakā i ke ʻano undemocratic o ka mana kālā multilateral, a i ʻole, ua makemake ʻo ia i kahi kuleana e like me ke alakaʻi 'bantustan' ( ʻāina hānau) mai ka wā kahiko, e noho ana i hope a hoʻomāmā, lubricating global apartheid ma ka hāʻawi ʻana iā ia. ka pono? E hele mai ana nā kikoʻī hou aʻe e pili ana i kekahi pilikia o ka compradorism.
(Patrick — [pale ʻia ka leka uila] – Ua kākau hou ʻia ʻo Talk Left, Walk Right: South Africa's Frustrated Global Reforms, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2004, http://www.unpress.co.za//showbook.asp?id=581)